Chapter 1 A brief introduction.ppt

<p>单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Translation for Business English,商务英语翻译,Instructor,：蓝建青,E-mail:,joker0921,THE TOWER OF,BABEL,Whats the meaning of Babel?,Why it is important in the world?,Todays schedule,:,1 A,brief introduction of this course;,2 The definition of translation;,3 The nature of translating;,4,Types of translation,5 The criteria for translation;,6 The translation method;,7 Translatability,8 The process of translation;,9 Prerequisites for a translator.,Teaching material,Textbook:,张新红 李明，,商务英语翻译,(,英译汉,),，北京：高等教育出版社,2000.,Reference books:,1.,孙致礼，新编英汉翻译教程,M,，上海：上海外语教育出版社,2003.,2.,陈宏薇、李亚丹，新编汉英翻译教程,M,，上海：上海外语教育出版社,2004,3,.,陈德彰，英汉翻译入门,M,，北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2005.,4.,许建平，英汉互译实践与技巧,M,，北京：清华大学出版社，,2003,年,.,5.,方梦之、毛忠明，英汉,-,汉英应用翻译教程,M,，上海：上海外语教育出版社,2004.,6.,庄绎传，英汉翻译简明教程,M,，北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2002.,7.,刘宓庆，新编汉英对比与翻译,M,，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，,2006.,8.,李克兴、张新红，法律文本与法律翻译,M,，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，,2006,年,.,Reference,Journals,:,外语教学与研究,（双月，北外）,外国语,(,双月，上外）,中国翻译,(,双月刊，中国译协,),中国科技翻译,(,季刊，中科院,),上海科技翻译,(,季刊，上海,),英语世界,(,月刊，商务印书馆,),外语与翻译,(,（季刊 中南大学）,2 Definition of Translation,To translate is to change into another language,retaining as much of the sense as one can.,Samuel,Johnson,Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background.,Malcolm,Cowley,Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language(SL)by equivalent textual in another language(TL).,J,.C.,Catford,Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended in the text.,Peter,Newmark,Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor.,Columbia,Encyclopedia,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning,and secondly in terms of style.,Eugene,A.,Nida,翻译就是用接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然对等体,首先是就意义而言,其次是就其风格而言。,三个优点,:,明确了要译的是什么,信息,(message),暗示了语言文化上的差异,原文和译文只能相对对等,最接近的,(closest),考虑了译文的可接受性,自然,(natural),A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.,Tytler,The replacement of textual material in one language(SL)by equivalent textual material in another language(TL).,Prof,.,Huang Long,Translatology,Summary,Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the cultural communication between two language families.,Translation is a rendering from one language into another.Translation is a science,an art,a bilingual art,a craft,a skill,an operation and communication.,Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.,Translation is a kind of science because it was a whole set of rules governing it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of,translating.,Three important words:,Textual,Natural,Flavor(style),Modern,Definitions:,A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture,on whatever grounds.,Gideon Toury(Isreali,pragmatic),Translation,is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.,Christiane,Nord(German),Translation,is an externally motivated industrial activity,supported by information technology,which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication.,Jean,Sager,运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。,张培基等,Definitions of translation given by Chinese translators,把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另一种语言的言语产物的过程。,前苏联巴尔胡达罗夫,翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动，其本质是传播，是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。,吕俊,翻译是把具有某一文化背景的发送者用某种语言,(,文字,),所表述的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言,(,文字,),、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。