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,p,*,Civil Engineering,English Contents,p,1,Chapter 1 Engineering Project,Chapter 1,p,2,Conversation,1.How many phases does a project cover?,The execution of it can be usually divided into some basic stages,like engineering,procurement and transportation,and field construction.,一种工程项目的实行一般可分为几种基本阶段：,工程设计、采购和运送、以及现场施工。,2.Please give a description about this project.,请对这个工程项目作一种论述阐明。,3.Who is the contractor?,The contractor is Toyo EngineeringCorporation(TEC)of Japan.,Chapter 1,p,3,承包商是日本的东洋工程企业。（简称TEC）,4.It is an inquiry(commercial and technical proposal,approval,agreement,protocol,annex,technical appendix)about this project.,这是这个项目的询价书。（商务和技术报价书、同意书、协议、会议记录、附加条件、技术附件）,5.Who makes up the project team?,The project team normally consists of project engineer,design engineer,schedule engineer,and various specialists.,项目工作组一般包括有项目工程师、设计工程师、计划工程师、以及各类专家。,6.How can we evaluate the results of field construction,We can evaluate the results of field construction by four criteria,which are quality,time,cost,and safety.,Chapter 1,p,4,我们可以通过四个指标来评价现场施工的成绩，即质量、时间进度、费用和安全。,7.What are you responsible for?,8.I am responsible for the technical(scheduling,inspection,quality control)work of this project.我负责这个项目的技术（技术、检查、质量控制）工作。,9.Would you tell us the technical characteristic about this project?,你能告诉我们有关这个工程项目的技术特性吗？,Certainly!,10.Do you have any reference materials about this project?,你有有关这个工程项目有参照资料吗？,Yes,here you are.,Chapter 1,p,5,Text,Framework of Civil Engineering,Introduction,Generally，engineeringis the application ofeconomic,social,and scientific practical knowledge todesign,build,and maintain structures,machines,devices,systems,materials andprocesses.Basically,engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is very broad,innovative,cost-conscious and mindful of human factors and includes various more specializedfields of engineering,each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of technology and types of application.,土木工程框架,简介,一般而言,工程学是应用经济、社会和科学的实用知识来设计、建造和维护构造、机器、设备、系统、材料和过程。基本上,工程学是一种面向最终产品的学科,它非常广泛,创新,成本意识和考虑到人的原因,包括多种更专业的工程领域,每一种更详细地强调特定领域的技术和应用类型。,Chapter 1,Civil engineering is one of the most diverse branches of engineering.The civil engineer plans,designs,constructs,and maintains a large variety of structures and facilities for public,private,commercial and industrial use.These structures include residential,office,factory buildings;andinfrastructure,for example,airports,roads,railways,water supply and treatment etc.),bridges,dams,and buildings.,土木工程是工程中最多样化的分支之一。土木工程师计划、设计、建造和维护大量的公共、私人、商业和工业用途的构造和设施。这些构造包括住宅、办公室、工厂建筑;和基础设施,例如,机场,公路,铁路,供水和处理等),桥梁,水坝和建筑物。,p,6,p,7,The term“civil engineer”did not come into use until about 1750,when John Smeaton,the builder of famous Eddystone lighthouse near Plymouth,England,is said to have begun calling himself a“civil engineer”to differ himself from the military engineers of his time.However,the profession is as old as civilization.,Eddystone Lighthouse,土木工程师 一词直到1750才开始使用,当时英国普利茅斯附近著名的 Eddystone 灯塔的建造者约翰.斯米顿听说已经开始自称 土木工程师,与他当时的军事工程师不一样。然而,这个行业和文明同样古老。,Eddystone灯塔,Chapter 1,The engineering marvels of the world,starting from the pyramids to todays thin shell structures,are the results of the development in civil engineering.Communication lines like roads,railways,bridges,etc.without which development is impossible,are fruits of civil engineers work.Various functions of a civil engineer are listed below.,从金字塔到今天的薄壳构造,世界工程奇迹是土木工程发展的成果。如道路、铁路、桥梁等通信线路没有发展是不也许的,是土木工程师工作的成果。下面列出了土木工程师的多种功能。,p,8,p,9,Investigation,The first function of a civil engineer is to collect the necessary data that is required before planning a project.,调查,土木工程师的第一种功能是搜集计划项目前所需的数据。