chapter7 insurance.ppt

*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Marine Cargo Insurance,Basic principles of Insurance,Coverage of Marine Cargo Insurance,Types of Marine Insurance,Practice of Cargo Transportation Insurance,Basic knowledge,Insurance,It is a contract whereby one party,in consideration of a premium paid,undertakes to indemnify the other party against loss from certain risks to which the subject matter insured may be exposed to.,Need for insurance,Cargo Insurance is an integral part of the international trade.,Basic Principles of Insurance,Insurable interest,保险利益原则,保险利益是指投保人或被保险人对保险标的具有的法律上认可的利益，又称可保利益。,保险利益产生于投保人或被保险人与保险标的物之间的经济联系。,投保人或被保险人因保险标的未发生风险事故而受益；因保险标的遭受风险事故而受到损失。,Utmost Good Faith,最大诚信原则,诚实信用原则是指保险合同当事人在订立合同时及合同有效期内应依法向对方提供可能影响对方是否缔约以及缔约条件的重要事实，同时绝对信守合同缔结的认定与承诺。诚实信用原则是民事法律关系的基本原则之一。签订和履行保险合同必须遵守诚实信用原则,.,Proximate Cause,近因原则,近因原则是指在处理赔案时，赔偿与给付保险金的条件是造成保险标的损失的近因必须属于保险责任。近因是引起保险标的损失的直接、有效、起决定作用的因素。引起保险标的损失的间接的、不起决定作用的因素，称为远因。只有当保险事故的发生与损失的形成有直接因果关系时，才构成保险人赔付的条件。近因原则几乎为世界各国保险人在分析损失的原因和处理保险赔付责任时所采用。,Indemnity,补偿原则,补偿原则是指当保险事故发生时，被保险人从保险人所得到的赔偿应正好填补被保险人因保险事故所造成的保险金额范围内的损失。这是财产保险理赔的基本原则。通过补偿，使被保险人的保险标的在经济上恢复到受损前的状态，不允许被保险人因损失而获得额外的利益。,Coverage of marine cargo insurance,一,、,risks,1,海上风险（,Perils of the Sea,）,自然灾害（,Natural Calamities,）,意外事故（,Fortuitous Accidents,）,It refers to earthquake,heavy weather,lightning,hurricane,or volcanic eruption and flood,etc.,It includes stranding,striking a reef,sunk,collision,fire and explosion etc.,2.,外来风险（,Extraneous Risks,）,It means,the perils caused by other reasons except marine perils.,general extraneous risks,special extraneous risks,caused by theft,rain,leakage,shortage,breakage,dampness,mildewing,heating,taint of odor,hooking and rusting,caused by war,strikes,failure of delivery and rejection,etc.,Marine Losses,Losses sustained by the insured due to the risks listed above come from:,not only the,loss,of the goods or the,damage,done to the goods,but also from the,expenses,the insured sustained in rescuing the goods in danger,.,Types,constructive total loss,total loss actual total loss,risks,partial loss general average,particular average,Total Loss,Actual Total Loss,实际全损,means,the whole lot,of the consignment has been lost or damaged or found valueless upon arrival at the port of destination.,Constructive Total Loss,推定全损,is found in the case where the actual total loss of the insured goods is,unavoidable,or the ship or the consignment has to be,abandoned,because the cost of salvage or recovery would exceed the value of the ship and the consignment in sound condition upon the arrival of the port of destination.,Partial Loss,General Average,（共同海损）,is in use when,both,the ship and the consignments on board are endangered,and the captain,intentionally,and,reasonably,does some sacrifices or makes some expenses,for the,safety,of the ship and the consignments on board.,构成共同海损的条件是：,（,1,）共同海损的危险必须是实际存在的，或者是不可避免的，而非主观臆测的。,（,2,）必须是自愿地和有意识地采取合理措施所造成的损失或发生的费用。,3,）必须是为船货共同安全采取的谨慎行为或措施时所作的牺牲或引起的特殊费用。