船舶动力装置的史历及未来发展.ppt

船舶动力装置的历史及未来发展 The History and Future of Marin Power System Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.主要内容 船舶动力装置简介 船用柴油机的现状与未来发展船舶电力推进技术的历史与发展挑战与展望Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.世界和中国都需要大规模的航运。中国对外贸易1.15亿USD，其中90%通过远洋航运实现。石油进口1.2亿吨，居世界第二。每天都有以千万吨计的油轮正在为中国运送石油矿石进口，去年我国进口铁矿石20799万吨，铜矿石进口288万吨，居世界第一。矿石绝大部分自澳大利亚、南非、南美进口航运业（Shipping）一个长盛不衰、欣欣向荣的行业 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.最大的贴牌生产国最大的轻工业、纺织业出口国世界集装箱运输量的1/3在中国。世界前10位集装箱港口中，中国的香港、上海、深圳分别名列第一、第三、四位。（2010年世界集装箱港口排名）保障航运的安全和畅通才能保障国防和社会生活的安全运行。中国的航运业将会继续高速发展。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.船舶动力装置 船舶的心脏 航运的硬件平台是船舶船舶和港口港口。港港口口是航运的起点和终点。它需要能让大型船舶停泊（深水），并有高效的装卸设备和大面积的堆场。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.船舶船舶是航运的主体，穿梭于港口之间，其前进和操纵的能力来自于其推进装置。船舶也相当于有人居住的水上岛屿，需要有完整的循环系统来保障生产和生活环境，如供电、供水、供暖（冷）、治污等。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.依据船舶的用途，船舶有专用的工作机械：舰船 战斗系统钻井船 开采系统挖泥船 疏浚系统渔船 捕捞系统 通常这些系统都以电力驱动。失去了动力，船舶便成为随风浪漂流的死船，处在极端危险的境地。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.船舶动力系统的类型 船舶动力系统通常有两种类型。一、原动机与推进器机械联接构成独立的推进装置，另有船舶电站，负责供应所有辅助机械及生活系统。推进用的原动机又称为主机（Main Engine）现有的船舶80%以上，采用这类系统。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.原原动动机机（Prime Motor）是将燃料的化学能（或原子能）转化为机械能的机器。原动机常用的为柴油机、燃气轮机、蒸汽涡轮（常规或原子锅炉）。推推进进器器（Propeller）通常为螺旋桨（螺距固定或可控），在小型高速船舶中也有用喷水推进（Water Jet Propulsion）的。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.原动机和推进器可以直联或通过减速齿轮联接。Energysources：FossilAtomicGeneratorMainengine：DieselTurbine.loadsMechanicalEnergyElectricenergyPropellersEnergysources：FossilPrimeengine：DieselTurbine.MechanicalEnergyEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.原动机的分类及用途汽油机Gasoline Engine柴油机Diesel Engine蒸汽涡轮装置Steam Turbine燃气涡轮装置Gas Turbine热效率较低，功率小于200千瓦，大量用于汽车，仅游艇等小型船舶使用。热效率最高，低速柴油机可与螺旋桨直联。80%以上的民用商船采用柴油机为主机，通常小于10万千瓦 由涡轮和锅炉组成，热效率较柴油机低。功率可很大，以煤为燃料的装置常用于发电厂，在船舶上常用于核动力船及液化天然气船 重量轻而功率大，常用于航空发动机，船舶中主要用于军舰 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二、电力推进的船舶动力装置（Marine Electric Propulsion）电力推进船舶有一个集中的中央电站，向全船供应动力，包括推进动力在内。电力推进船舶目前大约只占1/6，但未来将会成倍增长。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.MEPS:WHATs&WHYwMEPS is a propulsion system in which propellers are driven by electric motorsEnergysources：FossilAtomicPropellersMotorGeneratorPrimeengine：DieselTurbine.FuelCellOtherloadsMechanicalEnergyElectricenergyEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.船用柴油机的现状与未来发展The History and future of Marine Diesel EngineEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.-柴油机：顾名思义是以柴油为原料石油燃料分类天然气CH4/C2H6液化石油气C3H8/C4H10汽油C8煤油C8柴油C16重油C16沥青易于点燃易于自燃不易燃烧沸点增加方向C原子增加方向Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.一、柴油机最基本的特征The Basic Feature of Diesel Engine:Whats&Why 柴油机的工作原理（Working Principal）：i)活塞下行：吸入空气 ii)活塞上行：压缩空气，使空气变热，压力增 加，燃油喷在热空气中着火产生高温高压 iii)活塞下行：高温高压烟气膨胀推动活塞下行 iv)活塞上行：将已燃烟气排出缸外 v)活塞下行：吸入空气，新的循环开始Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.柴油机是一种原动机（Prime Motor，Engine)：将燃料化学能转换为机械能的转换器(Energy Converter)为人类提供机械能(Mechanical Energy Supplier)柴油机：顾名思义是以柴油为燃料Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.柴油机是一种内燃机（Internal Combustion Engine)：燃料在发动机内部燃烧（蒸汽机(Steam Engine)、蒸汽涡轮(Steam Turbine)等为外燃机(External Combustion Engine)，汽油机也是内燃机）Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.柴油机是一种往复式发动机（Reciprocating Engine)：其特征是具有曲柄连杆机构，将周而复始的往复运动转化为持久的回转运动。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.柴油机是一种压燃式发动机（Compressed Ignition Engine)：燃料在压缩后的热空气中自燃着火。