开放英语基础语法摘要.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,开放英语基础语法摘要（一）,遵义电大 魏华,名词,冠词,数词,代词,形容词,副词,介词,动词,时态,语态,名 词,名词的定义,名词的分类,名词的功能,名词的数,名词的所有格,名 词 的 定 义,名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。,例如：,desk,桌子,time,时间,life,生活,book,书本,room,房间,honesty,诚实,worker,工人,pencil,铅笔,computer,计算机,名 词 的 分 类,（一）,名词分为专有名词和普通名词 专有名词,:,表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。,China,中国,Asia,亚洲,Beijing,北京 普通名词,:,表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如,:,teacher,老师,tea,茶,reform,改革,普通名词又可进一步分为四类,1),个体名称,:,表示单个的人和事物。,horse,马,car,汽车,room,房间,apple,苹果,fan,风扇,picture,照片,2),集体名称,:,表示一群人或一些事物的名称。,people,人们,family,家庭,army,军队,government,政府,group,集团,3),物质名词,:,表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。,fire,火,steel,钢,air,空气,water,水,milk,牛奶,4),抽象名词,:,表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。,labour,劳动,health,健康,life,生活,friendship,友情,patience,耐力,名 词 的 分 类,（二）,名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单,复数之分,表示一个或多个。,a book,一本书,two books,两本书 不可数名词：不分单,复数；抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。,sand,沙,sugar,糖 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。,glass,玻璃,glass,玻璃杯,paper,纸,paper,报纸,文件,名词的功能,名词在句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。,The bag is in the desk.,bag,作主语。,书包在桌子里边。,I washed my clothes yesterday.,clothes,作宾语,。昨天我洗了我的衣服。,This is a good book.,book,作表语。,这是一本好书。,We elected him our monitor.,monitor,作宾语补助语。,我们选他为我们的班长。,Mary lives with her parents.,parents,作介词宾语,.,玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。,He is a Party member.,Party,作定语,.,他是一名党员。,They study hard day and night.,day and night,作状语。,他们白天黑夜地学习。,名 词 的 数,英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,表示一个人或事物用单数形式,表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。,a book,一本书,two books,两本书,a bag,一个包,three bags,三个包 名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化,如,:a pen,a bed,a room,an English book,。名词的复数形式,多数名词的复数形式在其单数形式后面加,-s,或,-,es,构成,名词复数形式变化如下。,1),一般情况下,在词尾加,-s.,例如,:,bags,，,maps,，,pens,，,desks,，,workers,2),名词以,s,x,o,ch,sh,等结尾在其后加,-,es,。,clothes,，,boxes,，,buses,，,watches,，,dishes,heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,3),名词以,-f,或,-,fe,结尾的,把,-f,或,-,fe,变成,-,ves,.,bookshelves,，,wives,，,knives,4),名词以辅音,+y,结尾的,变,y,为,i,再加,es,。,cities,，,babies,，,factories.,极少数名词虽然以,-o,或者,-f,结尾,变成复数则只加,-s,为数不多,如,radios pianos photos roofs,等。,英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有，,man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-nice,ox-oxen,sheep-sheep,deer-deer,fish,fish,child-,chldren,英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。,scissors,剪刀,goods,货物,trousers,裤子,clothes,衣服,glasses,玻璃杯,名 词 的 所 有 格,名词的所有格,:,名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。,Lu,Xuns,book is worth reading.,鲁迅的书值得一读。,This is my fathers room.,这是我父亲的房间。,（,1,）以,-s,或,-,es,结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加“”。,There are many students exercise books here,。这儿有许多学生的练习本。