浅谈浓缩料的合理配制的技术创.pps

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,浅谈浓缩料的合理配制的技术创新,尚秀国,博士,北京和利美生物科技有限公司,MB:18675702456,Email:xiuguoshang,主要内容,浓缩料配制的技术创新,企业在呼唤创新,销售创新,技术创新,管理创新,如何实现技术创新,良好的研发体系,大胆的研发思想,形成研发保护机制,仔猪、中猪浓缩料的合理配制,浓缩料的基本要求,爱吃,长的快,被毛好,引起换料慢的主要原因,饲料的适口性问题,饲料的消化率,健康状况,环境,应激,霉菌毒素,饲料搅拌不均匀,饲料适口性和饲料原料的消化利用率是根本原因,采食量是浓缩料的第一要求,如何提高饲料的适口性,适口性：是一种饲料或日粮的滋味、香味和质地特性的总和，是动物在觅食、定位和采食过程中动物视觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉等感觉器官对饲料或饲粮的综合反应。,适口性决定饲料被动物的接受程度。,通过影响动物的食欲来影响采食量。,适口性取决于动物的感觉系统：视觉、味觉、嗅觉和触觉对饲料的反应,动物具有天生的对特定饲料的喜好和厌恶。,动物可以从过去的采食经历或通过人为的训练，而对饲料产生喜好或厌恶。,动物在其生命过程中，可能将饲料的适口性或风味与某种不适或愉快的感觉联系在一起，产生厌恶或喜好，从而改变其采食行为。,如何提高饲料的适口性,幼龄动物易产生喜好,母,+,/,仔,+,母,+,/,仔,-,母,-,/,仔,+,母,-,/,仔,-,日增重,450,a,359,b,366,b,363,b,采食量,818,a,725,b,751,b,729,b,表,8,母猪和仔猪饲料添加风味剂对仔猪断奶,3,周内的影响,日粮消化率（,%,）,饲料采食量（,g/d,）,85,870,80,650,75,520,表,9 10 kg,仔猪饲料的消化率与采食量的关系,动物的采食量取决于饲料的消化率,浓缩料原料的消化率,鱼粉,去皮豆粕,普通豆粕,菜粕、棉粕、玉米蛋白粉、羽毛粉、血粉,表,10,各种蛋白质源的相对饲喂价值,豆粕,43.5%100,豆粕,46.0%104,双低,菜籽粕,80,普通菜籽粕,55,棉籽粕,53,葵籽粕,58,浓缩料配制常见错误,过分关注蛋白,采用过多的杂原料,产生问题,料样不好看,质量不稳定、不利于品控,采食量低,浓缩料配制常见错误,-,不了解终端,日粮对动物的营养作用取决于动物采食进去多少，而不是营养水平的高低,我不吃！,你这个大骗子！,不要自欺欺人，不要掩耳盗铃,解决办法,了解终端，灵活运用饲养标准,不过分强调蛋白,使用低蛋白日粮技术，减少杂原料的使用,考虑钙的用量,表,11,猪全程低蛋白日粮：试验设计，单位：,%,猪,仔猪（,9-21kg,）,生长猪（,21-55kg,）,肥育猪（,55-93kg,）,处理,高,CP,低,CP,+AA,低,CP,高,CP,低,CP,+AA,低,CP,高,CP,低,CP,+AA,低,CP,CP，%,19,15,15,16,12,12,14,11,11,添加,Lys,-,0.29,-,-,0.29,-,-,0.22,-,添加,Thr,-,0.16,-,-,0.16,-,-,0.13,-,添加,Trp,-,0.06,-,-,0.06,-,-,0.04,-,添加合成,AA,使低,CP+AA,组的这,3,种,氨基酸含量与高,CP,组,一致（,Kirr,等，,1995,）,低蛋白日粮是否会影响猪的生产性能？,表,12,猪全程低蛋白日粮：,生产性能,体重,阶段,处 理,指标,日增重，,kg,采食量，,kg,饲料,/,增重,9-21kg,高,CP,组,0.42,b,0.72,1.71,b,低,CP,组,+AA,0.42,b,0.75,1.79,b,低,CP,组,0.37,a,0.77,2.08,a,21-55kg,高,CP,组,0.78,b,1.86,ab,2.38,b,低,CP,组,+AA,0.77,b,1.96,b,2.55,b,低,CP,组,0.65,a,1.82,a,2.80,a,55-93kg,高,CP,组,0.85,b,2.74,3.22,b,低,CP,组,+AA,0.87,b,2.77,3.18,b,低,CP,组,0.78,a,2.82,3.62,a,表,13,猪全程低蛋白日粮：,胴体品质,指 