unit1Grammar.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,语法复习：句子成分；简单 句、并列句和复合句,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：,构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。,（,二,),主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在,there be,结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。,例如：,During the 1990s,American,country music,has become more and more popular.,（名词）,We,often speak English in class.,（代词）,One-third,of the students in this class are girls.,（数词）,To swim,in the river is a great pleasure.,（不定式）,Smoking,does harm to the health.,（动名词）,The rich,should help the poor.,（名词化的形容词）,When we are going to have an English test,has not been decided.,（主语从句）,It,is necessary,to master a foreign language,.,（,it,作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：,1,、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：,He,practices,running every morning.2,、复合谓语：（,1,）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：,You,may keep,the book for two weeks.He,has caught,a bad cold.,（,2,）由系动词加表语构成。如：,We,are students,.,（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如,be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem,等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。,例如：,Our teacher of English is an,American,.,（名词）,Is it,yours,?,（代词）,The weather has turned,cold,.,（形容词）,The speech is,exciting.,（分词）,Three times seven is,twenty one,?,（数词）,His job is,to teach English,.,（不定式）,His hobby,（爱好）,is,playing football,.,（动名词）,The machine,must be,out of order.,（介词短语）,Time is,up,.The class is,over,.,（副词）,The truth is,that he has never been abroad,.,（表语从句）,（,五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：,They went to see an,exhibition,（展览）,yesterday.,（名词）,The heavy rain prevented,me,form coming to school on time.,（代词）,How many dictionaries do you have?I have,five,.,（数词）,They helped,the old,with their housework yesterday.,（名词化形容词）,He pretended,not to see me,.,（不定式短语）,I enjoy,listening to popular music,.,（动名词短语）,I think,（,that,）,he is fit for his office.,（宾语从句）,宾语种类,：（,1,）双宾语（间接宾语,+,直接宾语），例如：,Lend,me your dictionary,please.,（,2,）复合宾语（宾语,+,宾补），例如：,They elected,him their monitor,.,（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如,make,等,+,宾语,+,宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。,例如：,His father named him,Dongming,.,（名词）,They painted their boat,white,.,（形容词）,Let the fresh air,in,.,（副词）,You mustnt force him,to lend his money to you.,（不定式短语）,We saw her,entering the room,.,（现在分词）,We found everything in the lab,in good order,.,（介词短语）,We will soon make our city,what your city is now.,（从句）,（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：,Guilin,is a,beautiful,city.,（形容词）,China is a,developing,country;America is a,developed,country.,（分词）,There are thirty,women,teachers is our school.,（名词）,His,rapid progress in English made us surprised.,（代词）,Our monitor is always the first,to enter the classroom,.,（不定式短语）,The,teaching,plan for next term has been worked out.,（动名词）,He is reading an article,about how to learn English,.,（介词短语）,（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：,Light travels,most quickly,.,（副词及副词性词组）,He has lived in the city,for ten years,.,（介词短语）,He is proud,to have passed the national college entrance examination,.,（不定式短语）,He is in the room,making a model plane.,（分词短语）,Wait,a minute,.,（名词）,Once you begin,you must continue.,（状语从句）,状语种类如下：,How about meeting again,at six,?,（时间状语）,Last night she didnt go to the dance party,because of the rain,.,（原因状语）,I shall go there,if it doesnt rain,.,（条件状语）,Mr,Smith lives,on the third floor,.,（地点状语）,She put the eggs into the basket,with great care,.,（方式状语）,She came in,with a dictionary in her hand,.,（伴随状语）,In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.,（目的状语）,He was so tired,that he fell asleep immediately,.,（结果状语）,She works very hard,though she is old,.,（让步状语）,I am taller,than he is,.,（比较状语）,练习：一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：,1.,The students,got on the,school,bus.2.He handed,me,the newspaper.3.I,shall answer,your question,after