Unit1SectionⅣ.ppt

,栏目导引,语法精讲,专项突破,写作指导,妙笔生花,Unit 1,Getting along with others,Section Grammar&Writing,Unit 1,Getting along with others,.,动词不定式,一、概念及构成,不定式由,“,to,动词原形,”,构成，其否定形式是,“,not to,动词原形,”,。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、宾补、状语、表语、定语和独立成分，但不能单独作谓语。现以动词,do,为例,将不定式的时态和语态列表如下：,语态,时态,主动,被动,一般式,进行式,/,完成式,完成进行式,/,to do,to be done,to be doing,to have done,to have been done,to have been doing,二、不定式的时态和语态,1,不定式的时态,(1),不定式所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生或是在谓语动词之后发生，不定式用一般式。,Tell her we shall be delighted to come.,告诉她我们会很高兴来的。,(,同时发生,),We want to visit an advanced worker.,我们想去访问一位先进工作者。,(,之后发生,),(2),不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词之前，不定式用完成式。,Robert is said to have studied abroad,but I dont know what country he studied in.,据说罗伯特在国外学习过，但我不知道他是在哪个国家学习的。,(3),不定式所表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，并且强调动作正在进行，不定式用进行式。,We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.,我们没有想到你会在这儿等我们。,(4),若强调不定式所表示的动作先于谓语所表示的动作发生，且该动作一直在进行，不定式用完成进行式。,He is said to have been working there for more than twenty years.,据说，他已在那儿工作,20,多年了。,对接高考,1,(2011,高考上海卷,)Today we have chat rooms,，,text messaging,，,emailing.but we seem _ the art of communicating facetoface.,A,losing,B,to be losing,C,to be lost D,having lost,解析：句意：现在我们有聊天室，能发短信，还可发电子邮件,但是我们似乎正在失去面对面交流的技能。考查非谓语动词。不定式的进行式形式作表语。,B,2,(2012,高考江西卷,)Having finished her project,，,she was invited by the school _ to the new students.,A,speaking B,having spoken,C,to speak D,to have spoken,解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：完成这个研究项目以后,她受学校邀请向新生讲话。,invite sb.to do sth.,邀请某人做某事，由此排除,A,、,B,两项。,D,项表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，故也被排除，因此选择,C,项。,C,2,不定式的语态,(1),不定式的语态，往往取决于句意，即意思上为主动就用主动形式，意思上为被动就用被动形式。,Im pleased to have been given this opportunity.,我很高兴给了我这次机会。,(2),不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。,I have got a letter to write.,我有一封信要写。,He needs a room to live in.,他需要一个房间住。,(3),作表语形容词的状语的不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式。,He is hard to talk to.,和他说话很难。,对接高考,(2013,高考四川卷,)The airport_ next year will help promote tourism in this area.,A,being completed B,to be completed,C,completed D,having been completed,解析：选。题干的意思是：明年竣工的飞机场将有助于促进该地旅游业的发展。,complete,与,airport,之间是动宾关系，又由题中的关键信息,next year,可知此处需用动词不定式的被动形式,to be completed,，表示将要发生的被动动作，所以,B,项符合题意。,A,项是现在分词的被动形式，表示正在进行的被动动作；,C,项是过去分词，表示已经完成的被动动作；,D,项是现在分词完成式的被动形式，表示已经完成的被动动作，三项均不合题意。,B,3,不定式的否定式,不定式的否定式是在,to,前面加,not,，有时表强调也用,never,。,She decided not to be late again.,她决定不再迟到了。,He promised never to make such a stupid mistake.,他许诺不再犯这样蠢的错误。,三、不定式的句法功能,1,作主语,To finish the work today is not easy.,今天做完这个工作不容易。,不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后,用,it,作形式主语，常用于下列句式中。,(1)It,be,名词,to do,Its our duty to take good care of the old.,照顾老人是我们的职责。,(2)It takes sb.,some time,to do,How long did it take you to finish the work?,花费你多长时间完成这个工作？,(3)It,be,形容词,for sb.,to do,It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.,在,15,分钟完成一篇作文对于我们来说是很困难的。,(4)It,be,形容词,of sb.,to do,It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.,记下老师说的全部内容太愚蠢。,(5)It seems(appears),形容词,to do,It seemed impossible to save money.,节约钱看上去是不可能的。