,沈苏儒,翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。,张今,翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。,孙致礼,翻译是以符号转换为手段，意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动。,许钧,“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”,贾公彦(618-907)唐朝,义疏,“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”,法云(960-1279)宋代,翻译学,Translatology,翻译研究,Translation Studies,Translators responsibility,Traditionally,the translator was held to be responsible for the source text.This is not enough.From the above definitions we find not only“in the way the author intended”but also“for readers with a different background”.,Author of the source text-Source text-,Translator,-Target text-Readers of the target text,Translation or the translator is often compared to a,bridge,which is not just between the source text and the target text but between the author of the text(dispatcher of the original information)and the reader of the target text(final and indirect receiver or receptor of the information).So,as an intermediate information receiver and at the same time the secondary dispatcher,the translator has to analyze the intention of the author in writing the source text and try to convey it to the reader of the translation,who should understand the intention of the author through the target text.,“翻译如婚姻，是一种两相妥协的艺术。譬如英文译成中文，既不能西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文，则东西之间势必相互妥协，以求两全之计。至于妥协到什么程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步，神而明之，变通之道，就要看每一位译者自己的修养了。”,余光中,翻译在英语教学中的地位,翻译和语言学习是相辅相成的关系，翻译是促进语言学习绝好方式和绝佳途径。,翻译可以帮助学生更加明确地意识到良种语言了特点以及它们所折射的两种文化的差异，从而提高对所学语言的敏感程度，加深对外语以至本族语的理解。,翻译与其它学科的关系,翻译是一门博大精深的学问，不是单打一的学问，翻译几乎可以称为“百科学”。翻译涉及两种语言两种文化，是跨语言、跨文化的交际，翻译学科是一门跨学科的综合性学科，同语言学、社会语言学、语义学、语用学、文体学、跨文化交际、心理学等等学科都有密切的联系。,3 The Nature of Translating,What is translation?,translate/translating/translator,interpret/interpreter/interpretation,render/rendering,versions,Translation is an art/science/craft?,中文“翻译”一词，在现代汉语词汇系统里，具有较为宽泛而含混的意义，特别在大众的日常语言中，它既可指翻译活动的主体，即翻译者，也可指翻译的活动过程，还可以指翻译活动的结果，即译文。“翻译”一词基本涵盖英文的四种表达形式：,translating,翻译过程 活动,translation,译作 产品,translation,翻译 抽象概念,translator,译者 执行者 制作者,翻译的性质,翻译是科学：翻译有规律可循,翻译是艺术：翻译是译者对原文进行再创造的过程。,翻译是技能：翻译有技巧，这些技巧可以通过讲授和翻译实践获得。,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.(,Nida,),Translation may be defined as follows:The replacement of textural material in one language(,SL,)by equivalent textual material in another language.(,TL,).(,Catford,),Translation is a process in which the parole of one language is transferred into the parole of another with the content i.e.meaning unchanged.(,Barhudarov,),翻译是一种创造性的工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。（郭沫若）,.translation is first a science,which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes them-here,what is wrong,mistakes of truth,can be identified;secondly,it is a skill,which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage;thirdly,an art,which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative,the intuitive,sometimes the inspired,level of the translation;lastly,a matter of taste,where argument ceases,preferences are expressed,and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual differences.,（,Newmark,）,翻译科学,the science of translation,翻译艺术,the art of translation,翻译研究,translation studies,翻译学,translatology,科学,艺术,手艺,活动,技巧,传播,总的看来，翻译是一门综合性的学科，因为它集语言学、文学、社会学、教育学、心理学、人类学、信息理论等学科之特点于一身，在长期的社会实践中已经拥有了它自己的一套抽象的理论、原则和具体方法，形成了它自己独立的体系，而且在相当一部分的语言材料中这些方法正在逐渐模式化。,4,Types or categories of Translation:,In a broad sense,it is classified into three types,.,R.Jakobson,intralingual translation,or rewording:an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language;(语内翻译),在同一种语言内部的翻译，如古代汉语译为现代汉语，即文言文本译为白话文本，唐诗译为现代诗，广东话译为普通话；又如古英语译为现代英语，英语诗歌译为英语散文等。