英语国家社会与文化入门 英国 economy.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Economy,1.Before 20,th,Century,-rising to the strongest economy,-reasons,2.20th Century,-decline:absolute and relative decline,-reasons,-after WWII,3.Current Economy,-slow progress,European Union:,欧洲联盟，简称欧盟,是当今世界一体化程度最高的区域政治、经济集团组织。其前身是,1958,年成立的欧洲共同体,(European Community,EC),，,即欧洲经济共同体,(European Economic Community,EEC),、,煤钢共同体,(European Coal&Steel Community,ECSC),和原子能共同体,(European Atomic Energy Community,EURATOM),的统称。,1993,年,11,月，,欧洲联盟条约,(,又称,马斯特里赫特条约,，,The Maastricht Treaty),生效，欧共体演化为欧洲联盟,。,欧盟旗帜,欧盟成员国,法国,France,德国,Germany,意大利,Italy,荷兰,the Netherlands,比利时,Belgium,卢森堡,Luxemburg,英国,the UK,丹麦,Denmark,爱尔兰,Ireland,希腊,Greece,西班牙,Spain,葡萄牙,Portugal,奥地利,Austria,芬兰,Finland,瑞典,Swede,n,波兰,Poland,匈牙利,Hungary,捷克,the Czech,Republic,斯洛伐克,Slovakia,爱沙尼亚,Estonia,拉脱维亚,Latvia,立陶宛,Lithuania,斯洛文尼亚,Slovenia,马耳他,Malta,塞浦路斯,Cyprus,罗马尼亚,Romania,保加利亚,Bulgaria,创始国,(1958),1973,年加入,1981,年加入,1986,年加入,1995,年加入,2004,年加入,2007,年加入,For discussion,Country economic data:GDP,国内生产总值（,Gross Domestic Product,）,；,GDP per capital,人均,PPP,购买力平价,Purchasing Power Parity,指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位,货币购买力,之间的比例,Gini index,基尼系数，关于贫富差距的指标。在全部居民收入中，用于进行不平均分配的那部分收入占总收入的百分比。,currency(exchange rate with RMB),foreign currency reserve,高额外汇储备对我国经济发展产生了一系列负面影响,trading volume,交易额,Natural resources.,Three-tiered economy:primary tier(agriculture,main products?),second tier(industry,main products?),third tier(service,main products?),Economic relations with China?,Any economic problems?,作业,discussion p80,1.Define“absolutely decline,and relatively decline”in the UK economy.How does the author explain the reasons for the absolute decline and relative decline.,2.What did the Conservative party under Mrs.Margaret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979?The word“reform”in the national economy was also popular when she formed the government decided to change the UK economy.What was her radical reform program”Was the program successful according to the author?,3.the author believes that Britain,like most developed economics,has seen a relatively shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service or service industries.Why is it so?Do you see a similar growth in tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so?How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world?,N,ational economy,国民经济,primary industry,产业,:agriculture,fishing,mining.natural resources,S,econdary industry:manufacturing,加工制造,industry -low/high-valued added.,Tertiary industry services:tourism,banking,retailing,insurance,D,ata:GDP,per capital,PPP,Gini index,currency(exchange rate with RMB),foreign currency reserve,trading volume,Country,GDP,(total),US$,GDP,(per capita),Annual growth rate,Moneta-,ry,unit,Exchange rate,UK,$2.1 trillion(6,th,),$3,500,(2006),3.1%(2007),Pound Sterling,Ireland,$41,000,(2005),8%,Euro,US,$13.2 trillion(2006,1,s,t,),$46,000,(2006),4%,(2007),USD,Canada,$1.165 trillion(2006,12th,),$35,200(2006),2.8%,CAD,Australia,$645.3 billion(2006,17th,),$34,369,(2006),3.8%,AUD,New Zealand,$103,873billion,(2006,53,th,),$29,698,(28,th,),$110,296,(58,th,),NZD,high income World Bank 2006middle-high incomemiddle-low incomelow income,2006 UN,Human,Development,Index:,Life,Expectancy,预期寿命,Standard of living,GDP per capita,Literacy,读写能力,education,Economic sectors,Primary industries:agriculture,fishing,forestry,mining,Secondary industries:manufacturing(light industry+heavy industry),Tertiary industries:services(banking,insurance,tourism,retailing,etc),high-valued return.,The higher the weight of the tertiary industry,the more developed the economy.,UK economic sectors,Historical evolution,Top 20 importers and exporters in 2006,UK main export partners(2004),UK