汽油机是以火花去点燃热的油、气混合物，称为点燃式发动机（Spark Ignition Engine)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.迄今为止，柴油机仍然是热效率最高，应用最广泛的发动机。在船舶动力及大功率车辆的应用上占有绝对的优势。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.二、柴油机的发展历史The History of Diesel Engine Developmentw柴油机又名狄塞尔发动机，是德国人Rudolf Diesel在1890年发明，是老牌工业文明的产物。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.w1893至1897年期间，在德国的奥古斯堡MAN制造厂开发出了第一台可以应用的柴油机。今天MAN公司仍然是世界上最大的柴油机制造商之一Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.w在最初20年中，柴油机的基本结构已经形成，并在航空、车辆、航海等方面取得广泛的应用。1912年首台柴油机用于远洋船舶，此时船舶的动力还是蒸汽机的天下（Titanic，即在该年首航并沉没)。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.w在 此后20余年的竞争中，随着二次世界大战中“自由轮”的退役，蒸汽机全面退出了历史舞台，取而代之的是大功率的船用柴油机。w另一方面在航空领域中涡轮机及喷气机的崛起，则使星型航空发动机在飞行动力中被淘汰。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.w在数十年的竞争过程中很多名牌公司被淘汰或兼并，其中包括美国、英国、荷兰、瑞典等发达国家的制造商。今天90%以上的远洋船市场已被23个大跨国公司所垄断。w这些处于垄断地位的大跨国公司主要是MAN-B&W公司以及Watshila-Sulzer公司，世界主要的造机或造船厂都是购买了他们的专利许可证生产他们的产品Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.在韩国生产的MAN B&W S90Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.w市场的需求引导着技术进步的方向 经济的全球一体化需要大规模的跨洋物流，从而要求船舶大型化、快速化。这就要求柴油机的功率迅速增长（因为柴油机的功率必需与螺旋桨转速的三次方成正比）Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.特别是集装箱船,不仅装箱数增多,而且航速要求提高到2425kn。例如建造装运TEU12000个，航速2324kn的集装箱船，要求单机功率近100,000kW Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.wThe Hamburg Express，the worlds largest container ship，carries up to TEU7500，powered by a huge 12K98MC，70,000kW Diesel EngineEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.远洋轮的需求导致低速柴油机巨人的出现 由于螺旋桨转速低时，效率较高，而较低的转速也有利于燃料的燃烧。因此出现了6070rpm/min的低速柴油机，柴油机的高度达到15米以上，这种机型称为低速二冲程发动机，广泛地用于远洋船舶。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.军事上的需求导致了增压技术的发展：在有限的空间和重量下发出最大功率 早期的柴油机都是自然吸气的，在发动机气缸内，有限的空气只能燃烧有限的油，从而只能发出有限的功率。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.增压(Supercharging)是指把空气压缩，密度增大后再进入发动机气缸。如此，气多、油多，功率自然增加增压技术的突破是在上世纪50年代初，至今非增压的柴油机除了在部分车辆上还有使用外，在船舶上已经绝迹Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.w燃烧的技术是柴油机最重要的核心技术燃烧必须及时，并在以毫秒计的时间内结束燃烧必须完全，不能有黑烟、CO、NOx等有害排放燃烧必须平顺，以减少振动和噪声对于燃烧过程的认识并未穷尽，对于燃烧的控制也远未达到完善Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.w能源危机与重油的应用 在运价激烈的竞争中，船东提出了降低燃料费用的要求。降低燃料费用一个重要措施是使用低品质的燃料油(Fuel Oil)，柴油(Diesel Oil)和燃料油的价格相差一倍以上。这就导致了重油技术的诞生，今天这一技术已经从低速机普及到中速机。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.三、船用柴油机技术现状The State of the Art of Marine Diesel Enginew自从柴油机诞生以来，技术性能已经发生了极大的变化：效率已经从25%提高到50%，在近十年来，每年提高1%。这意味着用同样的油现在可以产生一倍以上的马力平均压力从0.50.6MPa提高到2.5MPa，这意味着同样大小的柴油机现在可以产生四倍的马力Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.新的技术和方法New Technologies&Solutions高新技术正在改变着传统柴油机的面貌。w电子控制及IT技术常规的机械控制装置被取代各种芯片、传感器、控制器、执行器成为 发动机运行的灵魂遥控、无人机舱、一人船桥（One Man Bridge）Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.智能发动机及中央能量管理系统（Intelligent Engine）新的世纪：电子控制的智能发动机的时代已经来临，MAN的智能发动机2000年11月已经在挪威的一艘37500dwt化学品船上试用Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.船舶电力推进技术的历史与发展 Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.传统的船舶动力系统 柴油机与推进器机械连接的缺点：1、主机的功率必须按船舶最高航速配置，当工作在低速时，柴油机的效率迅速降低。原动机负载低时效率低是不可避免的，这就象大马拉小车一样。因而机动性要求高的船舶，例如军舰、邮轮、各种工作船舶，其油耗高成为难以解决的顽症。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.2、柴油机不能工作在最低稳定转速之下（当转速太低时，柴油机会失火）。对于操纵性要求高，需要动态定位的船舶无法满足要求（海上钻井、电缆敷设、海上输油）。另外在低转速下也发不出大的扭矩（破冰船），没有制动功能和迅速正倒车。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.3、主机与推进器刚性连接，制约了机舱优化布置，占据了巨大空间，传统的舵螺旋桨的推进效率低于电力推进船舶的吊舱推进器。以上缺点，正好是电力推进船舶的优点。Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Evaluation on