英语连读技巧.doc

1.连读
在同一意群中，前一词以辅音音素结尾，后一词以元音音素开头，在说话或朗读句子时，习惯上很自然地将这两个音素合拼在一起读出来，这种语音现象叫连读。
连读条件：相邻两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重度，只需顺其自然的一带而过。
1.1  “辅音+元音”型连读
1）以辅音结尾的单词+元音开头的单词：要连读
I'mˆanˆEnglish boy.
Itˆisˆanˆold book.
Let me haveˆa lookˆatˆit.
Ms Black worked inˆanˆoffice lastˆyesterday.
I calledˆyou halfˆanˆhourˆago.
Putˆitˆon, please.
Notˆatˆall.
Please pickˆitˆup.
2 ）以辅音结尾的单词+h 开头的单词：h 不发音，与前面的辅音连读
What wil(l he) [wili]do?
Ha(s he) done it before?
Mus(t he) [ti] go?
Can he do it?
Should he…?
Tell him to ask her…
Lea(ve him) [vim].
3 ）“/t/+元音”型连读
如果前一个词是以[t]结尾的，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的[t]要轻读成[d]，
例如：What a     读成[wd ] 。
4 ）“/w/+元音”型连读
如果前一个词是以/w/结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的w 不但要发/w/ ， 而且还要与后面的元音发生连读。
例如：I saw it.读成[aisɔ:wit] 。
1.2  “r/re+元音”型连读
如果前一个词是以-r 或者-re 结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r  或re 不但要发/r/ ，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。
They're my fatherˆand mother.
I looked forˆit hereˆand there.
Thereˆis a football underˆit.
Thereˆare some books on the desk.
Hereˆis a letter for you.
Hereˆare fourˆeggs.
But whereˆis my cup?
Whereˆare your brotherˆand sister?
但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r ，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。
The black clouds are ing nearer and nearer. （nearer 与and 不可连读）
1.3  “辅音+半元音”型连读
1）英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要连读。
Thankˆyou.
Nice to meetˆyou.
Didˆyou get there lateˆagain?
Wouldˆyou likeˆa cupˆof tea?
Couldˆyou help me, please?
2 ）音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。
①因发音时舌位的影响而发生同化：
/d+j/→/dʒ/: Would you...?
/t+j/→/tʃ/: Can't you... ？
/s+j/→/ʃ/: Miss you
/z+j/→/ʒ/: Has your…?
②因轻浊音的影响而发生的同化：
/e/→/θ/: with thanks→/wiθ’ θænks/
/z/→/s/: has to→/’hæstu:/ used to→/’ju:stu/
/v/→/f/: have to→/hæf’tu:/
1.4  “元音+元音”型连读
元音和元音的连读实际上是在元音之间插入半元音/j/或/w/,从而使纯元音之间的过渡变得自然、流畅，读起来更加上口。半元音的插入情况如下：
1）前面的单词以敞口元音/e/、/i/结尾，紧随其后的单词以元音/i/ 、/e/ 、/ai/ 、/ ɔi/ 、/i/开头，这时，在两个单词之间出现半元音[j]作为过渡。
Iˆam Chinese.
Heˆis very friendly to me.
She wants to studyˆEnglish.
She can't carryˆit.
It'll take you threeˆhours to walk there.
2 ）前面的单词以闭口元音/u/ 、/ əu /结尾，紧随其后的单词以元音/u/ 、/ əu / 、/au/ 、 开头，这时，两个单词之间出现半元音/w/作为过渡。
Howˆand why did you e here?
The question is tooˆeasy for him to answer.
3 ）为了把两个相邻的词连在一起，人们往往在以/ə/ 、/a/结尾的词后面加上/r/音，以便和后一个词的首元音相连接，这种添加的[r]称为“外加音”/r/ 。
This is her  ˆanswer.
