国贸英文版课件Ch.5-Tariffs.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,CHAPTER 5 IMPORT PROTECTION POLICY:TARIFFS,Types of import tariffs,Effects of import tariffs,Measurement of import tariffs,In terms of the means of collection,Specific duty:,A tariff levied as a,fixed charge,for each,unit,of imported goods.,Advantage:Can be easily collected.,Disadvantage:It does not vary with the price of the good.,Protective value varies,inversely,with the,price of the import.,1 Types of Import Tariffs,Example:,Import price:$5.Tariff:$1/unit(=,20%,value of import),Now price rises to$10,tariff:$1/unit(=,10%,value of import),(2)Ad valorem duty,A duty levied as a,constant percentage of the value,of imported goods.,(25%tariff on the imported cars).,Advantage:,preserves the protective value of the trade,interference.,Disadvantages,(difficulties):,When the,price falls,so does the tariff,and domestic industries become more,vulnerable to competition,.,When the,price rises,，,so does the tariff,but a country is often less interested in protection when the price is higher.,Inappropriate,transfer pricing,.,(3)Mixed or compound duty,A combination of specific duty and ad valorem duty.,(4)Alternative duty,When both the rate of a specific duty and an ad valorem,duty are stipulated for a particular item,the customs,would impose duties by adopting either of these two duties.,Example:,A compound duty on imports of car batteries consists of,10%,of the,value plus,$1.00 per battery,.,A shipment of 100 batteries valued at$2,000 would be assessed at a,$300 compound duty (10%of$2,000+$1.00100=$300).,2.In terms of the different tariff rates applied,(1)Preferential duty,A tariff levied against imports from a country that is being,given,favored treatment,as in a,preferential trading arrangement,.,An historical example:,Commonwealth or imperial preference,whereby Great Britain,levied a lower rate if the goods was coming into Britain from a,country that was,a member of the British Commonwealth,such as,Australia,Canada,or India.,The EU,negotiated a series of preferential trade agreements,with certain developing nations in Africa,the Caribbean and the,Pacific(,ACP,).,(2)Generalized preferential duty,A duty extended under the General System of Preferences(GSP).GSP is established in the early 1970s.,Under the system,developed countries(donor countries)allow,duty free or low-duty entry,to imports from selected developing countries(receiving countries)up to a certain limit or quota.,The tariff is a,unilateral grant,of tariff concessions,i.e.developing countries are not required to extend,reciprocal,tariff reductions.(They must,however,meet certain conditions.),GSP is implemented through,GSP schemes,of the donor countries.,GSP Schemes:,Country eligibility criteria,(a selected list of countries),The countries must be,a designated beneficiary country,.,For example,in the first GSP scheme of the USA,members of,OPEC and countries dominated by international communism,were excluded.,Product eligibility criteria,(a selected list of products),For example,under the first GSP scheme of the USA,there are some 3,000 articles that have been designated as eligible.“,Import sensitive,”items such as textile and apparel articles;watches;certain electronic articles;certain steel articles;certain footwear articles;and certain glass products are excluded.,Competitive need criterion,Competitive need decision focuses on,individual countries,.,For example,if a product that is imported from,any one country,exceeds,50%of the total quantity of U.S.imports,from all countries,it,will be removed just for the following year,and it will be removed just for that country.,Similarly,products may also be removed from any one country if total imports from that country,exceed a certain value,.,The EU,Japan and Australia take other similar measures like,prior limitation,to protect their domestic production and market.,Graduation policy,A product or all products could be removed from the GSP,for one particular country,if it were found that this country is,sufficiently competitive,in a product or all products in the world market.,In 1988,President Reagan“graduated”,Hong Kong,Korea,Taiwan and Singapore,entirely from the GSP program.Previously,goods from these countries had amounted to about 60%of all duty free GSP imports.,In 1994,Mexico,was“graduated”.In 1997,Malaysia,was“graduated”.,On Jan.1,1995,the EU also adopted the policy.,Rules of origin,Criteria needed to determine the,national source of a product,.,To ensure that only the goods from the beneficiary countries receive the preference.,(i),Rule of direct consignment,：,Be