科技英语写作 摘要.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Abstract,1,基本特性,2 时态,3 语态,4 语法修辞,5 一个典型示例,6 化学常用句式,定义：以提供文献内容梗概为目的，,不加评论和补充解释，简明、,确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文。,摘要是检索机构数据库的重要,信息来源。,1 基本特性,具有,独立性,和,自明性,，它是通篇文章的概括和总结，应该反映文章的全貌，因此一篇英文摘要应该用简明、精炼、确切的文字向广大读者提供尽可能多的定性和定量的信息。,简要陈述研究工作的宗旨与解决的问题，说明理论或实验方案，概述,基本发现,，并指出,主要结论,。切勿对结论做自我评价。综述的摘要应阐述评述的话题、范围和评述的资料来源以及结论。,摘要应确系反映文章的内容。,摘要应便于读者明了这篇文章的性质与范围，有助于编者,为存储和检索,来确认文章的关键特征。,虽然摘要不是文章本身的替代物，但摘要必须简要、自明、足够完整，可以文摘刊物的形式独立存在。,摘要通常不分段，长短依文章的主题而异。不同学会和刊物的要求不完全相同。,摘要不要引证文献、图表，并不应包括方程式、图示或结构式。,略号在摘要中首次使用时应给出定义（正文首次使用仍需再次定义）。,基本类型：,报道性,，指示性，报道-指示性和 结构式文摘 注意摘要与前言的区别，有关背景资料 （,background,information),放前言中,摘要有几种类型：,informative abstract,indicative abstract,informative-indicative abstract,structured abstract 20,世纪80年代出现的，,是报道性摘要的结构化表达,摘要的内容应大致包括,IMRAD:,I,ntroduction,M,ethods,R,esults and,D,iscussion,独立短文：独立性,The first studies by,Shuford,et al.(,Polym,Eng,Sci,1976,16,25,)of the effect of draw ratio on the piezoelectric properties of poly(,vinylidene,fluoride)films concluded that the effect of molecular orientation due to draw prior to film polarization was to increase greatly the piezoelectric response.,Compare the results,according to,the equations(1),(2),(3),(4),defining inhibition type is competitive one.EI,的文摘长度一般不超过,150,words，,或1500字母。,美国物理学会,Style Manual,不超过,500个单词,。,对,化学文摘两个最基本的形式：,报道性文摘,（,informative abstract）,It can and should briefly state,the problem,the method,used to study the problem,and the,principal data,and,conclusions,.,指示性文摘,（,indicative abstract）,This type of abstract is designed to indicate,the subject,of a paper,making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper.,指示性文摘,环境电分析化学,介绍了环境电分析化学的基础、应用和发展，并与其他分析技术进行了比较。,报道-指示性文摘,电化学法研究和现场界面电容测量表明，电抛光时，铜、溶液界面存在,n-,型半导体固态膜。,XPS,检测表明，该膜主要由,Cu,2,O,和,Cu,2,OH,2,O,构成。,探讨了铜在,H,3,PO,4,溶液中电抛光机理。,关于结构式文摘,韩仲琪，李炳汝，王庆法.医学论文英文摘要格式,及其写作问题.编辑学报，2002，14（6）：412,据统计，目前世界上约有60的核心生物医学期刊采用结构式摘要，但此种摘要不适合综述之类的文章。,结构式文摘是按,Objective（,目的）、,Methods（,方法）、,Results（,结果）和,Conclusions（,结论）逐一阐述论文的梗概。在,Objective,项，可直接用动词不定式的一般式主动语态，如,To provide,To explore,;Methods,和,Results,项，可用一般过去时（有时也用现在完成时）及其被动语态,；,Conclusions,则用一般现在时,Abstract,Objective,:,Determination of components of,meleumycin,of domestic products to improve the quality specification of,meleumycin,of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005.,Method,:,using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry(LC/MS)to identify the eight major components of the reference substance of,meleumycin,using this method,eight components of twelve samples were qualified.,Result,:,The contents of the components of,midecamycin,A,1,and,leucomycin,A,6,was 30%50%and 10%20%respectively,the contents of the rest components were lower,different manufactures produces have different components.,Conclution,:,To revise the specification of,meleumycin,for quality control.,meleumycin,麦白霉素，,midecamycin,麦迪霉素,leucomycin,吉他霉素,Objective,动词不定式开头,To investigate ,To study,To explore,To examine,To determine,To report,To review,使用第一人称时，用凡指的,we,the author,the authors,不用,I。,如：,In this paper we conclude,Methods,用完整的句子，以被动句和过去时态为主。