1.5 当有意群进行停顿时不可连读
Isˆit aˆhat or a cat? （hat 与or 之间不可以连读）
Thereˆisˆa good book in my desk.  （book 与in 之间不可以连读）
Can you speakˆEnglish or French?  （English 与or 之间不可以连读）
Shall we meet atˆeight or ten tomorrow morning? （meet 与  at ，eight 与or 之间不可以连读）
She opened the door and walkedˆin. （door 与and 之间不可以连读）

2.失去爆破
     当一个爆破音跟另一个爆破音相遇时往往失去爆破，这主要是因为两个辅音之间的间隔太小，这种现象在语音学上称为“失去爆破”或“特殊爆破”。爆破音和爆破音或其他的辅音相邻，第一个爆破音只形成阻碍，但不发生爆破，称作不完全爆破。说话时，前一个单词的爆破音只保持发音部位（音不法出来）的同时，即向下一个单词起音的辅音过渡，不完全爆破得以实现。不完全爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。不完全爆破时英语语音学习中的重点，也是一个难点；掌握不好不完全爆破，就不可能讲地道的英语。下面列举不完全爆破的几条主要规则：

1.1 爆破音+爆破音
     6 个爆破音（即/b/ /p/ /d/ /t/ /g/ /k/ ）中的任意两个相邻时，第一个爆破音只形成阻碍，但失去爆破，少停顿一下，快速向第二个完全爆破的爆破音划去；若爆破音在词尾则必须轻化。例如：
Kept/Blackboard/Notebook/Goodbye/September/Suitcase
Big boy
Sharp pencil
What time
She took good care of the children.
Ask Bob to sit behind me.
My father kept working till midnight.
Please write the answer on the blackboard.
Write the answer in your notebook.
I'd like to say goodbye to everyone.
1.2 爆破音+摩擦音
    如爆破以后紧跟着的是摩擦音/s/ /z/ / ʃ / / ʒ / /θ/ / e / /f/ /v/ /h/ 时，这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做摩擦爆破，换言之，既发爆破音时受后面的摩擦音的影响爆破部位有所改变，须由口腔爆破改为摩擦爆破。爆破音和摩擦音相邻，第一个爆破音形成阻碍，发生不完全爆破，例如：
Advance/Success
A good view
Old friends
Just then
Get through
Make sure
Night show
Keep silence
You must pay in advance.
Can I have an advance on my salary?
What would your advice be in this case?
What would you advise me to do.
Keep that in mind.
1.3 爆破音+破擦音
     如爆破音后面紧跟着的是破擦音/tʃ/ /dʒ / /ts/ /dz/ /tr/ /dr/ 时,这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做破擦爆破，换言之，既发爆破音时受后面的破擦音的影响爆破部位有所改变，须由口腔爆破改为破擦爆破。爆破音和摩擦音相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，失去爆破，稍停顿一下，立刻发出后面的破擦音。例如：
Picture/Object/Grandchild
That child
Good job
Great changes
I had my picture taken yesterday.
Do you know how do you draw a picture?
You shouldn’t treat women like objects.
He stood up and objected in strong language.
1.4 舌边爆破
   爆破音/t/ 、/d/后面紧跟着的时舌侧音/l/ 时，这种辅音组合在语音学里叫做舌边爆破，换言之，既发爆破音/t/ 时受后面舌侧音/l/ 的影响爆破部位有所改变，须由口腔爆破改为舌边爆破。爆破音和舌侧音/l/相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，发生不完全爆破，例如：
Lately/Badly/Mostly/Friendly
A bit louder
I’d like to
Straight line
Good luck
At last
I have been very busy lately.
I haven’t seen him lately.
Have you been there lately?
He slept badly.
His foot was badly hurt.
I’ve been quite badly off recently.