,Surveying,The objective of surveying is to prepare maps and plans to locate the various structures of a project on the surface of earth.,测量,勘测的目的是准备地图和计划在地球表面寻找项目的多种各样的构造。,Chapter 1,p,10,Planning,Depending on the results obtained from investigation and surveying,a civil engineer should prepare the necessary drawing for the project in terms of capacity,size and location of its various components.On the basis of this drawing,a necessary estimate should be worked out.,规划,土木工程师应根据调查和测量所得的成果,在其各部件的容量、尺寸和位置方面,为项目准备必要的图纸。在这幅图画的基础上,应当制定出一种必要的估计。,Chapter 1,Design,After planning,the safe dimension of the components required is worked out.With this dimension a detailed drawing is prepared for various components and also for the whole structure and a detailed estimate is also calculated.,设计,通过规划,制定了所需部件的安全尺寸。运用此维度,为多种部件以及整个构造准备了详细的图纸,并计算了详细的估计值。,p,11,Execution,This function deals with the preparation of schedules for construction activities,finalization of contracts,supervision of construction work,preparation of bills and maintenance.,执行,本职能波及编制施工活动进度表、协议定稿、施工监理、帐单编制和维修等工作。,p,12,p,13,Research and development,A civil engineer needs to get involved in research and development to obtain profits and to improve the efficiency to the present and future needs.,研究与开发,土木工程师需要参与研究和开发,以获取利润,提高效率,以满足目前和未来的需要。,Chapter 1,Sub-disciplines of Civil Engineering,Any discipline of engineering is a wide field with various specializations.Civil engineering is traditionally divided into several sub-disciplines including structural engineering,transportation engineering,geotechnical engineering,construction materials,surveying,construction engineering,water resources engineering,coastal engineering,environmental engineering and municipal engineering.,土木工程分学科,任何工程学的学科是一种广泛的领域与多种各样的专业化。土木工程老式上分为构造工程、交通工程、岩土工程、建筑材料、测绘、建筑工程、水资源等几种子学科。工程,海岸工程,环境工程和市政工程。,p,14,p,15,Structural Engineering,Structural engineering focuses on the structural design and structural analysis of buildings,bridges,towers,flyovers,tunnels,off-shore structures like oil and gas fields in the sea,and other structures.This involves identifying the loads which act upon a structure and the forces and stresses which appear within that structure due to those loads,and then designing the structure to successfully support and resist those loads.The loads can be self weight of the structures,other dead load,live loads,moving(wheel)load,wind load,earthquake load,load from temperature change,etc.The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for(to be serviceable).Due to the nature of some loading conditions,subdisciplines within structural engineering have appeared,including wind engineering and earthquake engineering.,Chapter 1,构造工程,构造工程的重点是构造设计和构造分析的建筑物,桥梁,塔,天桥,隧道,离岸构造,如在海洋中石油和天然气离岸构造，和其他构造。这包括确定在构造上的载荷,以及由于这些载荷而出目前该构造内的力和应力,然后设计构造以成功地支持和抵御这些负载。荷载可以是构造自重、其他死荷载、活荷载、动(轮)荷载、风荷载、地震荷载、温度变化荷载等。构造工程师必须设计构造,以安全为其顾客和成功地履行其设计的功能(可维修)。由于某些加载条件的特殊性,构造工程中的分支已经出现,包括风工程和地震工程。,p,16,p,17,Transportation Engineering,Transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently,safely,and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community.This involves specifying,designing,constructing,and maintaining transportation infrastructure which includes streets,canals,highways,rail systems,airports,ports,and mass transit,。,It includes areas such as transportation design,transportation planning,traffic engineering,some aspects of urban engineering,pavement engineering,intelligent transportation system,and infrastructure management.,Chapter 1,交通工程,交通工程是以高效、安全、有效的方式移感人和物品,并以一种有助于充斥活力的小区为目的。这波及指定、设计、建造和维护运送基础设施,包括街道、运河、公路、铁路系统、机场、港口和大众运送。它包括交通设计、交通规划、交通工程、都市工程、路面工程、智能交通系统、基础设施管理等方面。