,在句型,(3),中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：,difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary,等。在句型,(4),中,常用,careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的,sb.,，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于,sb.is,形容词,to do,句式。,对接高考,(2012,高考浙江卷,)No matter how bright a talker you are,，,there are times when its better _ silent.,A,remain B,be remaining,C,having remained D,to remain,解析：考查,it,作形式主语，不定式作真正主语的掌握情况。句意：不论一个健谈者多么聪明，有些时候最好还是保持沉默。复合句中,when,引导的从句的主语为形式主语,it,，此时真正的主语可以为主语从句或不定式。,D,2,作宾语,(1),常跟不定式作宾语的动词有：,afford,，,agree,，,ask,，,beg,，,choose,，,decide,，,demand,，,desire,，,determine,expect,，,fail,，,help,，,hope,，,learn,，,manage,，,offer,，,plan,，,pretend,，,promise,，,refuse,，,want,，,wish,，,would like/love,等。,The guests promised to come early.,客人们答应早点来。,(2),不定式作宾语后跟宾语补足语时，常把不定式后移而代之以形式宾语,it,，常见句式：,think/believe/consider/find/feel,etc.,it,adj,./,n,.,不定式。,I think it necessary to send for an expert.,我认为请位专家来是有必要的。,(3),介词,but,except,besides,to do(do),在这种句型中，如介词前有动词,do,，后面应接不带,to,的不定式；如无,do,，则接,to,不定式，即带,do,不带,to,不带,do,带,to,。如：,The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.,敌人没有选择只有妥协。,On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.,在星期天下午我别无选择只有看电视。,温馨提示,动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：,agree,ask,，,aim,，,arrange,，,choose,，,decide,，,demand,，,expect,，,fail,，,help,，,hope,，,learn,，,long,，,manage,，,offer,，,plan,，,prepare,，,pretend,，,promise,，,refuse,，,wish,等，这些词大部分可接,that,引导的从句。,对接高考,(2012,高考安徽卷,)I remembered _ the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.,A,locking,B,to lock,C,having locked D,to have locked,解析：考查动词的用法。句意：离开办公室前我记着锁门了,却忘了关灯。,remember,“,记得；记着,”,，后接动名词和动词不定式意义不同，前者意味着动作先于,remember,发生，后者意味着动作没有发生或者后于,remember,发生。根据语境，,lock,的动作后于,remember,，是,“,记得去做某事,”,，而不是,“,记得曾经做过某事,”,。,B,3,作宾语补足语或主语补足语,(1),常接带,to,的不定式作宾语补足语的动词或动词词组有：,advise,，,allow,，,ask,，,beg,，,cause,，,encourage,，,expect,，,forbid,，,force,，,get,，,intend,，,invite,，,like,，,love,，,order,，,persuade,，,prefer,，,request,，,require,，,teach,，,remind,，,tell,，,want,，,warn,，,wish,，,call on,，,depend on,，,wait for,等。,Father will not allow us to play on the street.,父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。,The officer ordered his men to fire.,长官命令士兵开火。,(2),常接不带,to,的不定式作宾语补足语的动词或动词词组有：一感,(feel),，二听,(hear,，,listen to),，三让,(have,，,let,，,make),，五看,(look at,，,notice,，,observe,，,see,，,watch),，半帮助,(help,后的宾语补足语可以带,to,也可以不带,to),。但是这些句子变成被动语态时，需带上,to,。,I often hear him sing the song.,我常常听他唱这首歌。,He is often heard to sing the song(by me),我经常听到他唱这首歌。,对接高考,(2013,高考陕西卷,)Let those in need_ that we will go all out to help them.,A,to understand B,understand,C,understanding D,understood,解析：题干的意思是：,“,要让那些生活困难的人们相信我们会全力以赴帮助他们的。,”,本题考查,let sb.do sth.,结构，,let,是使役动词，其后作宾补的动词不定式要省略,to,，故该题的正确答案为,B,。,in need,生活困难的，作,those,的后置定语。,B,4,不定式作定语,不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰词的后面。,I have a lot of work to do.,我有许多工作要做。,温馨提示,(1),不定式作定语时，不定式所修饰的名词往往是不定式所表示动作的承受者；如果不定式由不及物动词构成，那么不定式后面要加上相应的介词。,Pass me a piece of paper to write on,please.,请递给我一张可以写字的纸。,(2),当名词被,first,，,second,，,last,等序数词以及,only,，,next,等词修饰时，其后常用不定式作定语。,She is always the first(person)to come and the last to leave.,她总是第一个来，最后一个走。