标,处 理,高,CP,组,低,CP+AA,组,低,CP,组,屠宰体重，,kg,101.70,101.38,101.32,屠宰率，,%,75.87,a,76.86,b,75.94,a,背膘厚度，,cm,2.75,a,2.83,a,3.21,b,眼肌面积，,cm,2,31.40,a,31.90,a,26.52,b,颜色,2.93,a,2.68,b,2.71,b,硬度,2.99,a,2.80,a,3.55,b,大理石花纹,2.93,a,2.89,a,4.34,b,瘦肉率，,%,46.02,a,44.72,a,40.73,b,表,14,日粮蛋白质水平降低,2,个百分点对猪生产性能的影响,日粮,CP(%),体重,(kg),合成氨基酸添加水平,(%),ADG,(%),G/F,(%),资料来源,lys,Thr,Trp,Met,18-16,9-25,0.08,-,-,-,+2.8,+1.5,Han,等,1995,18-16,9-25,0.16,-,-,-,-1.3,0,Han,等,1995,18-16,9-25,0.31,-,-,-,+1.5,+1.0,Han,等,1995,16-14,20-50,0.20,0.13,0.05,0.08,+9.9,-2.5,Figueria,等,2002,16-14,20-35,0.04,-,-,-,-4.2,+0.4,Chea,等,1988,16-14,35-60,0.04,-,-,-,-0.3,+1.1,Chea,等,1988,16-14,20-55,0.11,0.06,0.03,-,-1.25,0,Tuitoek,等,1977,14-12,34-103,0.08,-,-,-,+8.5,+12,Williams,等,1984,14-12,34-103,0.16,-,-,-,+13.3,+12,Williams,等,1984,14-12,34-103,0.24,-,-,-,+15.0,+12,Williams,等,1984,14-12,34-103,0.32,-,-,-,+13.1,+12,Williams,等,1984,14-12,55-100,0.12,0.06,0.03,-,0,-2.9,Tuitoek,等,1977,表,15,日粮蛋白质水平降低,2,个百分点对猪胴体品质的影响,日粮,CP(%),体重,(kg),合成氨基酸添加水平,(%),背脂厚,(cm),眼肌面积,(cm,2,),资料来源,lys,Thr,Trp,Met,16-14,20-50,0.20,0.13,0.05,0.08,+0.18,-0.61,Figueria,等,2002,16-14,20-55,0.11,0.06,0.03,-,+0.01,-,Tuitoek,等,1977,14-12,55-100,0.12,0.06,0.03,-,+0.01,-,Tuitoek,等,1977,表,16,日粮蛋白质水平降低,3,个百分点对猪生产性能的影响,日粮,CP(%),体重,(kg),合成氨基酸添加水平,(%),ADG,(%),G/F,(%),资料来源,lys,Thr,Trp,Met,18-15,14-26,0.28,0.12,-,-,-3.5,-3.5,Jin,等,1998,18-15,14-26,0.28,0.12,-,0.04,+0.2,-1.0,Jin,等,1998,18-15,14-26,0.28,0.12,0.02,0.04,+0.6,-1.0,Jin,等,1998,17-14,41-59,0.21,0.12,0.02,0.04,+1.9,-2.9,Kirr,等,2003,16-13,59-82,0.18,0.11,0.02,-,-1.04,-6.1,Kirr,等,2003,14-11,55-93,0.22,0.13,0.04,-,+2.35,+3.2,Kirr,等,1995,14.5-11,50-90,0.15,-,-,-,+5.9,+5.3,Hahn,等,1995,14.5-11,50-90,0.23,-,-,-,-1.8,+5.0,Hahn,等,1995,14.5-11,50-90,0.30,-,-,-,-1.8,+4.3,Hahn,等,1995,13-10,90-110,0.12,-,-,-,+9.9,+2.9,Hahn,等,1995,13-10,90-110,0.18,-,-,-,+2.9,+2.2,Han,等,1995,13-10,90-110,0.24,-,-,-,+3.9,+