（,2),复合名词的所有格“,s”,加在后面的名词之后,.,This is my son-in-laws bike.,这是我女婿的自行车。,(3),如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词后加“,s”,。,We visited Xiao Li and Xiao Zhangs room,。我们参观了小李和小张的房间。,(4),名词所有格所修饰的词,有时可以省略。如前文已经提到,或者指地点。,The book is not mine,but Li,Huas,.,这本书不是我的，是李华的。,I had my hair cut in the barbers.,我在理发店理发了。,*,表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与,of,构成短语表示前者属于后者。,Its a map of China,。它是一幅中国画。,I forgot the,tittle,of the film,。,我忘记电影名字了。,Beijing is the capital of China,。,北京是中国的首都。,冠 词,冠词的定义及分类,不定冠词的用法,定冠词的用法,不用冠词的场合,冠词的定义及分类,冠词是一种虚词,用在名词或名词词组的前面,表示名词是特指还是泛指。,冠词可分为不定冠词和定冠词两种形式。不定冠词有,a,an,。定冠词有,the.,其中,a,用在发音以辅音开头的名词之前,而,an,则 用在 发音以元音开头的名词之前。,(,教材第,2,页）,不定冠词的用法（一）,1),表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍作用，表示一个,。,I gave him a book yesterday.,我昨天给了他一本书,。,I am reading an interesting story.,我在读一本有趣的故事书,。,I have got a ticket.,我有一张票,。,There is a tree in front of my house.,我的屋前有一棵树,。,2),表示人或事物的某一种类,强调整体,即以其中的一个代表一类,。,A horse is useful to mankind.,马对人类有用,。,A bird can fly.,鸟会飞,。,A steel worker makes steel.,炼钢工人炼钢,。,3),不定冠词用在事物的单位前,如时间,速度,价格等意义的名词之前,表示,每一,。,We often go to school two times a day.,我们常常一天两次去学校,。,I went to the library once a week at least.,我一星期至少去一次图书馆,。,The potato is sold at about 30 fen a,jin.土豆卖三毛钱一斤,。,不定冠词的用法（二）,4),不定冠词用来指某人某物,但不具体说明任何人或任何物。,A boy came to see you a moment ago.,刚才有一个小孩来找你。,I got this tool in a shop.,我在商店买的这件工具。,We need a car now.,我们现在需要一辆车。,She is ill,she has to see a doctor.,她病了，她得去看病。,5),不定冠词用于某些词组。,a few,几个,a little,有点,She has a few friends in this city.,她在这个城市中有几个朋友。,There is a little milk in the bottle.,瓶子里有点牛奶。,Only a few students are in the classroom.,只有几个学生在教室里。,定冠词的用法（一）,1),定冠词特指某,(,些,),人或某,(,些,),事物,以区别于同类中其他的人或事物。,The bag in the desk is mine.,桌子里的书包是我的。,Is this the book you are looking for?,这是你要找的书吗,?,Do you know the man in black?,你知道穿黑色衣服的人是谁吗？,It is not the car we are looking for.,这不是我们要找的车。,The man has found his child.,那个人找到了他的孩子。,2),定冠词用来指上文中已提到过的人或事物。,I bought a book from Xinhua book-shop.The book costs 15,yuan,.,我从新华书店买了一本书,.,这本书值十五元。,I saw a film,yesterday.The,film was ended at eight oclock.,我昨天看了一场电影。电影八点钟结束的。,Lucy bought a radio yesterday,but she found something was wrong with the radio.,露西昨天买了一台收音机，但是她发现收音机有问题。,定冠词的用法（二）,3),定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前,。,the,sunthe,moonthe,earththe,skythe,worldthe,winter night,The sun is bigger than the moon.,太阳比月亮大,。,I can see a bird in the,sky.我能看到天空中有一只小鸟,。,I like to have a walk with the bright moon light in the evening.,我愿晚上在明亮的月光下散步,。,4),定冠词与单数名词连用,表示这一类人或物,。,The dog is not too danger.,狗不太危险,。,The cat is an animal.,猫是一种动物,。,The umbrella in the shop is very cheap in this season.,这个季节商店里的雨伞很便宜,。,5),定冠词与某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,表示某一类人,。,the poor,the rich,the wounded,the sick,the deaf.,The wounded were brought to the,hospital.受伤者被送到了医院,。,He always helps the,poor.他经常帮助穷人,。,The deaf can go to this special school.,耳聋者可以进这所特殊学校上学,。