,p,18,p,19,Geotechnical Engineering,Geotechnical engineering is a field of civil engineering regarding the rock and soil that civil engineering systems are supported by.Knowledge from the fields of geology,material science and testing,mechanics,and hydraulics are applied by geotechnical engineers to safely and economically design foundations,retaining walls,and similar structures.Environmental concerns in relation to groundwater and waste disposal have spawned a new area of study called geoenvironmental engineering where biology and chemistry are important.,Chapter 1,岩土工程,岩土工程是土木工程系统所支持的岩石和土壤的土建工程领域。地质、材料科学、测试、力学和水力学等领域的知识,是由岩土工程工程师在安全、经济地设计地基、挡土墙和类似构造的基础上应用的。与地下水和废物处理有关的环境问题催生了一种新的研究领域,称为地理环境工程,其中生物学和化学是重要的。,p,20,p,21,Qualifications for Civil Engineering,Engineeringisaprofession which meansanengineer must have a specialized education。,Manygovernmentjurisdictionsalsohavelicensingprocedureswhichrequireengineering,graduatestopassanexamination.Similarto？thebarexaminationsforalawyer,beforethey canactivelystartontheircareers.,土木工程资格,工程是一门专业,意味着工程师必须有专门的教育。许多政府管辖区也有许可证程序,规定工程,毕业生通过考试。类似的律师酒吧考试,他们才可以积极地开始他们的职业生涯。,Chapter 1,Inthe university,mathematics,physics,andchemistryareheavilystressedthroughout,theengineeringcurriculum,butparticularly inthefirsttwoorthreeyears.Mathematics,isveryimportantinallbranchesofengineering,soitisgreatlystressed.Today,mathematics,includescoursesinstatistics,which deals withgathering classifying,andusingnumericaldata,orpiecesofinformation.,在大学里,数学、物理和化学都受到了沉重的压力。工程学课程,但尤其在前三年。数学在工程的各个分支中是非常重要的,因此受到了很大的压力。今天,数学包括记录课程,其中波及搜集分类、使用数字数据或信息片断。,p,22,p,23,Animportantaspectofstatisticalmathematicsisprobability,whichdealwithwhatmay,happen,therearedifferentfactors,orvariables,thatcan changetheresultofproblem。Before theconstructionofabridgeiscarried out,forexample,astatisticalstudyismade of the amount oftrafficthebridgewillbeexpectedtodeal with.Inthedesignofbridge,variablessuch aswaterpressureonthefoundations,impact,theeffectsofdifferentwindforces,andmanyother factorsmustbeconsidered.,记录数学的一种重要方面是概率,它处理什么也许发生,有不一样的原因,或变量,可以变化问题的成果。之前对桥梁的施工进行了记录研究,并对该桥估计将处理的交通量。在桥梁设计中,变量等由于水压对地基、撞击、不一样风力的影响,以及许多其他必须考虑原因。,Chapter 1,Becauseagreatdealofcalculationisinvolvedinsolvingtheseproblems,computer programmingisnowincludedinalmostallengineeringcurricula,Computers,cansolvemanyproblemsinvolvingcalculationswithgreater,speedandaccuracythanahumanbeingcan.。Butcomputerareuselessunlesstheyaregivenclearandaccurate instructionandinformation-inotherwords,agoodprogram.,由于大量的计算波及到处理这些问题,计算机目前几乎所有的工程课程都包括了编程,计算机,可以处理许多问题,波及计算的速度和精确性比人能更高。但计算机是无用的,除非他们得到明确和精确的指令和信息-换句话说,一种好的程序。,p,24,p,25,Inspiteoftheheavyemphasisontechnicalsubjectsintheengineeringcurriculum,current trendis torequirestudentstotakecourseinthesocialsciencesandthelanguagearts.It should be pointed out thattheworkperformedbyanengineer affectssocietyinmanydifferent andimportantwaysthatheorsheshouldbeawareof。Anengineeralsoneedsasufficient commandoflanguagetobeableto preparereportsthatareclearand,inmanycases,persuasive。Anengineerengagedinresearchwillneedtobeabletowriteuphisorher,findingforscientificpublications.,尽管在工程课程中对技术科目的重视程度很高,但目前的趋势是规定学生在社会科学和语言艺术中学习。应当指出的是,工程师所做的工作影响了社会在许多不一样的和重要的方式,他或她应当懂得。工程师还需要足够的掌握语言的能力,可以编写清晰的汇报,在许多状况下,有说服力。从事研究的工程师将需要可以写出他或她的科学出版物的发现。,Chapter 1,Thelasttwoyearsofanengineeringprogramincludesubjectwithinthestudentsfieldof specialization,Forthestudentwhoispreparingtobecomeacivilengineer,these specialized courses may dealwithsuchsubjectsasgeodeticsurveying,soilmechanics,or hydraulics.,工程项目的最终两年包括在学生的领域内的主题专业化,为准备成为土木工程师的学生,这些专业课程可以处理诸如大地测量、土力学或水力学等学科。,p,26,p,27,Activerecruitingforengineersoftenbeginsbeforethestudentslastyearintheuniversity.Manydifferentcorporationandgovernmentagencieshavecompetedfortheservicesofengineersinrecentyear。Intodaysscience-orientedsociety，peoplewhohavetechnicaltrainingare in demand。Youngengineersmaychoosetogointoenvironmentalorsanitaryengineering。