英语写作课PPT-第二课-lecture-two-diction.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lecture Two,Diction:,choice and use of words,The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lightning and the lighting bug,用词准确与用词几乎准确，这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”,Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion:it is a courtesy to others,and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world.,-,The Readers Digest,A.Formal Diction,Formal English is the language of professional journals,formal speeches,and most serious college writing.,“gentlemen”vs.“men”or“guys”.,Poor-,impoverished;,rich-,wealthy;,clever(smart)-,intelligent;,car-,automobile;,TV-,television;,hard-working-,diligent;,next-to-last-,penultimate;,“on the penultimate day of the week-long meeting”(,在历时一周的会议结束的前一天,Formal,There is nothing new in the recognition,within a given language,of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough,perhaps characteristically,more elevated purposes.,The monolithic(,单一的；统一的,)nature of English is not questioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast poetry and common speech.,The latter is recognized in America to be the proper subject for the investigation of linguists who,however,now show some incipient(,起初的,)inclination to investigate poetry,too,and other,noncasual,(,无关联的,)utterances(,话语,)in a given language.,Informal Diction,Informal English-the English we speak each day-is found in parts of novels,short stories,letters,books,newspapers,articles for general readership and advertisements.,1.Colloquialisms,Colloquial English occurs in casual speech and it is perfectly acceptable when you are speaking on any but the most formal occasions.,Contractions-isnt,wont,Im,hed,Shortened forms-phone,exam,photo,Phrases-you know,I mean,Eg,.Doing part times jobs is terribly beneficial to college students.,Eg,.The cop are ready at any time to protect the security of our property and life.,terribly very;cop police,I saw a ghost,and I was frightened to death.(colloquial),I saw an apparition,and it reduced me to a condition of moral terror.(formal),Slang words are highly informal,：,they may be vivid and interesting,but they may,when used inappropriately,make the writer or speaker sound offensive.,On hearing that his father had,kicked,the,bucket,we wrote him a letter to express our sympathies.,Formal,vs,common,Common:,same speech learned,Formal:,Identical oration erudite,Common;,Destroy stiff try piece,Formal:,Annihilate rigid endeavor fragment,understand the,differrence,The color fits you well.,(X),The color suits you well.,These shoes dont suit me.,.(X),These shoes dont fit me.,fit&suit（,适合）（,fit：,大小尺码合适；,suit：,看上去体面协调。）,搭配上的不同,Consist,compose,constitute,make up,Sure,certain,I am sure that I can benefit a lot from doing temporary jobs in my free time.,It is certain that social knowledge is indispensable for a college student to adapt to the society.,Spread,scatter,Occur,happen,take place,Deprive,rob,deny,Elect,vote,select,pick up,choose,Disturb,interfere,Focus,concentrate,Estimate,predict,Involve,include,contain,Survive,exist,live,Offer,provide,supply,Vary,change,shift,alter,convert,Suspect,doubt,Convince,persuade,dissuade,Damage,injure,harm,hurt,Affect,influence,Wait,expect,anticipate,look forward to,Create,invent,make,manufacture,discover,Rise,arise,raise,arouse,Vocational,professional,Scarce,rare,Alive,live,lively,living,Tense,nervous,Ancient,old,Economic,economical,Historic,historical,Late,later,latter,latest,Single,individual,Priceless,valuable,precious,treasured,Considerate,considerable,Sensitive,sensible,sensory,sentimental,sensational,Imaginable,imaginary,imaginative,Respective,respectable,respectful,respected,General&specific,In my hometown in spring,the weather is very bad.,In my hometown in spring,the wind may blow all day long and the air is filled with dust which sometimes shuts out the sun.It goes into your eyes,your ears,your nostrils,and your hair,and penetrates through the closed,windows.（with,the help of details）,General:It is a beautiful park.,Specific:With streams and ponds shaded by willows and bamboos,and small,elegantly-furnished cottages behind piles of rocks,the park is quiet even when there are many visitors in it,and cool when it is hot summer outside.,a,good,man,kind,honest,just,generous,sympathetic,selfless,brave,honorable,sincere,just,generous,enthusiastic,warm-hearted,friendly,good,food,tasty,delicious,nourishing,rich,fresh,appetizing,abundant,house,mansion,villa,chateau(,城堡）,cottage,bungalow,（有游廊的平房）,cabin,（简陋的小屋）,hut,（小屋，棚屋）,shack,（做某种用途的小屋）,shanty,（贫民窟）,shed,（关动物的小屋，棚）,barn,（谷仓）,laugh,smile,beam,（微笑）,snigger(snicker,窃笑），,titter,（嗤嗤地笑），,chuckle(,抿嘴轻声笑，），,chortle,（哈哈大笑），,grin,（露齿而笑）,giggle,（咯咯地笑，傻笑）,guffaw(,哄笑，狂笑）,改善，提高,1.Now things are_,（好转）。,Looking up,2.Computers have _(,改善我们的生活）。,Made life better for us.,3.I will _,（强化，提高）,my English before I go to America.,brush,polish,4.John says he is going to _(,把旧车整新一下）,old car.,do up/have his old car done up,5.The company _(,不断壮大,)since it was established ten years ago.,has gone from strength from strength,6.There is a great _(,比以前大有进步,)your previous work.,Improvement over,7.This is an opportunity to _(,提升公司声誉,)the reputation of the company.,promote,高兴的,Dont ask her now until he is _,（心情好）。