,（,4,）必须是共同海损直接、合理的的后果。,Particular Average,单独海损,means that a particular consignment is partially damaged.,It always refers to any other accident except G.A,i.e.the partial loss caused directly by perils,单独海损的特点是：,（,1,）它不是人为有意造成的部分损失。（,2,）它是风险导致的保险标的物本身的损失。（,3,）单独海损由受损方单独承担，但其可根据损失情况从保险人那里获得赔偿。,共同海损和单独海损的区别,1,.,造成海损的原因不同。单独海损是由承保风险所直接导致的船、货损失；而共同海损则是为了解除或减轻船、货共同的危险，人为地、间接地造成船货损失,2.,承担损失的责任不同。单独海损的损失一般由受损方自行承担；而共同海损的损失，则由受益的各方,（由于共同海损行为而受益的各方）,按照受益大小的比例共同分担,Expenses,1.,Sue and labor expenses(,施救费用,)are made by,the insured or his agent,to prevent them from suffering further losses.,2.,Salvage Charges,(,救助费用,)are made to those,other than the insured,the carrier and the insurer,who come to the salvage of the ship and the consignment.,Case 1,“明西奥”轮装载着散装亚麻子，驶向美国的纽约港。不幸，在南美飓风的冷风区内搁浅被迫抛锚。当时，船长发现船板有断裂危险，一旦船体裂缝漏水，亚麻子受膨胀有可能把船板胀裂，所以船长决定迅速脱浅，于是，该船先后,4,次动用主机，超负荷全速后退，终于脱浅成功。抵达纽约港后，对船体进行全面检修，发现主机和舵机受损严重，经过理算，要求货方承担,6451,英镑的费用。货主对该项费用发生异议，拒绝付款。试分析本案？,案例分析,根据共同海损的含义，货主无权拒付。从案例陈述的过程中可得共同海损成立；为了船、货共同安全而采取的合理措施而引起的损失，应由获救的各方和船方共同承担。,Case 2,我国诺华公司与新加坡金鼎公司于,99,年,10,月,20,日签订购买,52500,吨饲料的,CFR,合同。,诺华公司开出信用证，,装船期,为,2000,年,1,月,1,日至,1,月,10,日，由于金鼎公司租来运货的,亨利号,在开往某外国港口途中遇到飓风，结果装货,2000,年,1,月,20,日才完成。,承运人在取得金鼎公司出具保函情况下，签发了与信用证条款一致的提单。,“亨利号”途经某海峡时起火，造成部分饲料烧毁。船长在命令救火过程中又造成部分饲料湿毁。由于船在装货港口的迟延，使该船到达目的地时赶上了饲料价格下跌，诺华公司在出售余下的饲料时价格不得不大幅度下降，给诺华公司造成很大的损失。,请根据上述事例，回答以下问题：,（,1,）途中烧毁的饲料损失属什么损失，应由谁承担？,（,2,）途中湿毁的饲料损失属什么损失，应由谁承担？,（,3,）诺华公司可否向承运人追偿由于饲料价格下跌,造成的损失？,答案：,（,1,）属单独海损，应由诺华公司承担。因为途中烧毁的饲料不属共同海损，而依,CFR,术语，此时的在途货物已由诺华公司即买方承担风险。,（,2,）属共同海损。因为船舶和货物遭到了共同危险，船长为了共同安全，有意又合理地造成了饲料被湿毁。此项损失由诺华公司与船舶公司分别承担，这是共同海损的结果。,（,3,）可以。因为承运人迟延装船，又倒签提单，当然应对买方的损失负责。,Case 3,“昌隆”号货轮满载货物驶离上海港。开航后不久，由于空气温度过高，导致老化的电线短路引发大火，将装在第一货舱的,1000,条出口毛毯完全烧毁。船到新加坡港卸货时发现，装在同一货舱中的烟草和茶叶由于羊毛燃烧散发出的焦糊味而不同程度受到串味损失。其中由于烟草包装较好，串味不是非常严重，经过特殊加工处理，仍保持了烟草的特性，但是登记已大打折扣，售价下跌三成。而茶叶则完全失去了其特有的芳香，不能当作茶叶出售了，只能按廉价的填充物处理。,船经印度洋时，不幸与另一艘货船相撞，船舶严重受损，第二货舱破裂，仓内进入大量海水，剧烈的震荡和海水浸泡导致仓内装载的精密仪器严重受损。为了救险，船长命令动用亚麻临时堵住漏洞，造成大量亚麻损失。在船舶停靠泰国港避难进行大修时，船方联系了岸上有关专家就精密仪器的抢修事宜进行了咨询，发现整理恢复十分庞大，已经超过了货物的保险价值。为了方便修理船舶，不得不将第三舱和第四舱部分纺织品货物卸下，在卸货时有一部分货物有钩损，试分析上述货物损失属于什么损失。,案例分析,（,1,）第一货舱的货物。,1000,条毛毯的损失是意外事故火灾引起的实际全损，属于实际全损第一种情况,保险标的实体完全灭失。而烟草的串味损失属于火灾引起部分的损失，因为在经过特殊加工处理后，烟草仍然能保持其属性，可以按“烟草”出售，三成的贬值是烟草的部分损失。至于茶叶的损失则属于实际全损，因为火灾造成了“保险标的丧失属性”，虽然实体还在，但是已经完全不是投保时所描述的标的内容了。,（,2,）第二货舱的货物。精密仪器的损失属于意外事故碰撞造成的推定全损。根据推定全损的定义，当保险标的的实际全损不可避免，或为避免发生实际全损花费的整理拯救费用超过保险标的本身的价值或是其保险价值，就会得不偿失，从而构成推定全损。精密仪器恢复的费用异常昂贵，大大超过了其保险价值，已经构成推定全损。亚麻的损失是在危机时刻为了避免更多的海水涌入货舱威胁到船货的共同安全而被用来堵塞漏洞造成的，这种损失属于共同海损，由受益各方共同分摊。,（,3,）第三货舱的货物。纺织品所遭遇的损失，是为了方便共同海损修理而被迫卸下时所造成的，也属于共同海损。,Ocean Marine Insurance Under C.I.C(China Insurance Clauses),Under China Insurance Clauses(C.I.C),for each type of transportation insurance,there are,basic risks coverage,and,additional risks coverage,.,Basic Risks Coverage,Under C.I.C.,basic risks coverage falls into three groups:,Free from Particular Average(F.P.A,）,.,平安险,;,With(Particular)Average(W.A.,or,W.P.A.),水渍险,;,All Risks,一切险,.,The insured may choose any one from these suitable for the carriage of his goods.,Free from Particular Average(F.P.A.),“单独海损不赔”。