,Results,用一般过去时陈述实验结果。,Conclusions,集中表达作者的学术观点。,参见：刘雪立.医学论文英文结构式摘要的写作，中国科技期刊研究，2003，14（4）：452,摘要的基本内容与写法,The Abstract should provide,a,brief,summary of the main sections,of the paper:Introduction,Materials and Methods,Results,and Discussion.,An abstract can be defined as,a summary of the information,in a document.,The Abstract should,never give any information,or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.,The language,should be familiar to the potential,reader.,Omit,obscure abbreviations,.,Write the paper before you write the abstract.,1,基本特性,2 时态,3 语态,4 语法修辞,5 一个典型示例,6 化学常用句式,2 时态,以,一般现在时,为主，也使用,一般过去时,和,现在完成时,说法一：从理论上讲：,一般现在时,通过科学实验取得的研究结果、结论，揭示自然界的,客观规律,一般过去时,在一定范围内所观察到的自然现象的规律性认识，这种认识也许有一定的,局限性,现在完成时,表明过程的,延续性,，虽某事件（过程）发生在过去，但强调对现实所产生的影响,说法二：,EI,数据库建议：,用,过去时态,叙述作者工作；,用,现在时态,叙述作者结论。,说法三,论文是通过科学实验揭示客观真理。所取得的结果，无论是过去，还是现在或将耒都是如此。故常用现在时表达。,过去时“表达一件过去发生过的事，而且现在已经完结了。”如文中指出发生的日期和时间是写文章之前，必须用过去时，例：,This was first known in 1930.,许多论文，虽然是作者过去做的工作和得到的结论，然而这些工作和结论并不是达到“完结了”的阶段，而是还会有人，也可能是作者本人，继续研究下去，从而产生进一步的改进和完善。从这一角度出发，可以用现在完成时来描述已做过的工作，以表达这种延续性。,例：,Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold.,（,人类至今尚未发现一种有效治疗感冒的方法。）,句中隐含着估计一段时间后也不会发现，但是将耒能否会有，尚有待事实来说明。（参见：周春晖编著.科技英语写作.北京：化学工业出版社，2003）,举例,一般现在时及其被动语态,PET films,uniaxially,drawn in hot water,are studied,by means of conventional DSC and modulated DSC(MDSC).Variations of,T,g,with the water content and with the drawing,are,discussed,in terms of the structure in these materials.The increments of,Cp,at,T,g,are,also,interpreted,using a three phases model.,The sources of noise in the instrument,are discussed,and simple models and methods for reducing noise,are presented,.,The instrument,can be used,for fast scanning,calorimetry,of,submicrogram,samples with sensitivity of 1,nJ,/K and time solution of 5 ms.,The method,has been successfully tested,on materials of known critical cooling rates.,The data,have been analyzed,by the McMillan-Mayer theory to determine the,enthalpic,interaction coefficients.,一般过去时及其被动语态,An analysis of the cure kinetics of several different formulations composed of,bifunctional,epoxy resins and aromatic,diamines,was performed,.All kinetic parameters of the curing reaction,were calculated,and,reported,.Dynamic and isothermal DSC yielded different results.An explanation,was offered,in terms of different curing mechanism which prevail under different curing conditions.A mechanism scheme,was proposed,to account for various possible reactions during cure.,现在完成时及其被动语态,The partial molar enthalpies of mixing of NaHSO,4,and KHSO,4,have been measured,at 528K by dropping samples of pure compounds into molten mixtures of NaHSO,4,and KHSO,4,in,Calvet,calorimeter.From these values the molar enthalpy of mixing,has been deduced,.,The phase diagram of this system,has been confirmed,by,conductometric,and thermal analysis methods.By an optimization method the excess entropy of the liquid mixtures,was also calculated,.,应理解为上述时态是撰写摘要时常用的几种时态，有时很难区分它们在含义上的严格差异。,上述3种说法并不矛盾，应当说是互相补充的。,这只是从语法功能的角度将其概念化，实际写作英文摘要时，这几种时态并非完全不可互易。