,对接高考,(2013,高考北京卷,)Volunteering gives you a chance_ lives,，,including your own.,A,change,B,changing,C,changed D,to change,解析：题干的意思是：志愿者工作给了你改变生活的机会，包括你自己的。,a chance to do sth.,“,做某事的机会,”,。如果用动词的,ing,形式作定语，需借助于介词,of,，,a chance of doing sth.,“,做某事的机会,”,所以正确答案为,D,项。要注意常见的接动词不定式作定语的名词，如,chance,ability,way,等。,D,5,作表语,不定式作表语放在,be,和其他系动词后。,His job is to teach English.,他的工作是教英语。,The problems remain to be unsettled.,问题还没有解决。,对接高考,(2013,高考重庆卷,)The engine just wont start.Something seems_ wrong with it.,A,to go B,to have gone,C,going D,having gone,解析：题干的意思是：,“,这个引擎发动不了了，好像出毛病了。,”,seem,后接,to do,形式，可首先排除,C,、,D,两项。由于,go wrong,动作发生在,seem,之前，所以用动词不定式的完成式,(to have done),表示动作已经发生。所以答案为,B,。,B,6,作状语,(1),目的状语。常见表达形式为：,to do,，,in order to do,，,so as to do,，其中,so as to do,不能置于句首。,In order to pass the exam,he worked very hard.,为了通过考试，他非常努力地学习。,We ran all the way so as not to be late.,为了不迟到，我们一路跑来。,(2),结果状语。常见表达形式为：,only to do,，,too.to do,，,.enough to do,等。,He hurried to the house only to find that it was empty.,他匆忙赶到那房子里，发现已经空无一人。,The room is big enough to hold us.,那间房子足够大，可以容纳我们。,(3),原因状语。常见表达形式：,be,adj,.(,表示人的喜、怒、哀、乐,),to do,。,We were very excited to hear the news.,我们听到那个消息都很兴奋。,对接高考,(2012,高考四川卷,)Tom took a taxi to the airport,，,only _ his plane high up in the sky.,A,finding B,to find,C,being found D,to have found,解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：汤姆乘出租车去机场，却发现他要乘坐的飞机高高地飞在空中。由语境可知，此处指出乎意料地发现飞机起飞了。,only to do,表示出乎意料的结果，故选,B,项。,B,四、疑问词不定式,不定式常与疑问词,who,，,which,，,when,，,where,，,what,等连用,在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、宾语、表语等。,How to solve the problem is very important.(,主语,),如何解决这一问题很重要。,He didnt know what to ask.(,宾语,),他不知道该问些什么。,My question is when to start.(,表语,),我的问题是何时开始。,.,具有名词作用的动词的,ing,形式,一、概念及构成,具有名词作用的动词的,ing,形式,即传统语法所指的动名词，也是非限定动词，由,“,动词原形,ing,”,构成。它的名词作用是在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，另外它还兼有动词的特征：可以带宾语和状语。现以动词,do,为例，将动名词的时态及语态列表如下：,时态,主动,被动,意义,一般式,完成式,doing,being done,动名词动作与谓语动作同时发生,having done,having been done,动名词动作先于谓语动作发生,二、动名词的句法功能,1,作主语,Reading is important in learning English.,学英语，阅读是很重要的。,动名词作主语，有时用,it,作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法常用在以下句型中：,Its no use/no good/useless doing sth.,。,Its no use waiting here.Lets go home.,在这儿等着也没用。我们回家吧。,对接高考,(2013,高考浙江卷,)_ how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.,A,Hearing B,Hear,C,Having heard D,To be hearing,解析：题干的意思是：,“,听到别人对你刚刚读过的那本书作出的反应能增添快乐。,”,分析句子结构可知，,_.read,为句子主语，并且指的是某一事实情况，要用动名词作主语，所以正确答案为,A,项。,having done,形式强调非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，多作状语。,A,2,作表语,通常表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。,My job is taking care of the garden.,Taking care of the garden is my job.,料理这个花园是我的工作。,3,作宾语,(1),常见的后面只能接动名词作宾语的动词有：,admit,，,appreciate,，,avoid,，,consider(,考虑,),，,delay,，,dislike,，,enjoy,，,excuse,，,escape,，,finish,，,imagine,，,keep,，,mention,，,mind,，,miss(,错过,),，,practise,，,risk,，,suggest,等。,Do you mind my opening the windows?,你介意我打开窗户吗？,Im sorry I missed seeing you while I was in Beijing.,很遗憾，我在北京时没有见到你。,(2),以下动词短语和固定搭配后只接动名词作宾语：,cant help(,情不自禁,),，,cant stand(,无法忍受,),，,give up,，,keep on,，,put off,，,have difficulty/trouble(in),，,be/get used to(,习惯于,),，,look forward to,，,feel like,，,insist on,，,devote.to./be devoted to(,致力于,),，,pay attention to,，,object to(,反对,),，,get down to(,开始认真做,),等。