,Interlingual translation,or translation proper:an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.(,语际翻,译,),两,种不同语言间的信息转换，把本族语译为外族语，或外族语译为本族语。译出的文本语言称为来源语，又称原语、译出语、出发语；译本呈显现的语言为目的语，又称目标语或译入语。此为翻译课的任务，或言际翻译。具体而言是英语汉语之间的翻译。,intersemoitic translation,or transmutation:an interpretation of verbal signs by means of non-verbal sign systems;(符际翻译),不同符号系统间的信息转换,，,通过非语言符号系统解释语言符号，或语言符号解释非语言符号,，,如交通信号和人类语言之间的转换（红灯-停止；绿灯-前行）,；,电报代码和人类语言之间的信息转换,；把语言符号用图画、手势、数学、电影或音乐来表达,等。,As for its theme,（翻译材料的文体特点）,:,literary translation,;,non-literary translation,文学翻译是艺术而非科学，包括散文、小说、诗歌、戏剧翻译、特殊变通翻译（如电影脚本字幕翻译，须考虑字句的长短与演员的发音口型等）以及文学理论翻译和文学翻译批评。,非文学翻译包括哲学、政治、经济、法律、科技、新闻、政论、应用（如广告）等的翻译。,前者重,情感与审美,，后者,重,信息与事实,；前者发扬译者的主观成分，故产生的数种译文往往各不相同，后者抑制译者的主观成分，故产生的数种译文非常相似甚至基本一样；前者不能够由机器（电脑）来翻译（至少在相当长的历史时期内不能）而后者的某些文本可以由电脑来翻,译。,As for its forms of activity,（活动方式或手段）,Oral(interpretation),:,instantaneous/consecutive(连续或即席;交替传译);simultaneous(同声传译).Conference Interpreting;Personal Interpreting(随从);Liaison Interpreting(活动性质),Written translation,:,whole text literature,pragmatic excerpt,summary,adapted translation and rewriting in another language,Machine translation,As for its,mode,（模式或翻译活动的处理方式）:,全译、摘译、编译、,译写、译评、,缩译、综译、改译、阐译等,。,Criteria of Translation,The first thing is to give a just representation of the sense of the original The second thing is,to convey into his version,as much as possible,in a consistency with the genius of the language which he writes,the authors spirit and manner The third and last thing is to take care,the version have at least,so far the quality of an original performance,as to appear natural and easy,George Campbell,（,1787,）,That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work;That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original;That the translation should have all the ease of original composition,Alexander F.Tytler,英国历史学教授泰特勒（,A.F.Tytler,）在,18,世纪提出的翻译三原则,：,1.That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.,译文应完整地再现原文地思想内容,2.That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.,译文的风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同,3.That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.,译文应像原文一样流畅自然,A test of a real translation is that it should not read like translation at all.,J.B.Philips,(Tri-ness)Faithfulness,expressiveness,and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation.,Herbert Rotheinstein,“,等值论,”：以前苏联的,费道罗夫,为代表的：“等值翻译就是表达的原文思想内容完全准确并在修辞上、作用上与原文完全一致。”,“,等效论,”：奈达先生的“,动态对等,”,(dynamic equivalence)及“功能对等”,(functional equivalence)学说，强调读者反应，即译文读者对译文所产生的反应与原文读者对原文所作出的反应基本一致。,Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.,Christiane Nord(German),History of Argument“,案本,求真,神似,化,境”,严复,“信、达、雅”,（求信）,林语堂,“忠、顺、美”,梁实秋、赵景琛,“宁错务顺”,鲁迅,“宁信不顺”,瞿秋白,“信顺统一”,傅雷,“形似神似”,钱钟书,“入化境界”,“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”,贾公彦,(618-907),唐朝,“夫翻译者，谓翻梵天之语转成汉地之言。音虽似别，义则大同。”,法云,(960-1279),宋,释道安,（东晋）,案本,(,按照原文的本意,),“五失本”,Dao An,（道安，,314-385,）,of the Eastern Jin also warned translators on guard against (five ways of losing the original essence in translation).,玄奘 五不译 “既须,求真,，又须喻俗”,支谦（东汉）,Zhi Qian,（支谦，,25-220,）,as early as in the Eastern Han Dynasty.In,法句经序,he emphasizes the conveyance of the original meaning and expressiveness of the translation.,马建忠 马氏文通,善译,Ma Jianzhong,（马建忠，,18451900,）,held that the translator should carefully read and analyze the source text to get the real meaning,the structure,the style,the spirit,the tone,and the sound effect before he begins to translate.Actually he also mentioned the effect of the translation on the target readers should be the same of that of the original text on its readers.,严复,Guiding Principles:,“,译,”,事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。