,定冠词的用法（三）,6),用在序数词,形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前。,This is the biggest city in China I have ever visited.,这是我在中国参观的最大的城市。,I saw a plane coming from the east.,我看见一架飞机从东方飞来。,He is the last one to help me.,他不会来帮助我的。,7),定冠词用在演奏乐器的名称和文艺活动,运动场所的名称前。,The little girl likes to play the violin.,小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。,They are going to the cinema tonight.,他们今晚要去影院看电影。,The theater was on fire last week.,剧院昨天着火了。,8),定冠词用在报刊,杂志的名称的名词之前。,I am reading the China Daily now.,我现在正读中国日报。,Have you got the Evening Paper yet?,你拿到晚报了吗,?,The Times is a foreign newspaper.,泰晤士报是一家外国报纸。,The Peking Review is on the desk.,北京周报在桌子上放着。,定冠词的用法（四）,9),定冠词用在江河,海洋,山脉,群岛的名称之前。,We live near the Yellow River.,我们住在黄河边上。,The,Changjiang,River is the biggest one in China.,长江是中国最大的河。,The Himalayas is located in Tibet.,喜马拉雅山位于西藏。,10),定冠词用在姓名复数之前,表示一家人。,The Greens is very kind to us.,格林一家人待我们很好。,The Whites like the classic music.,怀特一家喜欢古典音乐。,不用冠词的场合（一）,1),专有名词,抽象名词和物质名词之前一般不用冠词。,China is a largest country in the world.,中国是世界上最大的国家。,I think water is a kind of food,too.,我认为水也是一种食物。,Cotton feels soft.,棉花摸起来柔软。,2),表示日常餐食名词之前不用冠词,但如果指具体的饮食时用定冠词,the,。,Its time for breakfast.,该吃早饭了。,What do you have for lunch?,你午饭吃点什么,?,The dinner I had at that restaurant was expensive.,我在那家饭店吃的饭很贵。,3),在季节,月份,星期,节日。球类运动,棋类游戏的名词之前不用冠词。,Summer is hot and winter is cold here.,这儿夏天热冬天冷。,New Years Day is coming.,新年就要到啦。,Today is the first day of May.,今天是五月的第一天。,We are going to play basketball this afternoon.,今天下午我们要去打篮球。,We dont like bridge very much.,我们不太喜欢桥牌。,不用冠词的场合（二）,4),语言的名称前不用冠词。,Can you speak English?,你会讲英语吗？,Its difficult to learn Chinese well.,要学好中文很难。,Tom knows English but he doesnt know French.,汤姆懂英语但不懂法语。,5),某些固定词组不用冠词。,by air,on foot,at night,after school,at home,go to class,in fact,from morning till night.,Im going to Chicago by air next week.,下周我要乘飞机去芝加哥。,I go to school on foot.,我步行去学校上学。,In fact,I dont know him at all.,实际上，我一点也不认识他。,He is at home today.,他今天在家。,数 词,表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。,基数词,1,）基数词写法和读法：,345,three hundred and forty-five,；（教材,31,页）,2,）基数词一般是单数形式，但下列情况，常用复数：,a.,与,of,短语连用，表示概数，不能与具体数目连 用，如,scores of people,指许多人；,b.,在一些表示,一排,或,一组,的词组里；如：,They arrived in twos and threes.,他们三三两两的到达了。,c.,表示,几十岁,；,d.,表示,年代,，用,in+the+,数词复数；,e.,在乘法运算的一种表示法里，如：,3 x 5=15 Three fives is(are)fifteen.,序数词,1.,序数词表示顺序，是第几的意思，如：,first(,第一,),second(,第二,),third(,第三,),fifth(,第五,),twelfth(,第十二,),twentieth(,第二十,),等。,2.,序数词作主语，前面一般有定冠词。,The first is better than the second.,第一个比第二个好。,3.,序数词作宾语，前面一般有定冠词。,I like the second on the left.,左边第二个。,Why not say the first on the right?,为什么不说右边第一个？,He was among the first to arrive.,他是第一批到达的人。,(the first,作介系词,among,的宾语。,),4.,序数词作主语补语时，前面可有可无定冠词。,She was(the)third in the exam.,她考试得了第三名。,5.,序数词用作副词修饰动词时，不加冠词。,When did you first meet him?,你第一次见到他是什么时候,?,6.,序数词作同位语，前面须有定冠词。,Do you know the man,the second in the back row?,你认识后排第二个人吗,?,7.,序数词在句子中充当修饰语，前面通常加冠词。