,My parents objected to my marrying him.,我父母反对我与他结婚。,I dont feel like eating anything.,我什么也不想吃。,温馨提示,动名词和不定式都可以作主语、宾语和表语，动名词往往表示经常或多次发生的动作，不定式往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。,Playing with fire is dangerous.(,泛指玩火,),玩火危险。,To play with fire will be dangerous.(,指一具体动作,),玩火会很危险。,4,作定语,动名词作定语，往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。,a walking stick,a stick for walking,一根手杖,a washing machine,a machine for washing,一台洗衣机,三、动名词的复合结构,动名词的前面可有自己的逻辑主语,构成动名词的复合结构。如下：,(1),物主代词,(,如,his,，,my),动名词；,(2),人称代词宾格,(,如,him,me),动名词；,(3),名词所有格,(,如,Toms),动名词；,(4),名称普通格动名词。,动名词的复合结构在句中作主语时，须用名词所有格或物主代词形式；作宾语时，可用物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格。当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，须用普通格形式。,Marys being ill made her mother upset.(,不可用,Mary),玛丽病了，这使她妈妈很着急。,We are looking forward to spring coming.(spring,是无生命的名词,),我们盼望着春天的到来。,对接高考,(2012,高考辽宁卷,)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog _ them.,A,to follow B,following,C,followed D,follows,解析：考查非谓语动词作宾补。首先我们要看到题干中的,with,结构。我们知道，,with,后跟名词或者代词作宾语，然后后面的动词要用非谓语形式，这样我们可以排除,D,项。根据,dog,与,follow,之间是主动关系,排除,C,项；动词不定式表达将来的动作，而此处表达的是伴随发生的动作，因此排除,A,项。句意：晚饭后这对老夫妻经常在公园里散步，他们的宠物狗跟在他们后面。解答本题的关键在于分析句子结构，确定是否用非谓语动词；分析主被动关系，确定是用动词,ed,形式，还是用动词,ing,形式。,B,四、动名词的否定式,动名词的否定式是在动名词前加,not,，即,not doing/not having done/not being done/not having been done,。,We considered not doing it now.,我们考虑现在不做这件事。,His not arriving on time made me uneasy.,他未按时到达使我不安。,.,用所给动词的适当形式填空,1,Mr White is always the first _(come)to the office every day.,2,Its necessary for young people _(master)a foreign language.,3,The meeting _(hold)tomorrow is of great importance.,4,Im not busy now.Do you have anything _(type),sir?,Yes,，,here is a report,and I want it this afternoon,thank you.,to come,to master,to be held,to be typed,5,He often made his sister _(cry),，,but this time he was made _(cry)by his sister.,6,Who do you think the boss had the report _(write)for?,7,Her wish is _(be)an engineer when she grows up.,8,When it is dry,，,flowers should be watered if they are _(survive),9,He hurried to the railway station,，,only _(tell)that the film star had left.,cry,to cry,written,to be,to survive,to be told,10,Its no good _(discuss)the problem again.,11,Her not _(come)back made her parents worried a lot.,12,Do you feel like _(drive)out?,No,，,Id like _(stay)at home.,discussing,coming,driving,to stay,.,单项填空,1,(2014,北京西城高二期末,)What will todays talk be about?,In the lecture _,，,the professor will tell us something about modern English usage.,A,following B,followed,C,to follow D,to be followed,解析：分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中作,the lecture,的后置定语，且,the lecture,与,follow,之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，又根据答语中的,“,will tell”,可知，此处表示将来的概念，因此用不定式的主动式作后置定语。,C,2,(2014,福建龙岩高二教学质检,)_ to our dream universities,we should devote all our time to our lessons.,A,To be admitted B,Admitted,C,Admitting D,To admit,解析：句意：要想被我们理想的大学录取，我们必须把全部的时间投入到功课上。由语境分析，此处应用不定式作目的状语；又因为主语,we,与,admit,之间为动宾关系，故用不定式的被动形式作目的状语，故,A,项正确。