英语四级汉译英翻译技巧总结.ppt

CET 4 汉译英翻译技巧总结翻译技巧（一）词法：词性的转换；数词的英译（二）句法：语态的转换；句子的分译与 合译（三）语篇：连接词的运用；重复表达的 处理（一）词法：1.词性的转换汉语动词转成英语名词、形容词、介词；汉语形容词或副词转换成英语名词；汉语名词转换成英语动词。1.词性的转换宋朝的创始人建立了有效的中央集权制；广泛任用民间的学术文人；地方的军事官员及其党羽都被中央任命的官员所替代。这种官员体系使得宋朝的权利比以往任何朝代都更集中更集中在皇帝和官僚机构的手中。The founders of the Song Dynasty built an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with many civilian scholar-officials.Regional military officers and their supporters were replaced by officials appointed by the central government.This system of civil service led to a greater concentration of power of the emperor and his palace bureaucracy than had been achieved in the previous dynasties.1.词性的转换（1）动词转为名词）动词转为名词他这个人最爱说话了。他这个人最爱说话了。He is a great talker.他妹妹老是说谎。他妹妹老是说谎。His sister is a great liar.（2）动词转为介词）动词转为介词他用手指在墙上写下了自己他用手指在墙上写下了自己的名字。的名字。He wrote his name on the wall with his finger.许多学生反对他。许多学生反对他。Many students are against him.（3）动词转为副词）动词转为副词演出已经演出已经开始开始了。了。The performance is on.（4）形容词转为名词）形容词转为名词她非常她非常漂亮漂亮。She is a real beauty.你说他你说他傻不傻傻不傻？Dont you think hes an idiot?2.数词的英译（1）数词表示约略或夸张万一打碎了眼镜，我这一千二百度的近视眼如何走路呢。If my glass got broken,I shant be able to walk very far with these near-sighted eyes of mine.这里的交通四通八达。Traffic lines here radiate in all directions.2.数词的英译(2)倍数A是B的n倍：可以译成A is n times that of B;A is n times as adj.as B;A is(n-1)times more than B.新校的占地面积是老校的三倍。The new campus covers an area that is 3 times as big as the old campus.A比B多n倍；A增加n倍：可以译成A is n+1 times as adj.as B;A increases(rises,goes up,grows)by n times.氧原子几乎比氢原子重15倍。The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.2.数词的英译（3）百分比的增加百分比的增加或升高可用的英语表达法有increase by,raise by,go up by等。据中国海关统计，去年外商投资企业的产品出口值达8.1亿美元，今年上半年又比去年同期增长58.4%。According to Chinese Customs statistics,exports of foreign-funded ventures totaled US$0.81 billion last year and registered an increase of 58.4 percent in the first half of this year over the same period of last year.过去三年中，该省的杂交水稻亩产量增长了百分之五十。Over the past three years,the province has raised its per mu yield of hybrid rice by one half.（3）百分比的减少百分比的减少或降低可以用的英语表达法有reduce by,fall by(to),go gown by等。采用新技术使生产成本一下子降低了25%。The adoption of the new technique reduced(lowered)the cost of production by one quarter.作为出口主体的国有企业今年出口278亿美元，比去年减少了3.4%。As the major force of Chinas export,Chinas state-owned enterprises only exported US$27.8 billion worth of goods,representing a reduction(decrease)of 3.4 percent.2.数词的英译（二）句法1.句子语态的转换转态译法就是在翻译过程中把原文中的被动语态转换成译文中的主动语态，或把原文中的主动语态转换成译文中的被动语态。上海市高楼林立，灯火映天，素有“远东明珠”的世界级声誉。美丽的外滩，缤纷的南京路、淮海路以其夺目的光彩展示着大上海的无穷魅力。Because of its numerous brightly lit skyscrapers,Shanghai enjoys an international reputation as the“Pearl in the Far East”.Its infinite glamour is vividly shown by the beautiful bund and prosperous and illuminating Nanjing Road and Huaihai Road.当下众人七言八语。By now proposals of all kinds were being made.马路两边是整齐的梧桐树。The avenue was lined with neatly-spaced plane trees.1.句子语态的转换（1）强调受事，突出被动状态。如：这个词不是我的发明，是农民的发明。That term was invented not by me but by the peasants.（2）因种种原因，不出现或无须说明施事者。如：这种书是给儿童写的。Such books are written for children.（3）使句子结构匀称，文气连贯，如：他出现在台上，观众报以热烈的掌声。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.（4）汉语中的某些习惯用语或泛指人称为主语的主动句，如：大家都认为这样做是不妥当的。It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.（5）使语气委婉，措辞礼貌，如：今天晚上七点钟开教学会，全体教师务必参加。There will be a teaching symposium at 7:00 pm today.All the faculty is expected to attend.（6）汉语中带有被动意义的主动句，如：病人正在手术中。The patient is being operated on.2.句子的分译与合译需要分译的句子，多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。分译能使译文需要分译的句子，多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。分译能使译文层次分明、易于理解。层次分明、易于理解。按照内容层次分译，如：少年是一去不复返的，等到精力衰时，要做学问也来不及了。Youth will soon be gone never to return.And it will be too late for you to go into scholarship when in your declining years.从主语变换处分译，如：四周没有灯火，那座祠堂也睡着了。No lamps shone around.The clan temple was also asleep.从关联词（如转折）处分译，如：餐馆里只有几个人，或许是因为天气冷的缘故吧！