1、复习纲要一.名词:名词单复数,名词的格(一)名词单复数1一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries4以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives5不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policem
2、an-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-micechild-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese不可数名词的复数就是原型: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea(二)名词的格(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:a) 单数后加 s 如: Lucys ruler my fathers shirtb) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 如: his friends bagsc
3、) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 s childrens shoesl 并列名词中,如果把 s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如: Tom and Mikes car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车l 要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加s Toms and Mikes cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车 (2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of 名词”来表示所有关系:如:A picture of the classroom a map of China二.冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:(1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle 元音开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / a
4、n apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /(2)定冠词:the the egg the plane2. 用法:定冠词的用法:(1)特指某(些)人或
5、某(些)物: The ruler is on the desk. (2)复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys arent at school.(4)在序数词前: Johns birthday is February the second.(5)用于固定词组中: in the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠词的情况:(1)专有名词前:China is a big country. (2)名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , so
6、me, any , no 等:This is my baseball.(3)复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys cant swim. They are teachers.(4)在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. Its Sunday.(5)一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.(6)球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.(7)学科名称前:My
7、favorite subject is music.(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr. Li.(9)固定词组中:at noon at night by bus三、代词:人称代词,物主代词人称代词物主代词主格宾格第一人称单数I(我)memy(我的)复数we(我们)usour(我们的)第二人称单数you(你)youyour(你的)复数you(你们)youyour(你们的)第三人称单数he(他)himhis(他的)she(她)herher(她的)it(它)itits(它的)复数they(他们/她们/它们)themtheir(他们的/她们的/它们的)四、形容词,副词:比较级,最高级(一
8、)、形容词的比较级1、形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。2形容词加er的规则: 一般在词尾加er ; 以字母e 结尾,加r ; 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ; 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。3不规则形容词比较级:good-better, beautiful-more beautiful(二)副词的比较级1形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)在句子中形容
9、词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)五 数词:基数词,序数词(1)1-20one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。23twenty-three,34thirty-four,4
10、5fortyfive,56fifty-six,67sixty-seven,78seventy-eight,89eighty-nine,91ninety-one(3)101999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586five hundred and eighty-six,803eight hundred and three(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion 1,001one thousand and one18,423eighteen thousand,four
11、 hundred and twenty-three6,260,309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000seven hundred and fifty billion二、序数词(1)一般在基数词后加theg.fourfourth,thirteenthirteenth(2)不规则变化onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelvetwelfth(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th
12、twentytwentieth, fortyfortieth, ninetyninetieth(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth基数词转为序数词的口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th。一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d。八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。ty将y变成i,th前面有个e。若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。六、介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。 at 1:00(da
13、wn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午) 2on 1)表示具体日期。 注:(1)关于在周末的几种表示法: at(on)the weekend在周末-特指 at(on)weekends在周末-泛指 over the weekend在整个周末 during the weekend在周末期间 (2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas而不说on Christmas 2)在(刚)的时候。 On reaching the city he called up his parents一到城里他就给父母打了一个xx。 3in 1)表示时段、时期,在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者
14、强调对比,后者强调持续。 in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪) 七、动词:动词的四种时态:(1)一般现在时:一般现在时的构成1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。 如: We study English. 我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加-s或-es。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。动词+s的变化规则1一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-coo
15、ks, milk-milks2以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes3以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies(2)一般过去时:动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:、规则动词一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如worked , learned , cleaned , visited以e结尾的动词直接加d:如lived , danced , used以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如study studied carry
16、 carried worry worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类) 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如stopped 、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing sang , eat ate , see saw , have had , do did , go went , take took , buy bought , get got , read read ,fly flew , am/is was , are were , say said , leave left , swim swam , tell t
17、old , draw drew , e came , lose lost , find found , drink drank , hurt hurt , feel felt(3)一般将来时:基本结构: be going to + do; will+ do. be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.(4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则: 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going
18、, working , singing , eating 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having , writing 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting需要熟记的小知识点1.a lot of 、lots of表示“许多”: +可数名词/不可数名词。Many/much 也表示“许多” Many+可数名词 Much+不可数名词some表示“一些”, +可数名词/不可数名词。用于肯定句any表示“一些”, +可数名词/不可数名词。用于否定句a few与 a little都表示数量虽少但毕竟还有,强调“有”。
19、a few+可数名词, a little+不可数名词。No 表示没有+可数/不可数名词2.系表结构: (注意不用副词)be, feel, look, sound, smell, bee, keep + 形容词fast ,hard ,high,early,late, 形容和副词同形3. speak ,talk,say,tell区别Speak强调方式, say强调内容, tell后一定要加人或讲的内容, talk强调连续说4. must 和can用法1)must和can都是情态动词,后面跟动词原形。常用的情态动词还有:should、 may 等。2)can的基本用法:表示能力。He can sing.表示许可。Can I go now?表示请求。Can I have some paper?3) must的基本用法:表示必须的意思。You must do your homework now. 表示必然的结果。The sun must rises from the east.太阳必定从东方升起。mustnt却表示不要、不能、禁止的意思,语气较强. We mustnt play on the road