main import partners(2004),UK economy:from absolute wealth to absolute decline,17,th,and 18,th,centuries:,age of expansion,1770s 1820s,Industrial Revolution,The 1880s,prime time of the Empire,the sun-never-set,of world manufactured goods,cold and iron,cotton,largest shipping.,Decline from 1900 onwards:,dissolution of the Empire,decolonisation:India(1947),2,WWs,:debts(1941s Lend-Lease Act).,Continuous high defence budget,.,Difficulty in industry upgrading(cf.Jap.Germ),Recovery,British Empire Anachronous,时代错误的,Words in Chapter4,debt,raw material,drastic reform,impair,negative economic situation,privatized,welfare,implement,contend,internal,opponents,controversial,mechanization,bond,mild,flourish,债务,原材料,激烈的改革,损害,削弱,消极经济局势,私有化的,贯彻,争夺，主张,内部的,对手,机械化,债券,温和的,繁荣,Key Issues,What made UK the strongest economy in the 19,th,century?,What made UK lag behind other capitalist countries in the 20,th,century?,How to understand UKs decline after WWII?,Before 20,th,Century,strongest economy in the worldreasons,They combine,private ownership with government control,called,mixed economies,the systems attempt to eliminate,消除,inefficiencies in capitalism or socialism alone.Governments,with centralized control and the power to make legislation,set standards and taxes and may direct certain industries:,telecommunications or transportation,while private businesses control the,remaining industries,&thrive,兴旺,or fail to the dictates of the market.In some cases,a public-private partnership,may operate some industries.,What are the modern economic systems?,1-1)strongest economy in the world,Victorian Age,(1837-1903)saw the country rising into the most powerful and economically strongest nation.,Workplace,of the world:Industrial Revolution ensured UK a leading position as a manufacturer.In 1860,40-50%industrial products of the world were made in Britain.,In 1848,half of iron in the world was made in UK.,UKs economy in 1860 in the world,1-2)reasons,Industrial Revolution,17,世纪，整个欧洲大陆处于宗教迫害之中，反映自由、民主和科学的新思想，被当作“异端”“邪说”而受压制，不少有发明创造的科技人才被处刑罚。与此同时,战争也连绵不断，法国处于内战和向外扩张的连年战争中，意大利四分五裂，,这样，就使科学技术人才纷纷流向地处欧洲边缘而,较安定,的英伦三岛。,1740,年经英国政府批准的实用,专利,只,4,件，,1750,年为,7,件，,1760,年增加为,14,件。,据,英国经济史编,据不完全统计,1660-1750,年,英国有,60,多位科学家,约占当时世界总数的,36%,以上,他们的科学成就约占世界总数的,40%,。,-,英国近代史,（,p.229,王觉非，南京科学出版社，,1997,）,Industrial Revolution,（,2,）,Textile industry,1733:John Kay invented flying shuttle,which speeded up hand weaving,creating demand for faster yarn(,纱,),spinning.,1766:James Hargreaves spinning jenny enabled one hand labourer to spin many threads at a time.,1769:Richard Arkwrights,waterframe,1779:Samuel Cromptons mule,1784:Edmund Cartwrights power loom,Industrial Revolution(3),The problem of power:,James Watt produced an efficient steam engine in 1765,which could be applied to textile and other machinery.,Industrial Revolution,（,4,）,Iron-making,Abraham Darby succeeded in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709.This is considered to be the most important element in speeding industrialization.,As a result of the industrial revolution,Britain became“,workshop,of the world”;no other country was yet ready to compete with her in industrial production.,colonization,By 1901 the Empires size was 12,000,000 square miles,more than 1/5 of the world,11 times its own size.Britains population was 41,500,000,and the Empires population was 4,000,000,000,approximately 10 times its own.,By 1900 Britain had built up a big empire,“,on which the sun never set”.,Exploitation upon the colonies pushed forward its economy.,Decline -Absolute Decline and,Relativs,Decline,2)Reasons(1):starting from mid-19,th,century UK has slowed its pace in industrial growth.,period,Rate of industrial growth (%),1860-1870,33.2,1870-1880,20.8,1880-1890,17.4,2.20,th,Century,Decline(2),manufacturing output percentage,time,UK,USA,Germany,France,Russia,1870,31.8,23.3,13.2,10.3,3.7,1881-,1885,26.6,28.6,13.9,8.6,3.4,1896-1900,9.5,30.1,16.6,7.1,5.0,Decline(3),UKs fall was fast.,This decline was a relative one.It was still in absolute progress.