shipped directly from the beneficiary country to the importing country.,If,however,due to geographic or shipment reasons,shipment via the third country or territory has to be made,the article must be,under the custody of customs,and relevant,certifications of transit,must be provided.,(ii)Substantial transformation,Its difficult to determine the origin of a product when a product is manufactured,assembled,or made from materials originating in other countries.,The standard of substantial transformation varies from country to country.In the United States,35%,value added,is required.,In the EU and Japan,however,a,specified change in tariff heading,is required.,(iii)GSP origin certificate,：,GSP-covered imports must be,accompanied by a,Certificate,of Origin,issued by one of the,following certifying bodies:,the exporting countrys customs,agency;another authoritative,government agency;,or the Chamber of Commerce,or other similar bodies.,(3)MFN duty,A duty for nations entitled to,most-favored-nation,treatment or trading status.,When one country grants“most-favored-nation”treatment,it is agreeing to accord products imported from that country the most favorable treatment or the lowest tariff rates that is,to similar products imported from its other MFN trading partners,.,The term of most-favored-nation treatment represents an element of,nondiscrimination,in tariff policy,not special,favored treatment over all other countries,.,(4)General duty,A non-MFN tariff,applied to countries without MFNT agreement.,A countrys,tariff schedule,(or customs tariff)is a list of all its import and export duties.,Single column schedule,:,the tariff is the same for a specific product regardless of the country of origin.,Multicolumn schedule,:,discriminates among export countries,with lower rates applying to countries with which tariff treaties have been negotiated.,3.In terms of special purposes for collection,Countervailing duty,A,tariff designed to counter the effects of the foreign export subsidy.,They are imposed when a foreign country subsidizes its,exports,hurting domestic producers in the importing country.,GATT,Article VI,and the GATT Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties,美对华实施反补贴法,中国造纸业可能退出美市场,2023年3月30日，美国商务部宣告对来自中国旳铜版纸产品征收1090203不等旳临时反补贴税，首次对中国无情地扬起了反补贴税旳利器，美中贸易冲突出现升级旳苗头。,假如美方在接下来旳损害裁定中以为有损害行为，将造成中国企业接连并交两税，即反补贴税和反倾销税，最终将使中国产品退出美国市场。,(2)Anti-dumping duty,A duty to imports to offset the effects of dumping.,Dumping is a situation of international,price discrimination,where the price of a product when sold in the importing country is less than the price of that product in the market of the exporting country.,Article VI of GATT 1994,The Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994,(the Anti-Dumping Agreement,ADP),WTO Members can impose anti-dumping measures,if WTO,Member can confirm:,(a),that,dumping is occurring,(“export price”is less than“normal value”),(b),that the domestic industry producing the like product is suffering material,injury,or threat of material injury,and,(c),that there is a,causal link,between the two.,Normal value,:,The foreign home market price,A third country price,Constructed normal value,In China,The,Ministry of Commerce,is responsible for,determining,whether imported merchandise is being sold at“,dumped,”,prices.(in the USA,the Department of Commerce,),Bureau of Industry Injury Investigation,under the Ministry of Commerce,is,responsible for,determining,whether dumped imports are,currently causing or threatening to cause,material injury,to a,domestic Chinese industry or to materially retard the establishment of such an industry.(in the USA,the US,International Trade Commission,),According to WTO statistics,the Peoples Republic of China has been,the number one target,of antidumping actions filed by WTO members between 1995-2023.,During this period,the total number of antidumping initiated by reporting WTO members was 3427,among which 677 were against China,amounting to,19.75%of the total,.,Reasons:the worlds lowest cost producers.,It is classified as a nonmarket economy.,2023.4.6,欧盟对原产于中国旳皮面鞋靴作出反倾销初裁,时间 临时反倾销税率,%,4.7-6.1 4.8,6.2-7.13 9.7,7.14-9.14 14.5,9.15,后,19.4,欧盟从,10,月,7,日起对中国皮鞋征收,16.5%,旳反倾销税,为期两年,2 The Effects of Import Tariffs,1.Concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus,Consumer surplus:,The,difference,between the,amount a consumer would,have been,willing to pay,and,the amount he,pays.,The area under the demand,curve and above the price.,D,Figure 5-1 Geometry consumer surplus,0 Q Quantity,Price,P,Consumer,surplus,(2)Producer surplus,The,difference,between the,amount a producer,would,have been willing to,sell,the amount he,receives,.,The area above the supply,curve and under the price.,S,Figure 5-2 Geometry producer surplus,0 Q,Quantity,Price,P,Producers,surplus,2.The welfare effects of import tariffs,(1),The welfare effects of an import tariff in a small country,S,0,S,1,S,2,Q,2,Q,1,Q,P,P,d,P,w,D,P,d,C,P,w,N,Consumer surplus loss,B C,A D,Government revenue,P,d,B,P,w,M,Producer surplus gain,B C,M A D N,Figure 5-3 The welfare effects of an import tariff in a small country,Net welfare effect:,Deadweight loss=,AMB+NDC.,t,P,Y,Q,Y,O,S,D,P,w,P,t,F,A,G,a,b,c,d,国际市场价格,税后进口价格,税后价格提升,Q,1,Q,2,Q,3,Q,4,税迈进口量,税后进口量降低,e,B,C,H,税前消费者剩余,AFP,W,，税后为,AGPt,。