第2讲 - 怎样写好论文的摘要2针对于计算机专业.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,00-10-10,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,00-10-10,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,怎样写好论文英文摘要？,针对计算机专业,孙艺珍,1,提要,为什么要写硕士学位论文？,摘要多么重要,?,摘要应包括什么内容,?,英文摘要,某些摘要实例分析,结论,2,为什么要写硕士学位论文？,一种写作的锻炼,整理思路,做学问、做工程、做开发都需要,3,计算机工程研究主要的几种类型：,新概念,模型化,新方法,理论推导,实验研究,系统设计与实现,一定要有结果,4,摘要多么重要,?,摘要最吸引眼球,检索者,审稿人,华罗庚谈学习方法：,“由薄到厚”,“由厚到薄”,5,6,拷贝“项目背景”作为摘要？,Questions for thinking:,1.What do you think of the,function,of the abstract?,2.What kind of abstract can be called,good abstract,in your opinion?,Try to find an article,read its abstract and judge whether it is successful or not,and why?,5/18/2026,5/18/2026,Definition,：,An abstract is a brief summary of a research article,thesis,review,conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or discipline,and is often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the papers purpose.When used,an abstract always appears at the beginning of a manuscript,acting as the point-of-entry for any given scientific paper or patent application.Abstraction and indexing services are available for a number of academic disciplines,aimed at compiling a body of literature for that particular subject.,Wikipedia,In Chinese,：,摘要,(abstract),是科技论文中必不可少的内容，国家标准,GB 6447-86,对摘要的定义为：“以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文。”英文摘要作为科技论文的重要组成部分，有其特殊的意义和作用，它是国际间知识传播、学术交流与合作的“桥梁”和媒介。尤其是目前国际上各主要检索机构的数据机构的数据库对英文摘要的依赖性很强，因此，好的英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。,5/18/2026,摘要应包括什么内容,?,研究动机,本文的,贡献,工作量,实验结果,主要结论,10,PRESENTATION,An IEEE paper,presentation,requirements include the following.,a).Is the abstract an,appropriate,and,adequate,digest of the work presented?,b).,How readable,is the paper for a computer scientist or engineer who is not a specialist in this,particular field,?,11,Readability,_,Readable with ordinary effort,_ Paper is self-contained,but considerable effort is needed,_ If the definitions of certain concepts,terms and symbols were included,readability would be improved,12,Motivation?,13,Abstract,定义：,全文主要内容的总结和反应；见摘要如见文。,种类,指示性摘要（,indicative abstract,）,;,资料性摘要,(informative abstract),；资料,-,指示性摘要（,informative-indicative abstract,）,。,内涵,狭义：仅指摘要本身；,广义：标题，署名、单位,(affiliation),及,E-mail,摘要，关键词，分类号。,发表源,期刊论文：,abstract,；学位论文：,summary,。,5/18/2026,Abstract,格式,1.,非结构性摘要,缺点：,段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机处理带来诸多不便,2,全结构式摘要（,8,要素摘要）,（,1,）目的（,2,）设计（,3,）地点（,4,）对象（,5,）处理（,6,）主要测定项目（,7,）结果（,8,）结论,全结构式摘要的,优点,（,1,）观点更明确（,2,）信息量更大,（,3,）差错更少（,4,）符合计算机数据库建立和使用的要求,全结构式摘要的缺点：烦琐、重复、篇幅过长,Abstract,格式,3,半结构式摘要（四要素摘要）,（,1,）目的（,objective/purpose/aim,）,（,2,）方法（,methods,）,（,3,）结果（,results,）,（,4,）结论（,conclusion,）,5/18/2026,Ei,对英文摘要的写作要求,1,英文摘要的完整性,英文摘要的完整性，即英文摘要所提供的信息必须是完整的。,2,EI,对英文摘要的写作要求,EI,中国信息部要求信息性文摘,(Information Abstract),应该用简洁、明确的语言,(,一般不超过,150 words),将论文的,“,目的,(Purposes)”,，主要的研究,“,过程,(Procedures)”,及所采用的,“,方法,(Methods)”,，由此得到的主要,“,结果,(Results)”,和得出的重要,“,结论,(Conclusions)”,表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。,5/18/2026,Ei,对英文摘要的写作要求,作者必须回答好以下几个问题：,1),本文的目的或要解决的问题,(What do you want to do?),2),解决问题的方法及过程,(How did you do it?),3),主要结果及结论,(What results did you get and what conclusions can you draw?),4),本文的创新、独到之处,(What is new and original in your paper?),5/18/2026,Ei,对英文摘要的写作要求,3,英文摘要各部分的写作,目的。,主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文主要解决的问题。,EI,提出了两点具体要求：,1,）,Eliminate or minimize background information(,不谈或尽量少谈背景信息,),2,）,Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract(,避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分,),。,5/18/2026,Ei,对英文摘要的写作要求,3,英文摘要各部分的写作,过程及方法。,主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。,结果和结论,。,结果和结论部分代表着文章的主要成就和贡献，论文有没有价值，值不值得读者阅读，主要取决于你所获得的结果和所得出的结论。,5/18/2026,Ei,对英文摘要的写作要求,4,如何提高英文摘要的文字效能,EI,很看重英文摘要的文字效能。