1.8,Han,等,1995,表,17,日粮蛋白质水平降低,4,个百分点对猪生产性能的影响,日粮,CP(%),体重,(kg),合成氨基酸添加水平,(%),ADG,(%),G/F,(%),资料来源,lys,Thr,Trp,Met,19-15,9-21,0.29,0.16,0.06,-,0,-5.2,Kirr,等,1995,16-12,21-55,0.29,0.16,0.06,-,-1.28,-5.0,Kirr,等,1995,16-12,32-60,0.26,0.08,0.01,0.14,-6.86,-8.5,Gomze,等,2002a,16-12,30-50,0.29,0.16,0.06,-,+1.71,+1.8,Kirr,等,2003,16-12,20-50,0.35,21,0.08,0.14,+5.98,+1.3,Figueria,等,2002,16-12,30-55,0.26,0.08,0.01,0.04,-8.65,-8.2,Gomze,等,2002a,16-12,59-82,0.23,0.17,0.02,0.11,+0.70,+2.4,Kirr,等,2003,14-10,55-90,0.26,0.06,0.02,0.01,-8.41,-2.8,Gomze,等,2002a,表,18,日粮蛋白质水平降低,4,个百分点是否需要添加其它合成氨基酸,?,日粮,CP(%),体重,(kg),合成氨基酸添加水平,(%),ADG,(%),G/F,(%),Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,Ile,Val,20-16,11-25,0.30,0.13,0.10,0.20,0.23,-,+6.2,+3.9,20-16,27-64,0.34,0.17,0.04,0.10,0.03,0.08,-0.19,+4.1,18-14,35-50,0.27,0.16,0.03,0.11,0.03,0.02,-4.88,-2.7,17-13,64-100,0.32,0.05,0.04,0.07,0.07,0.07,-8.49,+2.08,16-12,21-50,0.37,0.23,0.08,0.15,-,-,-3.77,+1.25,16-12,20-55,0.22,0.12,0.05,-,0.07,0.02,-1.26,-0.41,Figueria,等,2003;shier,等,2000;Le,Bellego,等,2002;,tuituek,等,1997;,郑春田等,2000,表,19,日粮蛋白质水平降低,4,个百分点对猪胴体品质的影响,日粮,CP(%),体重,(kg),合成氨基酸添加水平,(%),背脂厚,(cm),眼肌面积,(cm,2,),资料来源,lys,Thr,Trp,Met,16-12,20-50,0.35,0.21,0.08,0.14,+0.33,-0.66,Figueria,等,2002,16-12,31-82,0.26,0.08,0.01,0.14,-,-,Gomze,等,2002b,14-10,33-57,0.26,0.06,0.02,0.01,-,-,Gomze,等,2002b,14-10,55-93,0.22,0.13,0.04,-,+0.34,+0.50,Kirr,等,1995,14-10,80-120,0.17,0.09,0.02,-,+0.11,-2.25,kirr,等,2003,表,20,降低日粮蛋白质水平对氮消化率和尿氮排出量的影响,日粮,CP(%),体重,(kg),合成氨基酸添加水平,(%),氮,消化率,(%),尿氮,排放,(%),Lys,Thr,Trp,Met,18-16,9-25,0.1,-,-,-,-,-10.6,18-16,9-25,0.2,-,-,-,-,-17.7,18-15,9-25,0.04,-,-,-,-,+13.7,18-15,14-26,0.28,0.12,-,-,-,-11.0,18-15,14-26,0.28,0.12,-,0.04,-,-17.2,15-12,44.7-,0.12,0.04,-,-,+0.8,-29.1,18-14,35-,0.23,0.15,0.04,0.12,-1.6,-50.3,18-14,40-55,0.34,0.20,0.07,0.13,-0.6,-22.3,16-12,22-,0.34,0.16,0.07,-,-4.4,-29.3,Han,等,1995;Jin,等,1998;Otto,等,2003;,Shrier,等,2003;,figueria,等,2002,合成氨基酸最大使用量的几个商业性试验,29,000,头,初重,23,公斤，饲养到,117,公斤,2,个处理，每个处理,6,个重复,14,500,头,/,处理,大圈饲养,日粮,对照组：商业日粮,试验组：低蛋白日粮补充赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸,试验,1(,Hanor,猪场,),14,500,头,/,处理（,23-117 