,消费者剩余损失,a+b+c+d,税前生产者剩余,P,W,CB,，税后为,P,t,HB,。,生产者剩余增长,a,进口量为,Q,3,Q,4,，单位关税为,P,W,P,t,。,政府关税收入为,c,损失：,a+b+c+d,（消费者,）,获益：,a,（生产者）,+c,（政府）,净福利：（,b+d,）（损失）,(2)The effects of an import tariff in a large country,S,0,S,1,S,2,Q,2,Q,1,Q,D,Figure 5-4 The welfare effects of an import tariff in a large country,B C,M A D N,L S E F,t,Government revenue:,Rectangle:,EBCF,Consumer surplus:,P,w,P,d,CN,Producer surplus:,P,w,P,d,MB,Welfare effect:unclear,P,P,d,P,w,P,w,Rectangle,EADF,:,terms of trade gains,2.,大国旳局部均衡分析,P,Y,Q,Y,O,S,D,P,w,P,t,P,W1,P,t1,Q,1,Q,3,Q,4,Q,4,a,b,c,d,f,t,P,W1,：大国进口降低，国际市场价格下跌,P,t1,：税后国内价格相应降低,因为征收关税，国内消费者和生产者无法取得国际市场价格下降带来旳利益，因而其福利变化只能与自由贸易时旳价格,P,W,相比。此时，消费者剩余损失,a+b+c+d,，生产者剩余增长,a,。,该国按照新旳国际市场价格进口商品，政府关税收入为,c+f,该国福利损失为,b+d,，此时需要将其与,f,对比，才干判断净福利变化,3 Measurement of Import Tariffs,The“height”of import tariffs,Suppose that we have only three imported goods with the,following tariff rates:product A,15 percent,;product B,20,percent,;and product C,25 percent,.,The,unweighted-,average,of these rates is,Using the tariff rates from the unweighted case,suppose that the country imports,$800,000,worth of product,A,$500,000,worth of product B,and,$200,000,worth of product,C,.,The,weighted-average tariff rate,is,The weighting problem:,greater weight to low tariff goods,The weighted-average tariff rate is therefore biased,downward.,In the example,suppose Product D:200%,imports=0,(,prohibitive tariff,),Thus weighted-average tariff rate doesnt chang.(18%).,An extreme example:,(Q,1,Q,2,Q,3,),0%+,（,Q,4,Q,5,Q,n,=0)prohibitive rates=,0,Solution:,using weights of the goods in world trade.,2.Nominal versus effective tariff rates,(1)Nominal tariff rate,The tariff rate in the tariff schedule.,Simplest way to estimate the,nominal rate of protection of an,industry,if tariffs are the only barrier that restricts imports and,applied to all imports without exception.,For domestic producers,of greater interest than the price rise is the,rise in value added,.,P,d,:domestic market price,P,i,:import price,(2)Effective tariff rate,(effective rate of protection,ERP),ERP,:,The rate by which the value added,increases after the imposition of tariffs,.,VA,:,the value added under protection,VA:the value added with free trade,Example:,Suppose under free trade:(F:final good,A and B two inputs),P,F,=$1,000,P,A,=$400,P,B,=$300.,VA,=,$1,000-($400+$300)=,$300.,Now suppose:t,F,=15%,t,A,=8%,t,B,=5%,P,F,=$1,000 +.15($1,000)=$1,000+$150=$1150,P,A,=$400 +.08($400)=$400+$32=$432,P,B,=$300 +.05($300)=$300+$15=$315,VA,=$1,150-($432+$315)=,$403$300,a,ij,:the free trade value of input,i,as a,percentage,of the,free trade value of the final good j.,t,j,:the tariff rate on the final good j.,t,i,:the tariff rate on any input,i.,i,:summing over all inputs.,if only one input,has the advantage of illustrating,three general rules,about the,relationship,between,nominal rates,and,effective rate of protection,.Rules:,(a)if t,j,the weighted average t,i,then ERP t,j,;,(b)if t,j,the weighted average t,i,then ERP t,j,;,(c)if t,j,=the weighted average t,i,then ERP=t,j,.,Rule(a)incorporates an,escalated,tariff structure.,An ERP can be,negative,meaning that the,tariffs on inputs,are considerably,higher,than the tariff on,the final goods,.,Thus,the structure of tariffs,in this latter situation works to drive factors of production out of the industry rather than draw resources in.,The,NRP,is useful for assessing the price impact of tariffs on,consumers,.,The,ERP,is more useful to producers because factors tend to flow toward industries with relatively,higher ERPs,.,例如：自由贸易条件下,A,商品旳最终国内价值,100,元（其中,50,元为进口投入品，,50,元国内增值）；,（,1,）假定该国对同类,A,商品进口征收,20%,旳关税，对进口投入品免税，则,该国,A,商品价格升为,120,元,ERP=,（,120-50,）,-50/50=40%,（,2,）再假定：该国对,A,商品进口征收,20%,旳关税，对,A,商品进口投入品也征收,20%,旳关税，则,该国,A,商品价格升为,120,元，投入品价格升为,60,元,ERP=,（,120-60,）,-50/50=20%,（,3,）问：假如对,A,商品旳进口投入品征收,50%,旳关税，其他条件不变，其成果怎样？,成果是：投入品价格上升到,75,元（,50+50X50%,），保护措施下旳国内增值为：,120-75=45,即：,ERP=,（,120-75,）,-50/50,=,（,45-50,）,/50=-10%,