(fell from 2,st,to 6,th,rank),2)Reasons for Decline,Debts as a result of war,Decolonization,Military expenditure,Old industry,Low rate of investment,3)Quick Recovery after WWII,Steady development in the 50s and 60s.,By the end of 1947 the British economy had returned to its pre-war levels.In 1950 Britains GDP and its foreign trade ranked second and its per capita income third in the world.,Economic recession in the 70s,two oil crises(1973;1977),1973-1979,GDP growth averaged 1.4%per year and the rate of inflation,通货,膨胀,15.6%.,stagnant economy,停滞,萧条,的经济,;,“British disease”,1970s economic downturn:1973 oil crisis due to OPEC oil embargo,石油禁运,h,igh rates of inflation(20%).,1973,EEC membership.,1979 1990:the Thatcherism:privatisation,reduced state intervention,free markets,and,entrepreneurialism,.(cf.,Reganomics,),1990 1997,Major years,1997 now,New Labour,Margaret Thatcher,The leader of Conservative party,To office in 1979,The UK first woman Prime Minister,Polices to overcome the British economic problems-high inflation and low growth,The privatization in the 1980s,Privatization and monetary reform,Check trade union,Peoples capitalism,Better the British economic situation,Recovery in 80s,Margaret Thatchers reforms:,Privatization,and liberalization,Welfare,:old age pensions reduced;period of unemployment benefits shortened;child benefits cut,Curbed,抑制,the power of the trade unions,The result:,The rate of inflation fell sharply from 8.6%in 1982 to 5%in 1983.Between 1981 and 1987 the GDP growth rate averaged 2.7%.,Meanwhile Britain has become a sizable,oil exporter,and the economy has become integrated with the global economy as well as with the EC economy.,Unemployment,increased:3,000,000 in 1982,Blairs“Third Way”,Tony Blair came in power in 1997;the Labor Party,Emphasize the,minimum,wage and supplementing,增补,low incomes,Stress,individual responsibility,Results:,limiting government spending,keeping inflation under control and,reducing unemployment.,3.Current Economy,Agriculture,fishing,mining,=,Primary industries,Energy production,Manufacturing industry,Service industry,Foreign trade,1990 GDP per capita,1.Bermuda$23,000,2.United,States(GNP,)$21,082,13.France$14,600,14.United Kingdom$14,300,24.Hong Kong$10,000,176.China,Chinas GDP in 2005 has reached 18.2321 trillion,yuan,or 2.23 trillion US dollars.This total number will surpass that of France and near Britain by known statistics,Shanghai Securities News reports.,2005($),1,卢森堡,69,056,7,美国,42,076,9,英国,36,977,23,香港,24,581,36,台湾,13,926,112,中华人民共和国,1,352,Unemployment rate(%)2003,42 United Kingdom 5.20,77 India 8.80,81 Italy 9.10,45 Japan 5.40,82 France 9.10,49 United States 5.80,102 Spain 11.30,1)agriculture,efficient,1.4%national wealth,1%workforce 66%food,high rate of production by modern technology,Employment Breakdown (labor force),73%Services,25%Industry,2%Agriculture,Energy,Forestry,Fishing,3/4 land for agriculture,2/3 land for stock raising,1/4 crops:wheat,barley,east for crops,west for dairy,leading exports of livestock:,cattle,sheep,pigs and horses,Scottish beef,Welsh mutton,BSE disease 1996 ban on beef exports,Changes in British farming,Pioneers in modern agriculture;highly mechanized,2%farmers manage 70%of the land;use computers,technological farming;new farming called,Agribusiness,(equip,managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs,demands high mechanization and modern technology),factory farming methods,poultry or pigs in rearing units where food,heating,light carefully