class.,4.What a,beautiful,Chinese painting!5.They went,hunting,together,early in the morning,.6.,His,job is,to train swimmers,.7.He took,many photos of the palaces,in Beijing,.8.,There is going to be,an American film,tonight.9.He,is to leave for Shanghai,tomorrow.10.,His wish,is,to become a scientist,.,（,1,、主语，定语；,2,、间接宾语；,3,、谓语，状语；,4,、定语；,5,、状语，状语；,6,、定语，表语；,7,、宾语，状语；,8,、谓语，主语；,9,、谓语；,10,、主语，表语；）,11.He,managed,to finish the work in time,.12.Tom came,to ask me for advice,.13.He found,it,important,to master English,.14.Do you have,anything,else,to say,?15.,To be honest,;your pronunciation is not,so,good.16.Would you please tell,me your address,?17.He sat,there,reading a newspaper.,18.,It,is,our duty,to keep our classroom,clean and tidy,.19.He noticed a man,enter the room.,20.The apples tasted,sweet.,（,11,、谓语，宾语；,12,、状语；,13,、形式宾语，真正宾语；,14,、宾语、定语；,15,、插入语，状语；,16,、宾语,(,间宾,+,直宾,),；,17,、状语，状语；,18,、形式主语，表语，宾补；,19,、宾补；,20,、表语）,二、简单句、并列句和复合句（一）句子种类两种分类法,1,、按句子的用途可分四种：,1,）陈述句（肯定、否定）：,He is six years old;She didnt hear of you before.2,）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：,Do they like skating?,How old is he?,Is he six or seven years old?,Mary can swim,cant she?3,）祈使句：,Be careful,boys;Dont talk in class4,）感叹句：,How clever the boy is!,2,、按句子的结构可分三种：,1,）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。,e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2),并列句：由并列连词（,and,but,or,等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。,e.g.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road is tortuous.,前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。,3,）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。,e.g.The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.,（二）简单句的五种基本句型,1,、主语,+,系动词,+,表语：,e.g.He is a student.2,、主语,+,不及物动词：,e.g.We work.3,、主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语：,e.g.Henry bought a dictionary.4,、主语,+,及物动词,+,双宾语（间接宾语,+,直接宾语）：,e.g.My father bought me a car.5,、主语,+,及物动词,+,复合宾语（宾语,+,宾补）：,e.g.Tom made the baby laugh.,注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。,Subject,（主语）,主语是相对谓语而言的，主语相当于句子的主题，谓语说明主语的情况、提供新的信息。英语句子的语序一般是主语位于谓语之前，但实际应用时，主谓倒置的现象也是常见的。,主语通常是以名词词组 或者相当于名词词组的结构表示的。,1.,名词作主语,举例,(1),The hunter,killed the lion.,猎人杀死了狮子。,2.,代词作主语,举例,I,am hungry.,我很饿。,3.,数词作主语,举例,(1),Two-thirds of the students,are boys in our school.,4.the+,形容词,/,v-ed/v-ing,结构作主语。某些形容词与定冠词连用可以表示一类人或一抽象概念。某些,v-ed,分词或,v-ing,结构，其前用,the,也可以表示一类人或物,.(,常用复数,),举例,(1),The young,should respect the old(the young,，,the old,指一类人,)(2)Medical workers rescue,the dying,and heal,the wounded,.,救死扶伤。,(3),The wounded,have been sent to hospital and,the lost,are being searched for.,伤者已被送到了医院，失踪者正在搜寻。,5.,不定式作主语,不定式结构直接置于句首的形式是最常见的，但使用时多数采用先行词,it,，而把不定式结构后置。,举例,(1),To remember to switch off the electricity,is important.(2),It,is a pity,not to go to the concert with you,.(3),It,took us five hours,to get here,.,我们花了五个小时到这里。,6.v-ing,结构作主语,v-ing,结构直接置于主语的位置作句子的主语，也可用,it,作形式主语，而把,v-ing,结构置于句末。这种形式通常用于某些形容词或名词之后。,举例,(1),It,is no good,complaining,.,抱怨是没有用的。,(2),It,is no use,arguing with him,.,同他争辩没有用。,注意,important,，,essential,，,possible,，,impossible,，,necessary,等形容词不适于这种结构。,举例,(1)It is important,learning foreign languages,.(,误,)(2)It is important,to learn foreign languages,.(,正,),学习外语很重要。,辨析,作主语的,v-ing,结构与不定式结构在意义上是有区别的：,v-ing,结构作主语通常表示抽象动作，而不定式结构作主语通常表示具体动作。,举例,(1)Its no use,crying over spilt milk,.,后悔没有用。,(,表示抽象动作,)(2)He realized that,to go on like this,was no use.,他认识到继续这样做没有用处。,7.,从句作主语,(1)that,从句作主语,(that,从句作主语通常用先行词,it,作形式主语，而将,that,从句置于句末,),，在这种结构中，从属连词,that,有时可省略。,举例,(1)It was obvious,that the driver could not control his car,.(2),That he will succeed,is certain.,他会成功是肯定的。,注意,(1)that,从句放于句首时，,that,不能省略。,(2),wh,-,从句作主语,这种结构分两类：一类是由疑问代词或疑问副词引导，另一类由连词,whether,引导，前者是由特殊疑问句转化而来，后者由一般疑问句转化而来。,举例,(1),Who was responsible for the accident,is not yet clear.It is not clear,who was responsible for the accident,.,谁来负责这次事故不清楚。,(2)It is not known,when he did it,.,不知道他什么时候做的那件事。,(3)It is not important,whether you are a male or a female in the job,.,在这项工作中你是男性还是女性这不重要。,Thank you!,