,A,3,(2014,黑龙江哈九中高二月考,)As a journalist,you should first decided what events _ before you make some interviews,thus _ unnecessary trouble.,A,to report,；,avoiding,B,to be reported,；,avoiding,C,reported,；,to avoid,D,to report,；,avoided,解析：第一空为特殊疑问词不定式；第二空为现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。,A,4,(2014,江苏盐城高二期中,)_ tablet computers like Apples iPad just before bed,a researcher says recently,can lead to a poor nights sleep.,A,Using B,Used,C,To use D,Use,解析：考查动名词作主语的用法。句意：一个研究者最近说,在睡觉之前用平板电脑像苹果电脑会导致睡眠不好。,a researcher says recently,是插入语，,_ tablet computers like Apples iPad just before bed,是句子的主语，故要用动名词。,A,5,The young trees need _ when it is dry.,A,being watered B,to water,C,watered D,to be watered,解析：动词,need,，,require,，,want,的主语是其后动词的逻辑宾语，则可用不定式的被动式或动名词的主动式。,D,6,The day we were looking forward _ at last!,A,to come B,to came,C,to coming D,came,解析：动词,come,不是,look forward to,的宾语，而是主句的谓语动词。,B,7,Dont forget _ the light when you leave the room.,A,to turn off B,turning off,C,turn on D,turning on,解析：,forget to do sth.,表示,“,忘记要做某事,”,，,forget doing sth,表示,“,忘记曾做过某事,”,。,A,8,He spent every minute he has _ his _ English.,A,improved,；,spoken,B,to improve,；,spoken,C,to improve,；,speaking,D,improving,；,spoken,解析：考查,spend.(in)doing sth.,结构，,spoken English,为,“,英语口语,”,。,D,9,What makes mum so upset?,_ from school,，,I think.,A,Tom was absent,B,Toms being absent,C,Tom being absent,D,Toms absent,解析：选,B,。当动名词的逻辑主语在句首时，应用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。本题为动名词作主语,因为是答句，故省去谓语部分,makes mum so upset,。,B,10,I dont regret _ even if it might have upset her.,A,to tell her what I thought,B,to have told her that I thought,C,telling what did I think,D,telling her what I thought,解析：,regret doing sth.,表示后悔做过某事，此外，在宾语从句中应该用陈述语序。,D,如何写好建议信,写法指导,建议信是作者就有关问题进行分析并针对这些问题提出自己的看法和建议的信件。一般来说,建议信的正文分为三部分：开头、主体和结尾。开头一般开门见山,向对方陈述自己的观点。主体则是对所提出的问题进行分析、说明理由，接着提出自己的建议。结尾则是对开头的呼应,重申自己的观点。,1,建议信的结构,建议信一般采取,“,三段式结构,”,，通常以,firstly,，,secondly,，,thirdly,或,to begin with,，,then,，,later,等依次陈述建议。,首段：针对对方对自己的信任简单表示感谢，亦可表明自己的诚意。,中段：围绕对方的困惑、烦恼等问题,用客观委婉的语言提出自己的建议、方法。注意要充分考虑到对方的实际问题,表达时应选择得体的语言。切忌用语生硬呆板，泛泛而谈。,末段：简单地提出希望。希望自己的建议能对对方有所帮助。,2,建议信的语言,(1),陈述建议的语言必须中肯：在劝说对方接受你的建议时，应该注意措辞，慎用,must,等命令性词汇，这样才能使对方愉快地接受你的劝告或建议。例如：,You must stop your meaningless work at once.(,该句中的情态动词,must,就使句子的语气显得很生硬，对方会因此而反感。,),写作时应注意以下几点：,要注意英文书信的格式，兼顾文化差异，同时要注意避免语法错误；,第一和第三部分注重简练，而第二部分作为信函的主体，要注重条理和说服力；,要注意提高自己语言表达的层级，尝试使用较高级别的词汇、句型或结构。,常用句式,首段：,I am writing to.I hope that.That is to say.,As far as I am concerned.In my opinion.Personally.,中段：,Here are my reasons.First of all,I think it would be better if.,Second,.Third,，,.,Moreover.What s more.,However.Instead.,Here Id like to give my advice on.,I would like to suggest that.,If I were you,I would.,末段：,In short.All things considered.,To sum up.In brief.,Please take my advice into consideration and make a final decision.,写作要求,假如你是中学生李华，你在学校食堂就餐的过程中，发现学生浪费饭菜的行为十分严重，你深感痛心和羞愧。请给校长写一封信。,1,说明写信的目的；,2,对这些行为进行批评；,3,提出切实可行的建议。,注意：,1.,词数,150,左右；,2,可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；,3,开头和结束语已为你写好，,不计入总词数。,Dear Mr.Headmaster,，,Im Li Hua,a student from Senior,Three._,_,_,Yours faithfully,，,Li Hua,妙笔成篇,Dear Mr.Headmaster,，,Im Li Hua,a student from Se