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?1?4.0?2019?12?20?i?.1?.1?.6?.10?.10?.11?.12?.13?.16?.16?.19?VR?AR?MR.21?.22?MBSE.24?.25?.26?.28?.28?.31?.31?.31?.32?.35?.41?.43?.49?.49?.55 ii?.57?.61?.65?.75?.79?.79?.80?.81?.84?.92?.100?.105?.105?.106?.108?.112?.118?.125?.132?.132?.133?.134?.135 1?1?PLM?Michael Grieves?2002?10?Digital Twin?2009?Airframe Digital Twin?2010?NASA?Digital Twin?2011?Michael Grieves?Virtually Perfect:Driving Innovative and Lean Products through Product Lifecycle Management?NASA?John Vickers?NASA?Digital Twin?1?2013?1?PLM?2?2?3?2?(1)1960-?CAD/CAE?(2)2002-2010?MBSE?(3)2010-2020?NASA?GE?20?IT?2018?ISO?IEC?IEEE?ISO?(4)2020-2030?2?PLM?Gartner?2017?Gartner?2018?2019?2017?2019?Gartner?2019?2?Gartner?13%?62%?2022?2/3?4?2020?Gartner?2020?2019?7?Gartner?2019?9?1?GPT?(1)?(2)?(3)?(4)?GPT?GPT?GPT?1?(1750-1850)?(1850-1950)?(1950-2020)?(2020-2080?)?-?-?5?(1750-1850)?(1850-1950)?(1950-2020)?(2020-2080?)?/?/?/?/?/?AI/?/IoT?21?20?3?3?6?2?2009?2019?ISO 23247?2?14?AFRL Airframe Digital Twin is an integrated system of data,models,and analysis tools to represent an airframe over its entire life cycle to provide actionable information for making decisions now(diagnosis)and for the future(prognosis)on a fleet-wide and individual tail number basis considering all sources of uncertainty.?2009 NASA A digital twin is an integrated multi-physics,multi-scale,probabilistic simulation of a vehicle or system that uses the best available physical models,sensor updates,fleet history,etc.,to mirror the life of its flying twin.?(?)?2010 Dr.Michael Grieves A virtual product is a use-specific informational or bit-based representation and its associated rule-based environment of a physical or atom-based product and its natural behavior.Virtualization:Creating an informational or bit-based representation of a physical or atom-based product.The Information Mirroring Model(IMM)as a framework for conceptualizing PLM and explored the implications of the duality of physical and virtual products.The ability to use virtual products in place of their physical counterparts drives the value of the IMM.?PLM?2011 NASA/AFOSR A Digital Twin is an integrated multiphysics,multiscale,probabilistic simulation of an as-built vehicle or system that uses the best available physical models,sensor updates,fleet history,etc.,to mirror the life of its corresponding flying twin.?(?)?2012 7?USAF Digital Twin,a virtual representation of the system as an integrated system of data,models,and analysis tools applied over the entire life cycle on a tail-number unique and operatorby-name basis.?2013 DoD Digital Thread:An extensible,configurable and component enterprise-level analytical framework that seamlessly expedites the controlled interplay of authoritative technical data,software,information,and knowledge in the enterprise data-information-knowledge systems,based on the Digital System Model template,to inform decision makers throughout a systems life cycle by providing the capability to access,integrate and transform disparate data into actionable information.Digital Twin:An integrated multi-physics,multi-scale,probabilistic simulation of an as-built system,enabled by Digital Thread,that uses the best available models,sensor information,and input data to mirror and predict activities/performance over the life of its corresponding physical twin.?2014 GE Digital twins are software representations of assets and processes that are used to understand,predict,and optimize