,1,基本特性,2 时态,3 语态,4 语法修辞,5 一个典型示例,6 化学常用句式,3,语态,目前，英文摘要仍以被动语态具多（见上例），这种语态“可以在主语部分集中较多的信息，起到信息前置，语义鲜明突出的效果。”,【1】,主动语态也偶有出现，并有增长的趋势，认为“主动语态表达的语句文字清晰、简洁明快，表现力强，动作的执行者和动作的承受者一目了然，往往那给人一种干净利落、泾渭分明的感觉。”,【1】,主动语态,举例,We,report,rheological,data on anionic,polyelectrolyte,solutions of variable chain length and concentration,We,have studied,the dehydration under atmospheric pressure for ,NiNa,4,(PO,3,)6H,2,O,between 25 and 700 by thermal analyses(TG,DTA),infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction.,We,find,that one component(,polyimide,)controls the permeability values and activation energies for helium permeation in the blends.,To examine the effect of electric field on the aggregation structure of the particles,we observed,light scattering of the suspension under an electric field,and,found,that the scattering pattern became,anisotropic,.,We,demonstrate,the thermally activated nature of the-PMMA and-P(VDF-,TrFE,)relaxation,with activation energies of 29.3 and 13.5 kcal/mol,respectively.,We,refer to,the lamellar thickening process,as,a type of secondary crystallization.,概括起来：,作者告诉读者论述怎样的主题，可用,现在时,用,过去时及其被动语态,叙述实验方法与过程；表示实验前业已完成的动作（过去的过去），用,过去完成时,。例如：,The crystallized samples,had been polished,before they,were etched,in a 0.5 HF solution at a temperature of 25 for 2 s.,对实验结果可用,现在时,（表示客观真理）或,现在完成时,（已取得的阶段性成果）。,科技论文英文摘要的人称代词与语态,（中国科技期刊研究，2009，20（6）：1167）,根据较高影响因子的期刊，如:,Journal of The American Mathematical Society Reviews of Modern Physics,(20012005)，,构建的语料库，最常用的人称代词是：,we 64.0%,it 20.3%,they 7.1%,we,提倡使用第一人称复数,we,作主语的主动语态，典型结构是,we+,动词+宾语,（1）表达研究内容,we study,investigate,present,examine,construct,introduce,discuss,perform,（2）表达研究结果,we show,prove,find,demonstrate,obtain,propose,consider,conclude,（3）,表达研究方法,we use,calculate,apply,it,it,作主语,（1）被动语态作主语,it is shown/concluded/found/suggested,it was found/concluded/shown,（2）,系表结构,it is possible/important to+,动词,it appears,（3）it+,主动态动词+宾语,it follow that,it,作宾语,it,起指代的作用,use it,with it,they,主要指代前文出现的名词（指人或物）,1,基本特性,2 时态,3 语态,4 语法修辞,5 一个典型示例,6 化学常用句式,4 语法修辞,吕萍，曹云立.科技期刊英文摘要的编写要求.编辑学报，2003，15（1）：35,(1)力求简洁,at a temperature of 250 to 300,at 250 to 300,at a high pressure of 2,kPa,at 2,kPa,has been found to increase,increased,from the experimental results,it can be concluded that,the results show,(2),能用名词作定语的不用动名词作定语，能用形容词作定语的不用名词作定语,measuring,accuracy,measurement,accuracy,experiment,results,experimental,results,定语应按如下的顺序选择：,形容词 名词 动名词,(3)可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，,要少用,of,句型,accuracy,of measurement,structure,of crystal,measurement accuracy,crystal structure,(4),可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式,Measurement,of thickness of plastic sheet was made,Thickness of plastic sheet,was measured,(5)一个名词不宜用多个前置形容词来修饰，可改用复合词，兼用后置定语,thermal oxidation apparent activation,energy,apparent active energy,of thermo-oxidation,(6)句子的语法结构正确、语意清楚、逻辑合理,The influence of dispersant in inverse suspension polymerization on the configuration of products,are,investigated,存在的问题：1 谓语用的是复数,2 冠词的使用，带有泛指性,可修改为,The influence of,the,dispersant agent on the configuration of,the,products in,the,inverse suspension