,Free from Particular Average(F.P.A.),covers the following losses:,(1)Actual total loss or constructive total loss of the consignment caused by,natural calamities,such as vile weather,tsunami,earthquake,flood.When the consignment is carried by a lighter to or from the ship,the goods aboard the lighter can be taken as a whole consignment.,自然灾害造成的全部损失；,(2)Total loss or partial loss caused by,fortuitous accidents,such as stranding,striking upon the rocks,icebergs or other objects,collision,fire and explosion.,意外事故造成的全部损失和部分损失；,(3)General average of the insured goods attributable to vile weather,lightening and/or tsunami,where the ship has been stranded,sunk,or burned,inspective of whether the event took place after or before such accidents,意外事故之前或之后在海上遭受自然灾害而使货物造成的部分损失；,(4)Partial or total loss consequent on failing of an entire package or packages into the sea during loading,unloading,and transshipment.,装卸或转船造成的全部或部分损失,(5)Reasonable,expenses,the insured makes,for the salvage,of the goods insured,and for averting or minimizing the losses,provided the expenses do not exceed the insured amount.,抢救费用。不超过货物的保险金额。,(6)Expenses incurred by discharge of the insured cargoes at a port of distress following a sea peril as well as special charges arising from loading,warehousing at an intermediate port of call or refuge.,（,6,）避难港卸货引起的全损或部分损失。（或中途港、卸货港）,(7)Sacrifice in and contribution to general average and salvage charges.,（,7,）共同海损的牺牲、分批和救助费用。,(8)Such proportion of losses sustained by the ship-owners as is to be reimbursed by the insured under the Contract of,Affreightment,“Both to Blame Collision”clause.,8,）运输契约订有“船舶互撞责任”条款，据,该条款规定应有货方偿还船方的损失,适用范围：大宗、低值粗糙的包装货物，如：废钢材、木材、矿砂等。,Minimum coverage,，,least premium,With Average(W.A.),“,负责单独海损”。,Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A.condition as above,W.A.,also covers particular average of the insured goods caused by bad weather,lightening,tsunami,earthquake and/or flood.,承保范围：,平安险所承保的全部责任。,被保险货物在运输途中由于自然灾害造成的部分损失。,All Risks,Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A.and W.A.conditions as above,All Risks,also covers all risks or damage done to the insured goods whether partial or total,arising from general extraneous risks during transit.,责任范围：,平安险和水渍险的保险责任,一般外来原因造成全部或部分损失。,To distinguish,水渍险,=,平安险,+,单独海损（自然灾害造成的部分损失）,一切险,=,水渍险,+11,种一般附加险,Additional Risks,Additional risks complement the basic risks.,Additional risks can not be used independently.,Additional risks under C.I.C.fall into,general additional risks,and,special additional risks,.,General Additional Risks,General additional risks,cover the losses caused by general extraneous risks.,General additional risks,are covered by All Risks in basic insurance coverage.Hence,you do not need to ask for general additional risks coverage if you have asked for All Risks coverage.,General additional risks,fall into 11 types:,11 Types of General Additional Risks,1.,偷窃提货不着险（,Theft,Pilferage and Non-delivery,简称,T.P.N.D.,）,2.,淡水雨淋险（,Fresh Water and/or Rain Damage,，,简称,F.W.R.D.,）,3.,短量险（,Risk of Shortage,）,4.,混杂、沾污险（,Risk of,lnter,-mixture&Contamination,）,5.,渗漏险（,Risk of Leakage,）,6.,碰损、破碎险（,Risk of Clash&Breakage,）。