为了提高文字效能，应尽量删去所有多余的字、句。在这方面，,EI,提出了两个原则：,1)Limit the abstract to new information,(,摘要中只谈新的信息,),。,2),T,rive for brevity(,尽量使摘要简洁,),。,5/18/2026,Ei,对英文摘要的写作要求,5,关于英文摘要的句法,EI,提出了以下三个一般原则：,1),尽量用短句,(use short sentences),。,2),描述作者的工作一般用过去时态,(,因为工作是在过去做的,),，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。,3),一般都应使用动词的主动语态，如：,A exceeds B,比,B is exceeded by A,更好。,5/18/2026,写（译）摘要需注意的基本问题,写,“重细首尾”。,“重”：就是要突出重点（方法和过程），“细”：就是要注意一些能反映论文原创性的边界条件、参数、手段、技术设备等，“首”：就是写好摘要的开头，即目的，“尾”：就是要写好最后一句话，即结论。,要客观地反映一次文献；要着重反映文稿中的新观点，不要重复本学科领域的已有知识和内容；不要重复题目；结构严谨，语句简短，表达简明，语义确切，文法规范，字数,200,字左右。,5/18/2026,写（译）摘要需注意的基本问题,译,“一一对应”。,翻译需一一对应，但不是硬译，死译,如,：,差异关系和等价关系,indiscernibility relation,discernibility relation,按词典译,difference,（,diversity,），,equivalence,；,但也不要：避重就轻，避实击虚：如只翻主谓宾骨干部分，省略或不翻量化的、描述性的细节。,5/18/2026,题目的翻译,城域宽带网资源管理系统的设计和实现,Design and realizing,of the land broadband network resource,administrative,system,of city,Design and realizing?,Administrative?,Of city?,Design and Implementation of a resource administration system for Broadband Metropolitan Area networks,25,26,一些例子（1）,This thesis based on Client/Server model,the cable broadband network resource management system is based on large network and database development category of new production systems that address network load as a result of a sharp increase in network resource management problems.,Not understandable!,27,一些例子（,2,）,a,After carefully studying the inner structure and real applications of COMDCOM and ActiveX,this paper:Brings out an new Query interface function based on Hash algorithm,which can effectively improve the efficient of current algorithm;Brings out intelligent interface class,which can mask the problems that brought out by forgetting using the Release functions;Compares.Then brings out an which can make full use;Finally,realized an.,bring someone out,28,评论,尽量用简单句,名词还是形容词,名词尽量用复数,an new?,29,一些例子（,3,）,and,Digital watermarking is all kinds of information which can be embedded into multimedia data,just as digits,serial numbers,text,image symbols,so it can be used in copyright protection,marker production,covert communication,data ownership confirmation,data authentication.As digital texts are used on a wide scale,it is of theoretical and practical meanings to research text watermarking as one of applied spheres of digital watermarking.,30,评论,用,a,还是,the?,两句之间的,and,31,一些例子（,4,）,The rapid development of WWW and internet brings out new requirement to the software engineering,distributed object computing model and its application technology research become the important research projects.,A or s,?,A or s,Whose?,S?,?,32,评论,用,a,还是,the?,两句之间的,and,33,With the popularization and development of computer network,it has become absolutely necessarily to our daily life.We need not only,sharing,information ,but also,operating,secure,business-critical affairs over the public networks,using,it to transfer confidential information(such as bank account,credit card number,customers personal info etc.).,一些例子（,5,）,What?,?,and,X,34,评论,And,前后要并列,逗号后一个空格，句号后二个空格。,35,Due to the coming of information times,computer systems act more importantly in human lives.Its important to research its reliability and security.System-level Fault Diagnosis(SLFD)diagnoses computer systems to make them fault-tolerant.,一些例子（,6,）,age,用词,用词,含义,36,评论,用词欠妥，多参考英、美人的文章,37,Group Algorithm(GA)is a major SLFD algorithm.We,analyze GAs characterization,modify it by using parallel method(instead of serial method),to searching groups,.Improve its performance;then,we research major probabilistic diagnosis algorithms,analyze and compare their characterizations,especially Soman&Agrawal algorithm.,一些例子（,7,）,与,Genetics Algorithm,混同,X,characterize the GA,?,X,?,38,评论,动词和动名词,to do something,approach to doing something,looking forward to meeting you,39,On