polymerization,was,investigated.,（7）切勿偷换主语（复合句在,and,前后并非,同一主语）,Twenty tablets of,enoxacin,were weighed accurately and calculated the,everage,tablet weight.,Enoxacin,of 20 tablets was accurately weighed and the averaged tablet weight was calculated.,1,基本特性,2 时态,3 语态,4 语法修辞,5 一个典型示例,6 化学常用句式,5,一个典型示例,A detailed study of the melting behavior of oriented,isotactic,polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning,calorimetry,.,The orientation in,isotactic,polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase.,At extrusion ratio(ER,)greater four,two melting peaks were observed.With increasing ER,the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature.The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less.,It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.,此例回答了如下四个问题：,回答做了什么?（研究工作范围）,用,DSC,研究聚丙烯的熔融行为,回答怎样做的?（实验要点）,固体拉伸取向,回答结果如何?（主要结果）,两个熔融峰及其随拉伸比的变化,回答原因何在?（结果的解释,结论）,存在不同晶体,1,基本特性,2 时态,3 语态,4 语法修辞,5 一个典型示例,6 化学常用句式,6 化学常用句式,（1）研究范围,（,to be）carried out,performed,made,conducted,(to be)studied,investigated,(to be)described,deal with,elucidated,given,presented,developed,employed,derived,prepared,synthesized,monitored,determined,measured,observed,recorded,examined,characterized,identified,tested,calculated,proposed,used to study,used to establish,evaluated,discussed,(2)实验要点,（,to be）prepared by the reaction of with,synthesized,via,reacting,obtained,via,condensation,by means of,by using,by the use of,using as,over a wide range of,over a broad composition range,over most of the range of,over the entire range,covered the ranges from to,in the range of,in the temperature range from to,with a variety of contents,containing percent or more ,in the presence of,in the absence of,（3）主要结果,主动语态（或被动语态）的表达形式（见上,例）,用,That,从句,表示实验结果,The results indicate that,The results show that,The results demonstrate that ,The results reveal that ,由,It,引起的,that,从句,It was shown that ,It can be seen that,It was found that,It was discovered that ,It was concluded that,It has been demonstrated that,It was clarified that,It was revealed that,It is considered that,It was confirmed that,It is suggested that,It was supposed that,It has become apparent that,以,to be,后的表语成分表示测定、计算等,的结果,The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67x10,6,cm,3,mol,-1,s,-1,.,The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.,表示具有某种影响，以及数量的依赖、增减关系,与 有关,（,to be）correlated with,associated with,related to,dependent upon,independent of ,in relation to,in a linear relationship with,proportional to,inversely proportional to ,depends on,The dependence of on,increase with the increase of,decrease with the increase of,（不）相符的表示方法,(,to be)in good agreement with,(to be)found to agree well with,(to be)consistent with,(to be)essentially identical with,(to be)found to coincide essentially with,(,to be)closely analogous to,(to be)similar to,Good agreement(to be)found between,(to be)contrary to,(to be)in contrast with,（4）结果解释（结论）,(,to be)due to due to,(to be)attributed to,(may be),(to be)assigned to ,(to be)interpreted on the basis of ,can be caused by ,may be explained by,originate in,(to be)discussed in terms of,