英语语言学树型图详细讲解.doc

树形图详细讲解1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual Vb) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det Nc) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det Nd) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A2. The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.a) full of people AP A P N full of peopleb) a story about a sentimental girlNP NP PP Det N P NP Det A Na story about a sentimental girlc) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A Noften read detective storiesd) the argument against the proposalsNP NP PP Det N P NP Det Nthe argument against the proposalse) move towards the window VPV PP P Det Nmove towards the window3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landedb) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg AMary became very illc) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P NWhat will you e talk about ed) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det NThe apple might hit the manORInflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N V NP Det NThe apple might hit the mane) He often reads detective stories. S NP VP N Qual V NP A NHe often reads etective storiesOR InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Pres N Qual V NP A NHe often reads etective stories4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane. InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V NP Det A NA frightened passenger landed the crippled airplaneb) A huge moon hung in the black sky. InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PP P NP Det A NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) An unusual event occurred before the meeting. InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A N Pst V PP P NP Det NAn unusual event occurred before the meetingd) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VPDet A NP Pst V PP A N P NP Det A NA quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. InflP(=S) NP VP N Aux V NP Det A NP N CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsORInflP(=S) NP VP N Infl V NP Det A NP N CON NJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went outORInflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst VP CON VP VP NP V Adv V P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP VP N VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsORInflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pres VP CON VP VP NP VP NP V A P N V A P NMary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statisticsd) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in. S S CON S NP VP NP VP Det N V Adv Det A N V AdvThe detective went out and the mysterious man came ine) Crusoe knows that spring will e and the snow will melt. S NP VP CP N V C S S CON S NP VP NP VP N Aux V Det N Aux VCrusoe knows that spring will e and the snow will melt6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as plements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war. S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate warOR CP C InflP(=S) NP Infl VP CP N Pres V C S NP VP N V NP N You know that I hate warb) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over. S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP CP N V C S NP VP Det N VL AHe said that Tom asked whether the class was overc) Gerry cant believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam. S NP VP N VP NP CP Aux Neg V NP C S Det N NP VP N V NP Det A N Gerry can not believe the fact thatAnna flunked the English examd) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce. S NP VP CP N VL A C S NP VP Det N V NP NP N Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce e) The children argued over whether bats had wings. S NP VP CP Det N VP C S V P NP VP N V NP N The children argued over whether bats had wings7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was too long. Deep structureCP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP Infl VP N V NP N The essay he wrote that was too long Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V AP C S Deg P NP NP Infl VP N N Pst V NP N The essay that he wrote e was too longb) The dog that he keeps bites. Deep structureCP C S NP VP Det N CP V C Infl S Pres NP VP N V NP N The dog he keeps that bites Surface Structure CP C S NP VP Det N CP V C S NP NP Infl VP N N Pres V NP N The dog that he keeps e bitesc) Herbert found the man she loved. Deep structureCP C S NP VP N Infl V NP CP Det N C S NP Infl VP NP N V N Herbert found the man she loved who Surface Structure CP C S NP VP N Infl V NP CP Det N S C NP Infl VP NP NP N V N N Herbert found the man (whom) she loved ed) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics. Deep structureCP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP C Infl S N NP VP PP N Qual VP NP V P N The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics Surface StructureCP C S NP VP Det N CP V PP P NP