kg,）,日增重结果,1000,头猪,初重：,23 kg,饲养至,116 kg,2,个处理，每个处理,6,个重复,500,头,/,处理,大圈饲养,日粮,对照组：商业日粮,试验组：低蛋白日粮补充合成氨基酸,试验,2(Chinn,猪场,),日增重结果,500,头,/,处理（,23-116 kg,）,料肉比结果,500,头,/,处理（,23-116 kg,）,Hanor,猪场,(+$0.30/pig),Chinn,猪场,(+$1.80/pig),结论,表,21,日粮降低蛋白质降低,2,个百分点的成本比较,豆粕,玉米,赖氨酸,蛋氨酸,苏氨酸,成本（元,/,吨）,单价（元,/,公斤）,2.2,1.3,12,25,24,对照组,92,-,-,-,-,202.4,低蛋白组,89.3,2.1,0.32,1.31,180.7,差值,21.7,小 结,补充合成赖氨酸,0.15%-0.2%,可将日粮蛋白质水平降低,2,个百分点不影响猪的生产性能、胴体品质、氮消化率，可减少粪和尿氮排出量,15%,，此时补充,0.05%,左右的苏氨酸效果更好,补充合成氨基酸配制低蛋白质日粮与饲料成本,日粮蛋白质水平每降低,1%,，每吨饲料减少豆粕用量,23kg,如果将豆粕的空位用能量饲料补充,则从整体上提高了日粮的能量浓度,而提高能量浓度的生产效应是不可低估的。,由于油脂价格昂贵,在我国提高日粮能量水平是很困难的,补充合成氨基酸配制低蛋白质日粮对我国饲料工业的发展意义重大,缓解蛋白质饲料资源短缺：我国是全世界蛋白质资源缺乏最严重的国家，将猪和肉鸡饲料中,CP,水平降低,2,个百分点，每年可节约相当于,400,万,t,豆粕的蛋白质饲料,减轻环境污染：将猪饲料中的降低,2,个百分点,可将猪粪中氮的排出量减少,15%,，对于一个万头猪场，每年可少向环境中排放近,20,吨氮，这个量相当于,300,吨豆粕中的蛋白质含量,肥育猪日粮的合理配制与技术创新,肥育猪日粮的合理配制,臀部丰满,改善肉质,降低成本,肥育猪日粮如何降低成本,育肥猪对营养物质的需要,营养需要随猪体重的增加而增加。采食量也有同样的变化，但是，采食量比营养需要量增加的更快。因此随着动物的生长，饲料中的营养水平可以逐渐降低,日粮中所需的养分水平随体重变化的规律,肥育猪矿物元素与维生素的使用,在育肥阶段不额外添加维生素和矿物质预混料或（和）减少无机磷的使用不影响猪的生长性能，胴体性状和肌肉品质,试验一：,试验动物：,128,头；初始体重，,85.7,公斤；,试验设计：,4,个日粮处理,1,为对照组（,NRC98,），,2,为去除维生素添加剂组，,3,为去除矿物质添加剂组，,4,为两者都去除组。,每个处理,4,个重复（,2,重复为公猪，,2,重复为母猪）,试验期,27-29,天（末体重为,115,公斤）,（,J.,Anim,.,Sci,.1999.77:2700-2708,）,组别,对照,去除元素种类,-,维生素,-,矿物质,-,（矿物质和维生素）,玉米,83.82,83.99,83.93,84.10,豆粕,12.37,12.35,12.36,12.34,磷酸二氢钙,1.12,1.12,1.12,1.12,维生素预混料,0.15,-,0.15,-,矿物质预混料,0.10,0.10,-,-,营养成分,粗蛋白，,%,12.46,12.00,12.31,12.03,钙，,%,0.74,0.79,0.76,0.71,磷，,%,0.53,0.56,0.56,0.53,维生素,A,，,IU/kg,10,071,7,188,11,925,7,239,维生素,B,2,，,IU/kg,7.9,4.7,8.0,5.7,锌，,mg/kg,133,117,25,28,铁，,mg/kg,238,205,119,107,表,22,试验一 