2023年联合国世界水发展报告.pdf

Partnerships and cooperation for waterThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023Partnerships and cooperation for waterThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023Published in 2023 by the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization,7,place de Fontenoy,75352 Paris 07 SP,France UNESCO 2023This report is published by UNESCO on behalf of UN-Water.The list of UN-Water Members and Partners can be found on the following website:www.unwater.org.ISBN 978-92-3-100576-3 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO(CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO)license(creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/).By using the content of this publication,the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository(www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en).The present license applies exclusively to the text content of the publication.For the use of any material not clearly identified as belonging to UNESCO,prior permission shall be requested from the copyright owner.Section 8.2 by Bo Libert,Iulia Trombitcaia,Elise Zerrath and Diane Guerrier 2022 United Nations.Section 8.3 by Silvia Saravia Matus,Marina Gil,Alba Llavona,Laura Martinez Botia,Lisbeth Naranjo and Natalia Saramanto 2022 United Nations.Chapter 12 by Helen Laubenstein and Richard Connor OECD/UNESCO 2023;the opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Members of the OECD.The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Similarly,boundaries and names shown and the designation used on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.A dispute exists between the Governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands(Malvinas).The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors;they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.The contents were contributed by the UN-Water Members and Partners,and others listed on the title pages of the chapters therein.UNESCO and the UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme(WWAP)are not responsible for errors in the content provided or for discrepancies in data and content between contributed chapters.WWAP provided the opportunity for individuals to be listed as authors and contributors or to be acknowledged in this publication.WWAP is not responsible for any omissions in this regard.Suggested citation:United Nations,The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023:Partnerships and Cooperation for Water.UNESCO,Paris.Cover artwork by Davide BonazziGraphic design and layout by Marco TonsiniPrinted by UNESCO,ParisPrinted in FranceThis publication is printed on 100%recycled,chlorine-free paper.At current rates,progress towards SDG 6 is off-track.The 2023 edition of the United Nations World Water Development Report(WWDR)describes how building partnerships and enhancing cooperation across all dimensions of sustainable development are essential to accelerating progress towards all the targets of SDG 6 and realizing the human rights to water and sanitation.Partnerships and cooperation take place in almost any water-related endeavour and water resources management has a long history of experience with partnerships,both good and bad.This report reviews this experience,highlighting how enhancing positive and meaningful cooperation amongst the water,sanitation and broader development communities is required to accelerate progress.This report also addresses how the water and sanitation community can internally collaborate more effectively by maximizing complementarity,as well as reach out to other sectors and realms of decision-making where water plays a critical(but often times misunderstood or ignored)role in meeting their own objectives and amplifying co-benefits.Safeguarding water,food and energy security through sustainable water management,providing water supply and sanitation services to all,supporting human health and livelihoods,mitigating the impacts of climate change and extreme events,and sustaining and restoring ecosystems and the valuable services they provide,are all pieces of a great and complex puzzle.Only through partnerships and cooperation can the pieces come together.And everyone has a role to play.Cooperation is critical to achieving all water-related goals and targets“Since wars begin in the minds of men and women it is in the minds of men and women that the defences of peace must be constructed”Nearly every water-related intervention involves some kind of cooperationS H O R T S U M M A R YiiForeword by Antnio Guterres,Secretary-General of the United Nations.viiForeword by Audrey Azoulay,Director-General of UNESCO.viiiForeword by Gilbert F.Houngbo,Chair of UN-Water and Director-General of ILO.ixPreface.xWWDR 2023 Team.xiiAcknowledgements.xiiiExecutive summary.1Prologue Part 1 The state of the worlds freshwater