There were only a few people in the restaurant.Probably because of the cold weather!原文出现总说或分述时要分译，如：在学校里，他因作业做得好而大受老师的称赞，又因朗读出色而受到同学们的恭维，一切都顺利进行。At school he was commended by his teacher for the fine homework and flattered by his classmates for his reading well.Everything went smoothly.2.句子的分译与合译英语句子简洁，但从句套从句，短语含短语也频频出现，较汉语而言长句多，所以在翻译中，就要把汉语的两个句子甚至更多句子合译为英语的一句。在关联词处合并，如：从前有个俊俏的年轻人，人人都喜欢他，可他总是闷闷不乐。因为他有一个唠叨不休的继母。Once there lived a handsome young man,through a favorite with everyone,was unhappy because he had a nagging step mother.从主语变换处合译，常出现主从句，如：她站在我身旁，帮我拿起电报。她的手在微微颤动着。Her hands slightly trembling,she helped me to pick up the telegram.（三）语篇1、恰当运用连接词英语常用连接词连接句子各成分，句子结构十分严谨、关系明确、语义清晰。京剧是一门综合的表演艺术，它集合了音乐、歌曲、对白、表演、杂技和武术等多种艺术形式。一名京剧演员一定是一名表演艺术家，能歌善舞。要成为一个合格的京剧演员一般要经过十几年的培养和训练。Peking Opera is a comprehensive performing art:It combines music,singing,dialog,pantomime,acrobatics and martial arts.Therefore,an actor or actress in Peking Opera has to be a performing artist who can both sing and dance.It usually takes a student more than 10 years training to become a qualified performer in Peking Opera.中国发展体育运动的目的是要通过在人民中普及体育运动，增强人民体质、提高整个国家的运动技能、创造新纪录，来促进国家经济、道德和文化的发展。The purpose of developing physical culture and sports in China is to popularize sports among the people,strengthen their health,improve the sporting skills of the country as a whole and create new records,thus helping to promote the countrys economic as well as ethical and cultural development.用于列举法列举法的过渡连接词：for one thing,for another,finally,besides,moreover,still,first,second,also 用于举例举例的连接词：for example,for instance,one example is,besides,furthermore,in addition用于叙述叙述的连接词：at the beginning,to start with,after that,later,then,afterwards,in the end用于分类分类常用词：divide(into),group(into),be composed of,include用于因果因果的连接词：引出原因：because,since,as,for,in that,due to,owing to,thanks to,result from 引出结果：as a result,result in,the result is,consequently,therefore,lead to2、恰当翻译重复汉语常出现名词的重复，而英文则常用代词来替代，避免重复。全家欢腾起来，我将蟋蟀放进装颜料用的硬纸匣里，交给小曲。小曲说她要看着蟋蟀叫，她自己找了一个半透明的小塑料瓶，将蟋蟀装进瓶里，欣赏这可怜的小俘虏团团转。她奶奶怕蟋蟀窒死，用剪刀将塑料瓶戳了几个透气的小洞。The whole family was wild with joy.I put it into an empty color-tube cardboard box and handed it to Xiao Qu.But she said she wanted to have it kept in a transparent container so that she could see it chirp.Then she found a plastic bottle and happily watched the pitiable little captive therein moving about in panic.Her grandma,however,fearing that the cricket might suffocate,punctured a few holes in the plastic bottle with a pair of scissors.对于汉语中的大量重复，英译时可以删除不必要的重复或者改用不同的词语，以求变化。(next page)（1）删除不必要的重复我们就是要有这个雄心壮志！We must have this ambition.“雄心”与“壮志”意义重复，这在汉语中不仅是允许 的，而且形成了一种对称的韵律美。但在英语中没有 必要重复为aspiration and ambition，译成ambition更 符合英语习惯。下岗和失业人员增多，就业压力加大。causing an increase in unemployment and resulting pressure.该例中“下岗”与“失业”语义接近，合译成 “unemployment”基本可行。（2）变换用词手中有了钱，便买高档的衣服，高档的皮鞋，高档的化妆品，有条件的，自行车不想骑了，干脆就买一辆轿车。With plenty of money in hand,theyll buy expensive clothes,wear shiny leather shoes and use de luxe cosmetics.Those who can afford it will quit bicycles and arm themselves with a car.“高档的衣服，高档的皮鞋，高档的化妆品”，三个“高档”不宜用同一个译文。英文常避免出现无效的重复。此处用expensive clothes(昂贵的衣服)、shiny leather shoes(刚脱了布鞋穿皮鞋的人喜欢皮鞋的锃亮)、de luxe cosmetics(de luxe是不少化妆品的品牌，意思是“豪华的、高档的”)。（四）应用1.丝绸之路是中国古代的中国古代的一条商业贸易路线。The Silk Road is a trade route in ancient China.(语态转换：定语-状语）2.丝绸之路以古代中国的政治，经济，文化中心古代中国的政治，经济，文化中心古都长安为起点，一直延伸至中亚，北非和欧洲。It started from the ancient capital Changan that was the center of politics,economy and culture in ancient China,and stretched all the way to central Asia,North Africa and Europe.(语态转换：同位语-定语从句）（四）应用3.随着时间的推移随着时间的推移，丝绸之路逐渐变成了一条连接东西连接东西方的方的主要道路，促进了东西方的东西方的经济文化交流。As time went by/Over time,the Silk Road gradually became a main road connecting the East and the West,(thus)promoting the economic and cultural exchanges between the two parties.(语态转换：前置定语后置定语，加连接词，用替换词）Thank you all for listening!Thank you all for listening!