日粮和营养成分,表,23,试验一、结果,组别,对照,1,去除元素种类,P,值,-,维生素,2,-,矿物质,3,-,矿物质和维生素,1,2,日增重，,g,1097,1047,1103,1050,-,-,日采食量，,kg,3.54,3.23,3.33,3.30,0.05,-,增重,/,饲料,311,325,330,318,-,-,屠宰率，,%,74.1,74.4,74.3,74.5,-,-,第,10,肋背脂厚，,mm,19.1,18.2,18.6,18.8,-,-,眼肌面积，,cm,2,48.9,51.3,49.2,48.9,-,0.14,无脂瘦肉率，,%,50.2,50.5,50.4,50.3,-,-,持水力,2.16,2.38,2.36,2.32,0.08,-,背最长肌颜色,2.6,2.5,2.5,2.5,0.12,0.11,背最长肌硬度,2.5,2.5,2.5,2.6,-,-,背最长肌大理石花纹,1.9,1.9,1.9,2,-,-,背最长肌亮度,-,-,屠宰当天,51.5,51.6,52.7,51.9,-,0.05,5,天后,54.3,54.3,54.7,54.2,-,-,试验二,试验动物：,160,头；初始体重，,86.6,公斤；,试验设计：,4,个日粮处理,-1,为对照组（,NRC98,）,2,为去除维生素和矿物质添加剂组,3,为去除,2/3,的磷酸氢钙组,4,为三者都去除组,每个处理,4,个重复（,2,重复为公猪，,2,重复为母猪）,试验期,26-33,天（末体重为,115,公斤）,组别,对照,1,去除元素种类,-,矿物质和维生素,2,-2/3,磷酸二氢钙,3,-,（矿物质和维生素,+2/3,磷酸二氢钙）,4,玉米,83.82,84.10,84.77,85.00,豆粕,12.37,12.34,12.29,12.30,磷酸二氢钙（,21%P,）,1.12,1.12,0.37,0.37,维生素预混料料,0.15,-,0.15,-,矿物质预混料,0.10,-,0.10,-,营养成分,粗蛋白，,%,12.51,12.56,12.36,12.96,钙，,%,0.75,0.62,0.55,0.56,磷，,%,0.54,0.55,0.42,0.41,维生素,A,，,IU/kg,12,906,6,387,10,934,5,327,维生素,B,2,，,IU/kg,6.2,3.4,7.2,3.9,锌，,mg/kg,119,28,117,51,铁，,mg/kg,350,236,253,195,表,24,试验二、试验日粮和营养成分,组别,对照,1,去除元素种类,P,值,-,矿物质和维生素,2,-2/3,氢钙,3,-,（微量和维生素,+2/3,氢钙）,1,2,3,日增重，,g,1,040,1,006,1,006,1008,-,-,-,-,日采食量，,kg,3.42,3.39,3.24,3.31,0.13,-,-,0.07,肉料比，,g/kg,304,297,310,305,-,-,-,0.02,屠宰率，,%,74.1,74.7,74.2,74.8,-,-,-,-,第,10,肋背脂厚，,mm,20.1,21.7,21.0,21.0,0.06,-,-,-,眼肌面积，,cm,2,44.5,41.3,43.2,44.5,-,0.14,-,无脂瘦肉率，,%,48.7,48,48.4,48.3,0.07,-,-,持水力,2.04,1.88,1.96,2.11,-,0.01,-,背最长肌颜色,2.6,2.7,2.6,2.6,-,-,-,背最长肌硬度,2.5,2.5,2.5,2.4,-,-,-,背最长肌大理石花纹,2.2,2.5,2.4,2.2,-,0.02,-,背最长肌亮度,屠宰当天,52.2,52.2,52.3,52.2,-,-,-,-,5,天后,53.4,53.2,52.8,53.8,-,-,-,-,15,天后,52.9,51.1,51.9,52.5,-,-,-,-,嫩度,2.5,2.5,2.5,2.6,-,-,-,-,解冻损失，,%,2.2,2.1,2.1,2.3,-,-,-,-,蒸煮损失，,%,25.6,22.7,22.7,23.3,0.06,-,-,-,表,25,试验二、结果,在育肥阶段不额外添加维生素和矿物质预混料不影响猪的日增重和采食,量,（,来源：,J.,Anim,.,Sci,.2000.78:2797-2800,）,试验一：,试验动物：,2323,头；初始体重，,94,公斤,试验设计：,4,个日粮处理,1,为对照组（,NRC1998,）,2,为去除维生素添加剂组,3,为去除矿物质组,4,为二者都去除组,每个处理,20,个重复；试验期至末体重达到,105,公斤,原料,对照,去除元素种类,-,维生素,-,矿物质,-,（矿物质和维生素）,高粱,82.25,82.25,84.25,85.0,豆粕,15.0,15.0,15.0,15.0,磷酸氢钙,0.90,0.90,-,-,碳酸钙,0.80,0.80,-,-,食盐,0.30,0.30,-,-,维生素和矿物质预混料料,0.75,0.75,1,0.75,2,-,表,26,试验日粮和营养成分,1,去除维生素部分,;,2,去除矿物质部分。