resources.11 Water demand.12 Water availability and stress.13 Water quality.16 Water-related ecosystem services.17 Extreme events.18 References.18Prologue Part 2 Progress towards SDG 6.20 SDG Targets 6.1 and 6.2:Drinking water and sanitation services.21 SDG Target 6.3:Water quality and wastewater.21 SDG Target 6.4:Water use efficiency and water scarcity.23 SDG Target 6.5:Water management and transboundary cooperation.25 SDG Target 6.6:Water-related ecosystems.25 SDG Target 6.a:International cooperation and capacity-building.26 SDG Target 6.b:Community participation.26 References.28Chapter 1 Introduction.29 1.1 Purpose and scope of this report.30 1.2 Basic concepts.31 References.32Chapter 2 Food and agriculture.33 2.1 Introduction.34 2.2 Water user associations.34 2.3 Water allocation for agriculture and urban centres.38 2.4 Waterenergyfoodecosystem nexus.43 2.5 Collection and dissemination of water data and information.43 References.46Chapter 3 Environment.49 3.1 Introduction.50 3.2 Watershed services schemes.51 3.3 Institutional partnerships for policy change and consensus-building.53 3.4 Environmental data and information.55 3.5 Lessons learned.57ContentsiiiContents 3.6 Conclusions.60 References.61Chapter 4 Water supply and sanitation for human settlements.63 4.1 Introduction.64 4.2 Water operators partnerships.64 4.3 Wastewater management.66 4.4 Multistakeholder partnerships in rural and secondary towns.66 4.5 Water resilience in cities.69 4.6 Migrants and refugees.70 4.7 Conclusions.71 References.72Chapter 5 Industry.73 5.1 Context.74 5.2 Industrial water use.74 5.3 Collective action and industry motivations.75 5.4 Elements of collective action.77 5.5 Examples of industry collaboration.81 5.6 Energy sector.83 5.7 Small and medium enterprises.83 5.8 The way forward.84 References.85Chapter 6 Health.87 6.1 WASH and health linkages.88 6.2 Priority WASH and health partnerships.92 6.3 Emerging areas for partnerships for WASH and health.98 6.4 Lessons learned and ways forward.100 References.100Chapter 7 Climate change.103 7.1 Introduction.104 7.2 Water and climate stakeholders.105 7.3 Intra-sectoral approaches.106 7.4 Cross-sectoral approaches.107 7.5 Extra-sectoral approaches.109 7.6 Conclusions.110 References.113Chapter 8 Regional perspectives.115 8.1 Sub-Saharan Africa.116 8.2 Europe and North America.119 8.3 Latin America and the Caribbean.124 8.4 Asia and the Pacific.128 8.5 The Arab region.131 References.137ivContentsChapter 9 Education and capacity development.141 9.1 Introduction.142 9.2 Education and training.142 9.3 Knowledge co-creation and communities of practice.144 9.4 Life-long learning.145 References.146Chapter 10 Data,information and monitoring.148 10.1 Introduction.149 10.2 Transforming data into information and action.149 10.3 Data generation and sharing.150 10.4 Data accessibility and interoperability.152 10.5 Trends in monitoring and data accessibility.152 10.6 Next steps.154 References.155Chapter 11 Innovation.156 11.1 Introduction.157 11.2 Technological innovations.157 11.3 Social innovation.158 11.4 Challenges.160 References.161Chapter 12 Financing.162 12.1 Introduction.163 12.2 Cooperation on the demand side of finance.163 12.3 Cooperation on the supply side of finance.164 12.4 Cooperation between the supply and demand side of finance.167 12.5 Conclusions.170 References.170Chapter 13 Governance:A whole-of-society approach.172 13.1 Enhanced cooperation over water,food and climate security.173 13.2 Whos at the table?On meaningful participation.175 13.3 Strategic integration,cross-sectoral coordination and multi-use water systems.177 13.4 Regulation and publicprivate partnerships.178 13.5 Good governance:a whole-of-society partnership approach.179 References.180Chapter 14 Conclusions.183 14.1 Guiding principles for successful partnerships and cooperation.184 14.2 Aligning roles,including responsibilities and contributions.186 Coda.187 References.187Abbreviations and acronyms.188 vBoxes,figures and tablesBox 1.1 The SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework.31Box 2.1 Water reclamation and inter-sectoral water transfer between agriculture and cities:A FAO economic wastewater study.41Box 2.2 WEFE nexus in Bekaa Valley,Lebanon.45Box 2.3 Cooperation through water tenure in achieving inclusive water policy and development objectives.46Box 3.1 Water funds mobilize multiple partnerships to address water security needs.52Box 3.2 Partnerships for conserving and restoring peatlands for carbon storage,hydrological flows and livelihoods.53Box 3.3 The Ecosystem Services Partnership.55Box 3.4 The Global Peatlands Initiative.56Box 3.5 Adopt-a-River in action:UNEP and Four Rotary Clubs partner to clean up the Athi River(Nairobi,Kenya)and plant trees.57Box 3.6 The Ecosystem Service Value Database.59Box 4.1 The experience of Ghana Water Company Ltd.in pro-poor services:From mentee