,They celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of winning the Second World War.,他们庆祝二次世界大战胜利五十周年。,代 词,代替名词,形容词或数词的词就是代词。它们指人称和事物,但又不说出他们的名字,所以叫做人称代词。,代词可分为八类,:,1),人称代词,5),疑问代词,2),物主代词,6),连接代词,3),指示代词,7),关系代词,4),反身代词,8),不定代词,人称代词,表示,我,你,他,我们,你们,他们等,的词叫做人称代词。人称代词有人称,数和格之分。,单数 复数,主格宾格 主格宾格,第一人称,I me we us,第二人称,you,you,you,you,he him,第三人称,she her they,them,it,it,人称代词可用作主语,表语,宾语以及介词的宾语。,I am a worker,I work in the factory.,我是一个工人,我在工厂工作。,You are a good teacher.,你是一位优秀教师。,She is a little girl.,她是一个小女孩。,Its a heavy box,I cant carry it.,这是一个重盒子,我搬不动。,Its me.Open the door quickly.,是我,快开门。,Dont tell him about it.,不要告诉他这件事情。,She is always ready to help us.,她随时都在准备帮助我们。,Our teacher is very strict with us.,我们的老师对我们很严格。,人称代词中几个注意的情况,第一人称单数代词,I(,我,),不论在什么地方都要大写。,I study English every day.,我天天学习英语。,we,常常代替,I,表示一种同读者,听众或观众之间的亲密关系。,We shall do our best to help the poor.,我们将尽全力帮助贫困者。,she,常常代替国家,城市,宠物等,表示一种亲密或爱抚的感情。,I live in China,。,She is a great country.,我住在中国。她是一个伟大的国家。,it,有时也可指人。,Its me.Open the door,please.,是我,请开门。,they,有时代替一般人,.,They say you are good at computer.,他们说你精通计算机。,物主代词,表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。,物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。,形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词,第一人称单数,my,mine,第一人称复数,our ours,第二人称单数,your,yours,第二人称复数,your,yours,第三人称单数,his,his,her hers,its,its,第三人称复数,their theirs,形容词性物主代词可用作定语,例如,:,I love my country.,我热爱我的国家。,Is this your car?,这是你的汽车吗,?,Some one is looking for you,his name is Tom.,有人找你,他的名字是汤姆。,名词性的物主代词可用作主语,宾语,表语以及与,of,连接的定语。,Li,Huas,bike is red,and yours is green.,李华的自行车是红色的,而你的是绿色的。,That car is mine,not yours.,那辆汽车是我的,不是你的。,These books are ours.,这些书是我们的。,Whose bag is it?Its hers.,这是谁的书包,?,是她的。,Yesterday I met a friend of mine in the street.,昨天我在街上碰见了我的一位朋友。,反身代词,表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们自己等的词叫做反身代词。,反身代词第一,二人称构成是由形容词性物主代词加“,-self”(,复数加,-selves),构成。第三人称反身代词是由人称代词宾格形式加,-self(,复数加,-selves),构成。单数 复数 第一人称,myself ourselves,第二人称,yourself yourselves,第三人称,himself themselves,(herself,itself),反身代词可用作宾语,表语,主语的同位语和宾语的同位语。用作同位语时表示强调,本人,自己,。,I am teaching myself computer.,我自学计算机。,Take good care of yourself.,把自己照顾好。,The child himself drew this picture.,孩子自己画的这张画。,You should ask the children themselves.,你应该问一问孩子们自己。,指示代词,表示这个,那个,这些,那些以及,it,such,same,等词叫做指示代词。指示代词在句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。,That is a red car.,那是一辆红色汽车。,What do you like?I like this.,你喜欢什么,?,我喜欢这个。,I should say I know that.,我应该说我知道这件事情。,指示代词的用法,:,this,和,these,表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。,This is a book.,这是一本书。,These are cars.,这些是汽车。,I am busy these days.,我这些日子很忙。,that,和,those,表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。,That is not a room.,那不是一间房间。,Those are threes.,那些是树。,that,和,those,还可以指前文中的事物,this,和,these,指下文中将要讲到的事物。他们起一种承上或启下的作用。,I got up late,thats why I missed the bus.,我起床迟了,这就是为什么我没赶上汽车。,疑问代词,表示“谁,(who),谁,(whom),谁的,(whose),什么,(what),哪个或哪些,(which)”,等词叫疑问代词。,疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面，在句中可用作主语,宾语,表语,定语。,Who is here just now?,刚才谁来这儿,?,Whom are you looking for?,你在找谁,?,Whose exercise-book is this?,这是谁的练习本,?,What is this?,这是什么,?,Which one do you like,this one or that one?,你喜欢哪一个,这个还是那个,?,疑问代词还可以引导一个间接疑问句,也就是一个从句。疑问代词在句中可用作从句的主语,宾语,表语等成分。,What we should do is still unknown.,我们该干什么仍然还不知道。,I know whom he is looking for.,我知道他在找谁。,连接代词,疑问代词在引起从句时，都称为连接代词，包括,who,whom,what,where,when,why,how,，,它们可以引起：,a.,主语从句：,It hasnt been announced who won the prizes.,还没宣布谁获奖。,It is clear enough what she meant.,她是什么意思很清楚。,b.,宾语从句：,I dont care what they think.,他们怎么想我不管。,Ask her which he wants.,问她要哪一个。,c.,表语从句：,The question is,who(m,)we should trust.,问题是我们应当相信谁。,What I want to know is which road we should take.,我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。,*连接代词还可引起不定式，都用作宾语或介词的宾语：,Tell him what to do.,告诉他怎样做。,Lucy cant decide which to choose.,露西不能决定选哪个好。,They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect.,他们就该选谁的问题交换了意见。,关系代词,关系代词是一种引导从句起连接主句和从句的代词。关系代词有,who,whose,whom,that,which.,它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语,.,在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。,This is the students whose name is Wang,Hua,.,这就是名叫王华的学生。,I know what he is coming to get.,我知道他来要拿什么东西。,不定代词,没有明确指定代替任何特定名词或形容词的词叫做不定代词,常用的不定代词如下,:,all,any,another,both,each,every,either,every,few,little,many,much,no,none,neither,one,other,some,以及由,some,any,no,every,和,body,one,thing,构成的复合词。,不定代词代替名词或形容词,.,在句中可用作主语,宾语，表语和定语。,Everybody should be here in time tomorrow.,明天大家都要按时到。,I know nothing about it.,这件事情我一点都不知道。,Thats all I know.,这就是我知道的。,I go to school everyday.,我每天去学校上学。,不定代词的具体用法（一）,any,一些,任何。,any,多用作否定或疑问句中,any,在句中作主语,宾语,定语。,any,作定语时,它所修饰的名词没有单复数限制,一般多用复数,any,用在 肯定句中,表示,任何,。,Do you have any books?,你有书吗,?,You can come any time.,你什么时候都可以来。,some,一些,某些,某个。,some,多用在肯定句中,表示邀请或者对方可能给予肯定回答的疑问句中等。,There are a lot of flowers in the garden,some are white,which I like very much.,花园里有许多花,一些是白色的,我特别喜欢。,I am going to get some ink.,我去弄点墨水。,Will you have some coffee,please?,喝点咖啡吗？,不定代词的具体用法（二）,no,无,.,在句中作定语,.,表示否定,语气要比,not any,强,.,She knows no English.,她根本就不懂英语。,I have no bike.,我就没有自行车。,none,无人,无物,无东西,.,在句中作主语,定语,宾语。,none,在句中代替不可数名词作定语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。,none,在句中代替可数名词作定语时,谓语动词要用复数形式。,None of them are workers.,他们没一个是工人。,Its none of your business.,这不碍你的事。,不定代词的具体用法（三）,many,许多,.,在句中作主语,宾语,定语,.many,在句中代替可数名词。,Many of the students like English very much.,许多学生非常喜欢英语。,I have many books to give you.,我有许多书要给你。,much,许多。在句中作主语,宾语,定语。,much,在句中代替不可数名词。,There is not much ink in the bottle.,瓶子里没多少墨水了。,a,few,a,little,few,little,.,几个,一点儿,没几个,没多少。它们在句中作主语,宾语,定语,其中,a few,和,few,代替可数名词,a little,和,little,代替不可数名词，它们表示少量,不多,几个,只是主观上的一种相对说法，并没有具体的数量标准。,Few of the books are cheap now.,现在没几本儿书是便宜的。,A few friends came to see me yesterday.,昨天有几个朋友来看我。,I have a little money to buy the book.,我的这点钱能买这本书。,There is little water in the thermos.,暖水瓶没多少水了。,