,表,27,结果,项目,对照,去除元素种类,P,值,-,维生素,-,矿物质,-,矿物质和维生素,日增重，,kg/d,0.89,0.89,0.89,0.88,0.99,日采食量，,kg/d,3.35,2.87,3.20,3.21,0.56,料重比,3.82,3.27,3.68,3.83,0.62,在育肥阶段不额外添加维生素和矿物质预混料不影响猪的日增重和采食量,（,来源：,J.,Anim,.,Sci,.2000.78:2797-2800,）,试验动物：,2125,头；初始体重，,79,公斤,试验设计：,2,个日粮处理,-1,为对照组（,NRC98,），,2,为去除维生素矿物质添加剂组,试验期,30,天；,项目,对照,不加维生素和矿物质添加剂,P,值,日增重，,kg/d,0.76,0.71,0.52,日采食量，,kg/d,2.66,3.03,0.22,料重比,3.58,4.30,0.17,死亡率，,%,2.43,0.95,0.21,表,28,结果,在育肥阶段不额外添加维生素和矿物质预混料对生产性能和胴体品质的影响,（,来源：,J.,Anim,.,Sci,.2001.79:141-147,）,试验一,试验动物：,252,头；初始体重，,54,公斤,试验设计：,2,个日粮处理,1,为对照组（,NRC1998,），,2,为去除维生素矿物质添加剂组,试验期,84,天；,表,29,试验日粮和养分组成,维生素和微量元素,添加,不,添加,饲料成分（）,玉米,81.83,81.69,豆粕,17.5,17.5,磷酸氢钙,0.36,0.36,石粉,0.23,0.23,微量元素预混料,0.11,-,维生素预混料,0.026,-,养分组成,(%),CP,13.9,14.0,Ca,0.81,0.77,P,0.61,0.60,维生素,E(IU/kg),42,7.3,表,30,生产性能试验结果,加,和不加的时间,0,6,周,加,加,不加,6,12,周,加,不加,不加,不加的时间,0,6,12,0,6,周,ADG,786,800,793,ADFI,2443,2440,2439,FCR,323,329,327,6-12,周,ADG,724,687,670,ADFI,2930,2941,2856,FCR,248,234,236,0,12,周,ADG,755,744,733,ADFI,2687,2688,2647,FCR,282,278,279,表,31,胴体品质试验结果,加,和不加的时间,0,6,周,加,加,不加,6,12,周,加,不加,不加,不加的时间,0,6,12,无脂瘦肉指数,49.3,49.2,49.5,屠宰率,75.6,75.4,75.6,最后肋脂肪厚,mm,43.3,44.7,43.0,眼肌面积,mm,2,43.3,44.7,43.0,pH,5.83,5.82,5.87,肌肉维生素含量,mg/kg,0.44,0.10,0.11,在育肥阶段不额外添加维生素和矿物质预混料对生产性能和胴体品质的影响,（,来源：,J.,Anim,.,Sci,.2001.79:141-147,）,试验二,试验动物：,306,头；初始体重，,58,公斤,试验设计：,2,个日粮处理,1,为对照组（,NRC1998,）,2,为去除维生素矿物质添加剂组,试验期,84,天,结果：与试验一相同,小 结,80kg,以上育肥猪日粮中不额外添加维生素和矿物质不影响育肥猪的生长性能、胴体性状和肌肉品质,育肥阶段不额外添加维生素和矿物质明显降低猪腿肌和背最长肌的维生素,E,含量以及腿肌铜的含量,猪肉中维生素,E,水平的高低影响肉的保存期，维生素,E,的抗氧化作用对人类的健康很有利，所以在育肥阶段应保证维生素,E,的需要,育肥猪饲料中矿物元素的使用,高铜是否应当继续使用？,如何解决粪便黑的问题？,和谐互利 共创美好,北京和利美生物科技有限公司,感谢各位,