to mentor.65Box 4.2 Providing water services to indigenous communities in Guatemala through the FESANADECOR water operators partnership.67Box 4.3 Smart rainwater management and drought resilience in rural semi-arid communities:A case study of Northeast Brazil.68Box 4.4 Uptime Consortium and Catalyst Facility:A new partnership approach to scaling up sustainable rural water services.69Box 4.5 Supporting community-based WASH collaboration in displacement settings.71Box 5.1 SDG Ambition.76Box 5.2 What can industry bring to a collective action?.78Box 5.3 The CEO Water Mandates Guide to Water-Related Collective Action.80Box 5.4 Partnering to achieve the worlds first Alliance for Water Stewardship Group certification.81Box 5.5 Igniting a CEO-driven initiative:The Water Resilience Coalition.82Box 5.6 Personal Advancement and Career Enhancement(PACE)programme for women.82Box 5.7 Googles Flood Forecasting Initiative.83Box 5.8 Cooperation between a public utility(Hydro-Qubec)and the Cree First Nation of Qubec,Canada:A sustainable path for the community and the environment.84Box 7.1 Applying water safety planning for climate resilience in Nepal.107Box 7.2 Drought-induced collaboration of water managers and service providers in Cape Town.108Box 7.3 Developing a climate financing proposal for water and food security in Zimbabwe.109Box 7.4 Lessons learned on transboundary basin cooperation regarding climate change and energy in the Mekong River.110Box 7.5 Promoting cooperation on water and climate at the ministerial level.111Box 7.6 Water and climate change cooperation through the Water Tracker.111Box 7.7 Water and Climate Coalition.112Box 8.1 AMCOW Pan-African Groundwater Programme:Advancing groundwater for water security and socio-economic transformation in Africa.120Box 8.2 Santiago Maipo Water Fund.127Box 9.1 H2O Maghreb:A training partnership responding to Moroccos water challenges.145Box 9.2 Partnering for sustainable water management:The Andean monitoring network iMHEA.146Box 10.1 Joint monitoring of groundwater levels across borders.151Box 11.1 Citizen science for development.160Box 12.1 Strategic investment pathways in Zambia.165Box 12.2 Blended finance example:The As Samra wastewater treatment plant expansion in Jordan.168Box 13.1 Publicprivate partnership on New Cairo Wastewater Treatment Plant.179BoxesThe United Nations World Water Development Report 2023 Partnerships and cooperation for waterviFigure P.1 Evolution of global water withdrawals,19002018(km/year).12Figure P.2 Seasonal variability in water availability.13Figure P.3 Per capita renewable water resources availability by geographic region,2000,2012 and 2018(m/capita).14Figure P.4 Annual baseline water stress.15Figure P.5 Groundwater depletion rates.16Figure P.6 Global risks of poor water quality.17Figure P.7 SDG 6 indicators and tiering system.22Figure P.8 Global coverage of water,sanitation and hygiene(WASH)services,20152020(%),and acceleration required to meet targets by 2030.23Figure P.9 Change in the level of water stress by region and at the global level,20082018.24Figure P.10 Current data on Indicator 6.b.1:Participation of local communities in water and sanitation management.27Figure 2.1 Schematic of water allocation between agricultural(rural)and urban centres.39Figure 2.2 The FAO approach to the waterenergyfood nexus.44Figure 3.1 The World Water Quality Alliance.56Figure 3.2 The SDG Indicator 6.6.1 workflow and monitoring and reporting.58Figure 3.3 Reported barriers to scaling up watershed investments.60Figure 5.1 UNIDO business partnerships typology.79Figure 6.1 Key health sectors functions in WASH.89Figure 6.2 WASH-related diseases and risks.89Figure 6.3 Partnerships are key to acceleration on WASH(SDG 6)and progress on many health challenges(SDG 3).90Figure 8.1 Complex landscape of water partnerships in Africa.119Figure 8.2 Water stress levels in major river basins in Asia and the Pacific,2018.130Figure 8.3 The five priority areas of work of the High-Level Joint Committee for Water and Agriculture.134Figure 10.1 Actors involved in improving flood management in West Africa under the FANFAR project.154Figure 12.1 Trend of official development assistance for water and selected sectors.165Figure 12.2 Private finance mobilized through official development finance across sectors(US$billion),20162020.166Figure 13.1 What is water security?.174Figure 13.2 The IWRM comb for cross-sectoral integration.177Table 2.1 Factors influencing WUA performance.35Table 2.2 Overview of water allocation mechanisms.40Table 2.3 Challenges and approaches to improve effectiveness of agricultureurban water reallocation.42Table 3.1 Buyer motivations by sector for user-driven watershed investments.54Table 6.1 WASH-attributable disease burden by health outcome,2019.88Table 10.1 Examples of how water-related data are transformed into information and actio