,7.,串味险（,Taint of Odor,）,8.,受热、受潮险（,Damage Caused by Heating&Sweating,）,9.,钩损险（,Hook Damage,）,10.,包装破裂险（,Loss or Damage Caused by Breakage of Packing,）,11.,锈损险（,Risks of Rust,）,Particular additional risks,-,交货不着险,Failure to Deliver,-,舱面险,On Deck,-,进口关税险,Import Duty,-,拒收险,Rejection,-,黄曲霉素险,Aflatoxin,-,火险责任扩展条款,Fire risk extension clause-for storage of cargo at destination HongKong,including Kowloon,or Macao,-,战争险,War Risk,-,罢工险,Strike Risk,Insurance practice,Premium calculation,Premium is generally based on the value of goods covered and the statistical probability of loss.It depends on:,1)nature of packing used,2)type and the value of the merchandise to insured.,3)the nature of transit and related warehouse accommodation,4)past experience of fixing the premium rate,5)the volume of cargo,Insurance document,insurance policy,A legal document a contract between the insurer and the insured,Binding upon both the insurer and the,insured,Sample,保单样本,.doc,保险凭证,insurance certificate,It is a simplified insurance policy.The rights and obligations of the two parities are omitted at the back of it.,It has the same legal validity as the insurance policy,联合凭证,combined certificate,This is a cerifificate which combines the invoice with the insurance policy.,It is the simplest insurance certificate in use.,预约保单,open policy,It is a contract between an insurance company and the exporter by which all shipments made by the assured are automatically protected from the time the cargoes leave the initial shipping poin until delivery at destination.,又称开口保险单，它是一种没有总保险金额限制的预约保险总合同，是保险人对被保险人将要装运的属于约定范围内的一切货物自动承保的总合同。,流动保险单（,floating policy,）,是一种连续有效的保险单，适用于长期有相同类型货物需要陆续分批装运的情况。规定一个总保险金额，每次装运货物后，保险人即从总保险金额中予以扣除，至总保险金额被扣尽，流动保险单效力即告终止。,说明：,1,保险单据的转让,无需取得保险人的同意，也无需通知保险人。即使在保险标的发生损失后，保险单据仍可有效转让。,5,、我某公司以,CIF,术语出口一批化肥，装运前按合同规定已向保险公司投保水渍险，货物装妥后顺利开航。载货船舶起航后不久在海上遭遇暴风雨，海水涌入舱内，至使部分化肥遭到水渍，损失价值达,1000,美元，数日后，又发现部分化肥袋包装破裂，估计损失达,1500,美元，问：该损失应由谁承担？,答：,（,1,）,1000,美元的损失应由保险公司承担赔偿责任，,1500,美元的损失应由买方自己承担。,（,2,）本案例涉及保险理赔及,CIF,的风险界点问题，根据中国人民保险公司,海洋货物运输保险条款,规定的水渍险的承保责任范围：除包括平安险的各项责任外，还负责被保险货物由于恶劣气候、雷电、海啸、地震、洪水等自然灾害所造成的部分损失。,另外，本案中交货条件为,CIF,，根据,2000,年国际贸易术语解释通则,中的解释，按,CIF,条件成交，买卖双方交货的风险界点在装运港的船舷，货物越过装运港船舷以前的风险由卖方承担，货物越过装运港船舷以后的风险由买方承担；,CIF,是象征性交货，卖方凭单交货、买方凭单付款，即使货物在运输途中全部灭失，买方仍需付款。,（,3,）结合本案例，,1000,美元的损失是由于自然灾害导致的意外损失，属于保险公司水渍险的承保责任范围，故保险公司应该赔偿。,1500,美元的损失，是由于包装破裂引起的，它不属于水渍险的承保责任范围，而属于一般附加险中包装破裂险的责任范围，故保险公司是不负赔偿责任的，另：根据,CIF,风险界点问题，此项损失应由买方自行承担。,案例分析,：有一批货物已投保了平安险，载运该批货物的海轮于,5,月,3,日在海面遇到暴风雨的袭击，使该批货物受到部分水渍，损失货值,1000,元。该货轮在继续航行中，又于,5,月,8,日发生触礁事故，又使该批货物损失,1000,元。,问：保险公司如何赔偿？,-,保险公司对于由暴风雨的袭击而遭水渍和发生触礁而损失的两部分都应给于赔偿。如果该批货物仅仅遭暴风雨袭击带来的损失，这种损失是不在平安险承保范围内的（由于自然灾害所造成的单独海损不在平安险承保范围内）；但由于随后货轮发生触礁事故，所以保险公司对暴风雨带来的损失也要负赔偿责任。（如果运输工具在运输过程中发生搁浅、触礁、沉没等意外事故，不论事故是发生之前或之后由于自然灾害所造成的单独海损，是在平安险的范围内的）,