,in a good mood,We had a very _(,愉快会谈,)on the train.,Cheerful chat,Dont take _(,幸灾乐祸,)in others misfortune,delight,My son soon_(,高兴起来,)when I offered to take him eat outside.,Cheered up,He is looking very_(,沾沾自喜,).,pleased with ones self,She was _(,非常高兴,)when she announced her engagement.,All smiles,Everyone was_ and the party was a great success.,In high spirit,重要的,主要的，有影响的,1.The job_(,对他很重要）,.,Means a lot to him.,2 His family_(,对他很重要,).,Means everything/is everything,3.It was a _(,生命中的重要时刻,),Historic moment in his life.,4.His experience really _(,重要,),Counts,5._(,我们主要关心的是,)is the safety of the children.,Our primary concern,6.Our_(,主要关心的是,)is to pass TEM-4.,top priority,7.Changing school _(,对我的一生有重大影响,).,made great difference to me,8.Her opinion_(,对老板有很大的影响,),。,Carries great weight with the boss,Doing this job makes me feel very happy all the time(,Chinglish,:word-to-word translation).,The job is a constant source of my happiness.,Much harder as he works,he get low salary(,Chinglish,).,He gets very little in reward for his hard work,He comes from a doctors family.He comes from a long line of doctors,Her response came as a great surprise and left him speechless.,I was too tired and went out like a light.,His eyes lit up as she went into the room,Learn to imitate,Waves of rejoicing swept the place.(Langston Hughes),At the good news of success/victory in the bid for the 2008 Olympics,waves of joy/laughter swept the whole country.,Intellectual standards in the university had deteriorated.(Bertrand Russell),Moral standards have deteriorated in recent years.,Educational standards in our country have deteriorated in recent years.,Exercise:Choose the more suitable word from the two provided for each blank in the following sentences,and give reasons for your choice.,1.,She is an _(,eminent,imminent)artist in this city.,As a result of overpopulation,a depression seems _(eminent,imminent,)in this rich country.,Eminent,is used to describe a person;an,eminent,person is famous and distinguished.,Imminent(about to happen,likely to happen soon),is used to describe an event,especially an unpleasant one.,2.,There will,be_(farther,further,)changes in the itinerary(,旅行路线,).,This group of explorers went _(,farther,further)in the desert than that one.,Further,and,farther,are both comparative forms of far.As adjective,both are used only before noun.The adjective,further,means“more or additional”while the adjective,farther,means“more distant”.As an adverb,further,can be used interchangeably with,farther,.In spoken English it is more useful to use,further,.,3.,He,tried_(,hard,hardly)but failed to finish his work in time.,The interpreter could _(hard,hardly,)catch up with the fluent speaker.,Hard,may be used as either an adjective or an adverb(used after verb).If you work,hard,(doing something),you are“using a lot of effort,energy,or attention.”,Hardly,is an adverb meaning“almost not”.,4.,What the minister has,said_(,implies,infers)that there will be a change in the economic policy.,From his statement the listeners _(imply,infer,)that there will be a change in the economic policy.,Imply,means“to suggest that something is true,without saying this directly”;,infer,means“to form an opinion that something is probably true because of information that you have.”,5.,_(Its,Its,)Jim who has helped me.,I like the cut of the jacket,but I dont like _(,its,its)color.,Its,is the short form of it is;,its,the possessive form of it.,6.,He_(,lay,laid)on the grass,looking at the sky,.,He_(lay,laid,)his pen on the desk and began reading.,Laid,is the past tense of lay(=place),which means“to put something/someone down carefully into a flat position.”,Lay,is the past tense of lie,which means“to be in a position in which your body is flat on the floor,on a bed,etc.”,7.,The director is a,very_(,practical,practicable)man;he has no fanciful ideas.,These plans are good and _(practical,practicable,).,Practical,and,practicable,are both adjectives.,Practical,can be used to describe a person;a practical person is“good at dealing with problems and making decisions based on what is possible and what will really work.”Practicable means“that can be put into practice;workable.”,8.,She,is_(,proud,arrogant)of the success her group has won.,That nobleman often speaks in a(an)_(proud,arrogant,)tone.,Proud,is a fairly general word used to say that someone is pleased with themselves,pleased with what they have achieved,or pleased with something or someone connected with them.,Arrogant,is a disapproving word meaning that someone thinks they are better than other people.,9.,I_(,hope,wish)she will recover quickly from her illness.,I_(hope,wish,)she were here with us.,Hope,is used to talk about things that could happen,or could be true;,wish,is used to talk about things that are not true,not possible,or very unlikely.,10.,I _(,doubt,suspect)whether this plan will work.,I _(doubt,suspect,)that he is not telling the truth.,Doubt,means“to think that something may not be true or that it is unlikely”;,suspect,means“to think that something is probably true,especially something bad.”,.,