controlled to encourage rapid growth,2),fishing industry provides,55%domestic demand,cod,haddock,herring,turbot,sole,fishing areas,:around British island,English Channel,North Sea,the sea between England and Iceland,his characteristic landscape of wild moorland,高沼,地,on the,Pennine,uplands is varied by fertile lowlands or dales,溪谷,.These winding valleys,mainly agricultural,are popular destinations for hikers and climbers.The dry stone walls built without mortar,灰泥,mark field boundaries in the Dales.,Much of the land in Britain that is devoted to agricultural purposes is used for grazing.These sheep graze in,Hathersage,a town in the English county of Derbyshire in the heart of the Peak District.Sheep farming is an important part of the economy in Derbyshire.,3)Energy production,Resources,Coal,oil and natural gas,1)rich reserves,major source of energy,led to Industrial Revolution,2)today,coal mining a“sick”industry,less miners collieries,煤矿,output,3)reasons for the decline,exhaustion of old mines,costly extraction,poor old equipment,little money invested,fall in demand,4)oil import before,now,self-sufficient in oil under the North Sea,use in transport and domestic heating systems,mechanized agriculture,energy:,5%of the national wealth,coal mining 1/4 energy supplies,oil exporter,The offshore oil industry,oil under the North Sea,3 oil companies:,Shell with Dutch,British Petroleum,British Gas,Coal mining,was once,the main industry of the Rhondda Valley in Wales.The,Big Pit,colliery,ceased production in 1980 but its buildings and machinery were preserved,converted into a museum of mining.Visitors descend into the mine via the 90-m lift shaft to walk through underground roadways,air doors,stables(for pit ponies),engine houses constructed by past generations of miners.,the British Trade Authority controls oversea,tourism,financial sector,=The City of London,London_ the top 3 financial centers,20%international bank-loans,largest foreign exchange market,the City _the London Stock Exchange,unit currency:the pound sterling:stg.1971,the Bank of London:,1694 set-up,1946 public-owned,2006,年世界各国国际旅游收入排行,revenue,Major Exports,Road vehicles,and other transportation equipment,industrial machinery,petroleum and petroleum products,electrical machinery,office machines and data processing equipment,power-generating machinery,organic chemicals,precision instruments,iron and steel,Major Imports,Road vehicles,and parts,food products,office machines and data processing equipment,clothing and accessories,industrial machinery,textile yarn and fabrics,paper products,power-generating equipment,Major Trading Partners,Germany,United States,France,Netherlands,Ireland,Japan,Currency/,Pound sterling,/,Exchange Rate,0.64 pounds=U.S.$1(1996),Importance of foreign trade,1)5th largest trading nation,a traditional exporter of manufactured goods,an importer of food&basic materials,Changes in Britains trade pattern,the share of manufactures falling and that of fuels rising,oil contributes to British foreign trade in exports and import substitution,New industries,1)microprocessors,computer,biotechnology,other high-tech industries,2)areas:,as the“Silicon Glen”between Glasgow an Edinburgh in Scotland,(largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories),3)The Aerospace Industry,3rd in size in the world:,VC10,Jaguar,Harrier,Concord,next to US&Russia,Products:,civil and military aircraft(helicopters),Missile,satellites and jet engines,2%of UK national output,8%of manufactured export goods,1918 growth of aviation industry(1250 a year),Bomber to civil air-line:,1st jet airliner:The Comet,Rolls Royce,engines;,Radar,;1939 Spitfire fighter;Trident and the VC10;Landing Harrier,1st supersonic civil airliner with France:Concord,To