the conclusions of the above discussing,we detailedly anatomize and compare the multithreading architecture of the CORBA ORBs after deeply,discuss and analyse,the WAI frame,based Java and CORBA,and we propose an improved multithreading architecture whose performance is simulated and evaluated.,一些例子（,8,）,WAI,（Web-based application integrating)?,X,无,主语,?,?,在计算机文章中很少用,(,解剖,),40,评论,不要自造词,“,detailedly”XXX,“repeatedly”OK,缩写（,abbreviation),少自造,第一次出现时说明,41,The work of Researching and Designing Proxy software has very important value.,Various access restriction techniques in Internet,is,discussed.,一些例子（,9,）,Chinglish?,X,42,评论,动词的使用，多参考别人的文章,The paper presents something.,The paper proposes some approach to something.,The paper introduces some new concepts.,The paper gives some solution to some problem.,43,With the appearance of IDB(Image DataBase),the problem how to manage efficiently and retrieve quickly the image information,has beening,the research hot pot,at home and oversea,.This paper analyse the development of the CBIE(content-based image retrieval)technology,at present,.After having studyed and mastered the research achievement,we launch our research on.,一些例子（,10,）,Studied(reviewed),加,s,X,?,Adj.,44,评论,尽量少用第一人称,一般都用现在时,用过去时或现在完成时就要有时间副词,45,Fasle sharing is one of the most important factors impacting the performance of DSM(distributed shared memory)system,single-writer approach is simple,but it cannot avaid the ping-pong effect of the data page thrashing,while multiple-writer appraoch is effective for false sharing but the cost is high.,一些例子（,11,）,the,.,But,s,.W,.,The,on.,False?,46,Evaluation results show that for some applications such as,SOR,LU,FFT,and IS,LMW,provides a significant reduction in execution time(11%,16%,33%,and 46%)compared with the traditional multiple-writer appr,o,a,ch on the platform.,一些例子（1,2,）,主语？,respectively?,缩写？,评论,缩写决不能乱用。,47,指示性摘要（,indicative abstract,）,可信计算机平台密钥管理研究,摘 要,：密钥管理是可信计算的核心内容，是可信计算平台完整性和安全性的重要保证。本文,介绍了,基于,ETSM,板卡的可信计算机平台，,提出,了基于,ETSM,的密钥的管理模式，,设计实现了,其基本的管理功能，并,给出了,双端口密钥缓存管理、外部密钥存储管理方案。,主要问题,：该摘要没有为工程研究人员提供所需的足够信息，如研究的目的，研究的方法，主要的手段，边界条件，参数，以及本研究的优越性等。,指示性摘要（,indicative abstract,）,可信计算机平台密钥管理研究,摘要,：针对纯软件安全防护的不足，,提出了,遵循可信计算技术及国家,TCM,接口规范的,ETSM,可信计算平台框架。而且，（可取消）围绕着可信计算核心内容,-,密钥管理方法，,提出了,基于,ETSM,的密钥管理体系结构，将密码算法（或密码引擎）、密钥管理功能、随机密钥的生成等植入到,ETSM,硬件环境。,设计并实现了,ETSM,密钥管理体系结构中基本的管理功能，并,给出了,双端口密钥缓存管理、外部密钥存储管理方案。独立的,ETSM,模块与,PC,主机,构成了,异构双处理系统，,PC,主机通过,PCI,接口与,ETSM,快速通讯，,完成,对敏感数据或文件的加解密任务，并将相关的密钥,保存,到,ETSM,的非易失性存储器，以,保证,加密后数据的安全性，,提高了,本异构系统的可信性，,满足了,可信计算平台完整性和安全性的要求。,Key Management Based on Trusted Computing Platform,Abstract:Due to,the limitation of security protection only by software,a trusted computing framework of embedded trusted security model(ETSM)is,proposed,according to the trusted computing technology and the national related trusted cryptography module(TCM)interface specification.Moreover,for the key management methods of the trusted computing core content,an ETSM-based key management architecture,is presented.,The modules of encryption/decryption algorithms(or engines),key management and random,key generation are built and stored,in ETSM hardware.Some important functions of key management,are designed and implemented,in the key management architecture.,Key Management Based on Trusted Computing Platform,And(,最好取消,and)the management strategies,are given,for dual-port key cache management and external key storage management.As for the hardware environment,it is a heterogeneous system of dual processors with individual ETSM and personal computer(PC)host.The PC host can quickly,exchange,messages with ETSM through the peripheral component interconnect(PCI)(,译成：外围设备互联,)interface and,achieve,the encryption/decryption of sensitive data or files.The related keys,are stored,in non-violate memory of ETSM so that encrypted data are of high security.It is an efficient scheme,to,enhance,the systems trustworthiness and the scheme,meets,the,requirement,of,the trusted computing platforms integrity and security.,资料性,摘要（,informative abstract,）,基于领域知识的不确定性关系模式集成,摘要：,为了解决关系数据库中关系模式集成中的不确定问题，提出了一个基于领域知识的不确定关系模式集成模型,USIM,（,Uncertain relational Schema Integrating Model,）。