,译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。,至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。,易,曰：,“,修辞立诚,”,。子曰,“,辞达而已！,”,又曰：,“,言之无文，行之不远,”,。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达开外，求其尔雅。,(,天演论,译例言,),Yan Fus three characters guide is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.,Faithfulness:the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought.,Expressiveness:demands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense.,Elegance:the use of classical Chinese before Han dynasty.,(Tri-ness)Faithfulness,expressiveness,and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation.,Herbert Rotheinstein,Example:,It may be safely assumed that,two thousand years ago,before Caesar set foot in southern Britain,the whole country-side visible from the windows of room,in which I write,was in what is called“the state of,nature”,今译：,我们完全可以设想，二千年前，在凯撒到达不列颠南部之前，从我正在写作的这间屋子的窗口，可以看到整个原野都是处于所谓“自然状态”之中。,严译：,赫胥黎独处一室之中在英伦之南，背山而面野,槛外诸境，历历如在几下。乃悬想二千年前，当罗马大将恺彻未到时，此间有何景物。计惟有天造草昧，人功未施。,王佐良的阐释,信：为读者准确传达原作的内容,达：尽量运用他们所习见的表达方式,雅：通过艺术地再现和加强原作的风格特色来吸引他们,信、达、雅的变体,刘重德：信、达、切,思果：信、达、贴,Liang Shiqiu s and Zhao Jingshens:“Its better to have a smooth version than a faithful one.”,可读性强，便于交流。,鲁迅的“兼顾两面”论,信顺说,Lu Xuns:Rather be faithful(in thought)than smooth(in language)in opposition to Liang Shi-qius translation principle in 1930s.,引入英文句式的表达法,钱钟书的“化境”说,conversion for perfection or consummation,Qian Zhongshu,(,钱钟书，“化境”说,)put forward the idea of“conversion”,which aimed at“perfection”.It is really very difficult to translate huajing,（化境）,into English.(,Sublimes adaptation,),矛盾的,“忠实”、“通顺”,准则,郑振铎：,译书自以能,存真,为第一要义,最好一面极力求不失愿意，一面要译文,流畅,。,林语堂的“,忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准,”,译者不但要求达意，而且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。,傅雷的“神似论”,Fu Lei,（傅雷）,said the purpose of translation was to“achieve the spiritof the original”,（获致原作的精神）,then he added:,以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。,spiritual conformity,Emphasizing the reproduction of the spirit of the flavor of the original.,强调原作神韵再现,。,But actually we know that“spiritual similarity”is very difficult to grasp.,许渊冲的“意美、音美、形美”,Xu Yuanchong,（许渊冲）,proposed that the translation of poetry should not only be,意美,but also be,音美,and,形美,.He was concerned not only about the meaning but also about the sound effect and even the form of poems from an artistic point of view.He thought that translation was an endless process seeking for the better in order to bring enjoyment to the target reader.,According to,Lin Yiliang,the translator should“achieve a kind of spiritual harmony”with the original author.,1.,以作者或读者两方中某一方为主要着眼点的原则,中国汉唐时期的“文”与“质”之争（实际上是意译与直译之,争）,主,张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和通顺强调译文的可读性（意译）；主张“质”的翻译家则强调翻译的不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性（直译，甚至是硬,译）。,两,者都有片面性,。,2.,同时考虑作者和读者的翻译原则,玄奘的“既须求真，又须喻俗”,泰特勒翻译三原则,严复的译事三难“信达雅”,鲁迅的“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”,符号学的翻译原则：“,意义,相符，,功能,相似”（correspondence in meaning and similarity in function）（意义的分类，文本功能的分类）,3.,从美学角度提出的翻译原则,傅雷的“,神似,”,(similarity in spirit),说：,高老头重译序,中提出来的：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不再形似而在神似”。“神似”即要传达原文的意蕴和韵味，“把原文的意义、神韵把握住”。,钱钟书的“,化境,”,(perfection;sublimation),说：,林纾的翻译,一文中提出。“把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入乎化境。”译作被比作原作的“投胎转世”（,the transmigration of souls,）,许渊冲的“,三美说,”：音美、形美、,意美,The test of a real translation is that it should not read like translation at all.,J.B.Philips,Exercise,</p>