forexample,whereenvironmentalconcernshavecreatedmanyopenings;ortheymaychoose constructioncompaniesthatspecializeinhighwaywork;ortheymayprefertoworkwithoneof thegovernmentagenciesthatdealswithwaterresources;,Indeed,thechoiceislargeandvaried.,对工程师的大力招聘一般从学生在大学的最终一年开始。近年来,许多不一样的企业和政府机构竞相争夺工程师。在当今的科学型社会中,需求技术培训的人。年轻的工程师可以选择进入环境或卫生工程,例如,环境问题发明了许多空缺;或者他们可以选择专业从事公路工程的施工企业;或他们也许更喜欢与一种工作处理水资源的政府机构;确实,选择是大而多样的。,Chapter 1,Whentheyoungengineerhasfinallystartedactualpractice，thetheoretical knowledge acquiredintheuniversity mustbeapplied。Heorshewillprobablybeassignedatthebeginningtoworkwithateamofengineers。Thus,on-the-jobtrainingthat canbeacquiredwill demonstrate,hisorherabilitytoapplytheory topracticeforthesupervisors.,当年轻的工程师终于开始实际实践时,理论知识必须申请在大学获得。他或她也许会被指派在开始与一种工程师团体工作。因此,可以获得的在职培训将证明他或她的能力运用理论到实践为监督员。,p,28,p,29,Words and Expressions,structure strkt n.构造;构造;建筑物;体系,Device divais n.装置，设备;措施;方略;手段,Orient:rint v.标定方向;使向东方,Innovativenvetv adj.革新的;创新的;创新立异,specialized spelaizd adj.专门的;专业的;专用的,facilities fsiliti n.工具；设备,Commercial km:l adj.商业的；贸易的；营利的,Residentialrezidenl adj.住宅的，适于作住宅的；,Infrastructure infrstrktn.基础设施;基础建设,military militri adj.军事的;军用的,Chapter 1,p,30,Civilization svlazen;n.文明，文化；开化,Function fkn n.功能，作用,Investigation investigein n.（正式的）调查，勘测,Component kmpunnt n.成分;零件;数要素;,Capacity kpsiti n.容量;性能;生产能力,Dimension dimenn n.尺寸;数次元，度，维度,Calculate klkjuleit v.计算;估计;打算,Construction knstrkn n.建筑物;建造;,contract kntrkt n.协议；契约,municipal mju(:)nisipl n.市的，市政的,Chapter 1,p,31,sub-disciplinesb disiplin n.分支,Geotechnicaldi:teknkladj.岩土工程技术的,hydraulics hadr:lks n.水力学,qualification kwlifikein n.资格，授权;条件,Curriculumkwlifikein n.所有课程，课程,Statistical sttistikl adj.记录的;记录学的,variable vribl n.可变原因，变量,Foundation faundein n.地基;基础;,Accuracy kjursi n.精确（性），精确（性）,Recruit rikru:t v.招聘，征募;吸取新组员,sanitary snitri adj.清洁的;卫生的,supervisor sju:pvaiz n.监督者，管理者;镇长,Chapter 1,p,32,Notes:,1.Basically,engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline types of application.工程是一种以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新和成本意识，同步也注意到人为原因，包括多种更专门化的工程领域，每个领域愈加详细的强调专门的技术领域和应用类型。,2.Depending on the results obtained various components.根据勘测和调查中获得的成果，土木工程师应当在工程的生产能力，规模，各个部件的位置方面卫工程准备必要的制图。,3.Manygovernmentjurisdictionsalsohavelicensingprocedureswhichrequireengineering,graduatestopassanexamination.,许多政府决策机构也有许可程序，规定工程专业毕业生必须通过考试。,4.Thus,on-the-jobtrainingthat canbeacquiredwill demonstrate hisorherability,toapplytheory topracticeforthesupervisors.,工作中获得的培训可以使年轻的工程师为监管者展示将理论应用到实际的能力。,Chapter 1,p,33,Exercises,I.Answer the following questions:,1.What is Civil Engineering?,2.What are the sub-desciplines of Civil Engineering?,3.What are the qualifications for a civil engineer?,II.Translate the second paragraph“Civil engineering is buildings.”into Chinese.,III.Translate the paragraph with the subtopic of“Transportation Engineering”into Chinese.,IV.Translate the following into English:,1.直到大概1750年，人们才开始使用“土木工程师”这一术语。,2.为了获得利润，提高目前和未来需要的效率，土木工程师需要参与项目研究和研发。,Chapter 1,p,34,III.Writing,Letter of requesting a raise/salary increase,Writing Tips,Salary negotiation(asking for a salary increase,a pay rise,or simply more money)affects everyone from time to time.,Salary negotiation can be difficult,and many people handle it poorly,causing frustration and ill-feeling.In this case,you can write a letter asking for a raise because doing so will force you to document all your accomplishments which should not only help you with the raise,but will help you with updating your resume when its time to start job-hunting.More and more,you need to think of raise meetings in the same vein as salary negotiation;thus,the more reasoning you have,the more likely youll get the raise you wish.,Chapter 1,p,35,Useful patterns:,I have successfully taken
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