,USIM,是个多维混合模型，其中运用领域知识、语义集成方法和证据组合方法处理模式集成各个阶段的不确定性，并给出了各阶段不确定度的表示和计算方法。文中给出了不确定匹配关系和不确定模式集成的全新定义，提出了一种全局集成模式信任度的计算方法。实例分析证明该模型是可行的，与已知方法相比具有较高的执行效率和较低的时间复杂度。,Uncertain Relation Schemas Integration based on Domain Knowledge,Abstract:,To resolve the uncertain question of relation schemas integration in relation database,a uncertain schema integration model called USIM (Uncertain Schema Integration Model)is proposed based on domain knowledge.,The model is multi-dimension.Domain knowledge,method,of semantic integration and proof combination method are applied In the model.,Expressing of uncertain degree,and computing methods of uncertain degree are proposed for every phases.New definitions of uncertain matching relation and uncertain schema integration are proposed.A counting method is proposed for reliability of global integrated schema.Experimental results show that the USIM is feasible.,In contrast with existing methods,the model is efficient and time complexity is reduced,资料性,摘要（,informative abstract,）,基于领域知识的不确定性关系模式集成,摘要,：为了解决关系数据库中关系模式集成中的不确定问题，提出了一个基于领域知识的不确定关系模式集成模型。该模型运用领域知识、语义集成方法和证据组合方法处理模式集成各个阶段的不确定性，并给出了各阶段不确定度的表示和计算方法。文中给出了不确定匹配关系和不确定模式集成的全新定义，提出了一种全局集成模式信任度的计算方法。实例分析证明该模型是可行的，与已知方法相比具有较高的执行效率和较低的时间复杂度。,Uncertain Relation Schema IntegrationBased on Domain Knowledge,Abstract:【,目的,】,To resolve the uncertainty of relation schema integration in relation database,a uncertain schema integration model called URSIM(Uncertain schema integration model)is proposed based on domain knowledge.,【,方法和过程,】,Domain knowledge,semantic integration method and proof combination method are applied in the model.,【,结果,】,Expression and computing methods of uncertain degree are proposed for every phase.New definitions of uncertain matching relation and uncertain schema integration are proposed.A counting method is proposed for reliability of global integrated schema.,【,结论,】,Experimental results show that the URSIM is feasible.Compared with the existed methods,the model is efficient and can reduce time complexity,5/18/2026,摘要写作的时态,1.,介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容为不受时间影响的普遍事实，应使用现在时；如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋势的概述，则使用现在完成时。例如：,The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse,assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups,and make recommendations for research and practice.Psychological Bulletin,1992,112(1):64-105,5/18/2026,2.,在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时，如果采用,“,论文导向,”,，多使用现在时（如：,This paper presents,）；如果采用,“,研究导向,”,，则使用过去时（如：,This study investigate,）。例如：,This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change.American Psychologist,1992,47(9):1102-1114,3.,概述实验程序、方法和主要结果时，通常用现在时，例如：,We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1993,59(3):695-700,5/18/2026,4.,叙述结论或建议时，可使用现在时、臆测动词或,may,should,could,等助动词。例如：,We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the melting of the Saalean ice sheets in America and Eurasia,perhaps accounting for this discrepancy.Nature,1993,364(6434):218-220,5/18/2026,摘要写作的人称和语态,有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为，科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查表明，科技论文中被动语态的使用在,1920-1970,年曾经比较流行，但由于主动语态的表达更为准确，且更易阅读，因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动语态。国际知名科技期刊,Nature,，,Cell,等尤其如此，其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。,5/18/2026,5/18/2026,Practice,应用于网上银行的防截屏虚拟键盘设计与实现,本文提出了一种新型的虚拟键盘设计方案，用于解决在使用传统虚拟键盘时木马截屏而导致网上银行帐