1.5 鼻腔爆破
     爆破音和鼻辅音/m/ 、/n/ 、/ ŋ /相邻，爆破音形成阻碍，发生不完全爆破，在词末必须通过鼻腔爆破。
如：爆破音/t/ 、/d/后面紧跟着的是鼻辅音/m/与[n]时这种辅音组合在语音学里就叫做鼻腔爆破，换而言之，既发爆破音/t/ 、/d/ 时受后面鼻辅音/m/与/n/ 的影响爆破部位有所改变，须由口腔爆破改为鼻腔爆破。
例如，bʌtn]Èbutton[、garden[‘ga:dn]、中的/t/ 、/d/就得采取上述方法发音，说的通俗一点也就是/t/ 、/d/ 的发音由原爆破音改道从鼻子里带出来，也就是由鼻腔爆破发出来，因此在发音时鼻子里（不是口腔）会有一种冲气和痒痒的感觉。
Utmost/Admit/Midnight
Good night
Good morning
Take time
Start now
I don’t know
Just moment
He often es home at midnight.
He has always been a good neighbor.
Her goodness was apparent to everyone.
1.6 浊化
1）/s/  后面的清辅音要浊化
discussion ：/k/浊化成/g/
stand：/t/浊化成/d/
expression：/ p /浊化成/b/
2 ）美音中：/t/在单词的中间被浊化成/d/
writer ，听起来和rider      的发音几乎没有区别
letter—ladder
out of
3.弱读/缩读
弱读从词性主要出现在下面几类词中：限定词、介词、连词、助动词、代词等。在英语中，可以用改变元音的方式来弱读一个词的音，还可以用省略音节的方式来弱读。弱读有以下几种方式：
(1)缩短元音的长度，即把长元音缩短成短元音。如：功能词词性强读弱读例句
      he代词/hi://hi/,/i/What did he do?
      she代词/∫i://∫i/Is she happy?
      me代词/mi://mi/Let me see.
      we代词/wi://wi/Here we are.
      you代词/ju://ju/Are you sure?
      her代词/h ://h /Please give her the book.
      the冠词/ i:// i/,/ /I like the old man.
      were助动词/w ://w /We were all late.
      be助动词/bi://bi/We will be here.
(2)把元音弱化成 / / 或省去元音。功能词词性强读弱读例句
      a冠词/ei// /Buy a ring.
      an冠词/ n// n/Give an answer.
      some限定词/s m//s m/,
           /sm/Have some tea.
      your代词/j //j /Take your time.
      them代词/ em// m/,
           / m/Ask them to go.
      us代词/ s// s/Let us do it.
      am助动词/ m// m/,
           /m/Where am I going？
      are助动词/ // /What are you doing?
      can助动词/k n//k n/,
           /kn/All the kids can read now.
      do助动词/du:/,/d /,
           /d/How do you go to school?
      does助动词/ s//d z/What time does it start?
      had助动词/ n//h d/,
           / d/,/d/The bus had already left.
      has助动词/ n//h s/,/ s/
           ,/s/,/z/What has he done？
      have助动词/ n//h v/,
           / v/,/v/They have all gone.
      must助动词/ s//m st/I must go now.
      shall助动词/∫ l//∫ l/,
           /∫l/Shall we go now?
      was助动词/w s//w s/That was all.
      will助动词/wil//w l/,
           / l/Will you do me a favor?
      at介词/ n// t/They are at school.
      for介词/f //f /,/fr/He got it for nothing.
      from介词/fr m//fr m/,
           /frm/He is from the States.
      of介词/ f// v/,
           /v/,/f/It is very kind of you.
      to介词/tu://t /Give it to me.
      and连词/ nd// nd/,/ n/,/nd/,/n/Bothers and sisters.
      as连词/ s// s/Just as you like.
      but连词/b t//b t/She is tired but happy.
      so连词/s u//s /It’s so cold today.
      than连词/ n// n/,/ n/It’s bigger than this.
      that连词/ t// et/I think that we’ll have enough.
但需要注意的是：这些词以h为开头如：he, his, her, has, have, had等词放在句子开头时不弱读。

4.节奏
     节奏并不仅指说话的速度快慢，还包含了许多平时不被重视的小环节，比如语调的升降、词语的重音、句子在何处停顿。记住：节奏比发音更重要。