performance in order to achieve improved business outcomes.Digital twins consist of three components:a data model,a set of analytics or algorithms,and knowledge.?2015 PTC A digital twin is a function of things(the devices and products generating data),connectivity(working to bring networks together),data management(cloud computing,storage,and analytics),and applications.As such,they likely will figure heavily into the construction and logic of IoT platforms.?2015 Dr.the Digital Twin is a set of virtual?2016 8?Michael Grieves&John Vickers information constructs that fully describes a potential or actual physical manufactured product from the micro atomic level to the macro geometrical level.At its optimum,any information that could be obtained from inspecting a physical manufactured product can be obtained from its Digital Twin.Digital Twins are of three types:Digital Twin Prototype(DTP),Digital Twin Instance(DTI)and Digital Twin Aggregate(DTA).DTs are operated on in a Digital Twin Environment(DTE).?A digital twin can be defined,fundamentally,as an evolving digital profile of the historical and current behavior of a physical object or process that helps optimize business performance.?2017 IBM A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical object or system across its lifecycle,using real-time data to enable understanding,learning and reasoning.?2017?A Smart City Digital Twin is a smart,IoT-enabled,data-rich virtual platform of a city that can be used to replicate and simulate changes happening in the real city to improve resilience,sustainability,and livability.?2017 SAP A digital twin is a virtual representation of a physical object or system but it is much more than a high-tech lookalike.Digital twins use data,machine learning,and the Internet of Things(IoT)to help companies optimize,innovate,and deliver new services.?2018 ISO CD 23247 Digital Twin:fit for purpose digital representation of some realized thing or process with a means to enable convergence between the realised instance and digital instance at an appropriate rate of synchronisation.?2019?9?Digital Twin?Digital Twin?1.?object?entity?2.?(a)?system?(b)?system of systems?digital(ly)twinned/twinning?1.Digital Twin?2.?3.?digitally twinned?4.?10?4?4?5?Michael Grieves?11?5?5?GB/T 33474-2016?ISO/IEC 30141:2018?ISO 23247?6?12?6?5?6?/?7?3?/?13?7?3?/?+?+?/?/?/?/?/?/?/?/?/?3?8?14?8?1.?2.?3.?4.?15?5.?4?1?/?2?/?3?/?4?/?5?/?16?5?6?MBSE?2?50?7?5?9?9?17?10?PLM?CIMdata?18?10?PLM?11?(a)?(b)?PLCS?ISO 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ABB?ABB?2.?23?Twin-Control?23?45?24?Twin-Control?CAD?CAE?24?MASA?Logrono?Gepro?Cleon?Comau?3.?PTC?ANSYS?25?46?25?ANSYS?20KHz?IoT EL20?PTC ThingWorx?ThingWorx?ThingWorx?EL20?ThingWorx?web?VR?4.?47?26?26?Flownex?Flownex?27?Flownex?Flownex?PID?NI?NI?LabVIEW?Flownex?Flownex?48?27?Flownex?Flownex?49?1.?DTC?Direct To Consumer?DTC?28?IT?DT?50?28 DTC?2.?1?2?51?JIT?Adidas?Nike?IT?DT?DTC?3?80%?GDP?3.?30?29?30?52?29?30?Conflux?DXV?Gersthofen?1?53?JIT?31?31?2?32?54?32?55?IT?DT?IT?DT?1?APP?56?2?3D?3?57?GE?RR?VR?AR?1.?33?58?33?1?2?2.?1?59?PLCS?IT?DT?2?BI?3?60?GDP?4?5?61?IT?DT?AMES?1.?Generative Design?GD?AAD?Algorithms-Aided Design?Computational Design?GD?62?CAD?GD?GD?CAD/CAE/OPT?CAD?OPT?Optimization?CAD?CAE?2.?20?80?3D?ASTM?F42?63?LOM?SLA?SLS?FDM?20?20?3.?AMES?64?CNC?IP?AMES?AMES?3D?3D?AMES?AMES?AMES?AM?CAD?3D?AMES?AMES?AMES?65?AMES?4.?1.?APP?66?APP?67?TA?VR?AR?34?34?VR?FDM?3D?3D?2.?68?SKF?800?SKU?40?35?69?35?SKF?DHL?2019?DHL?36?3D?70?36?DHL?71?UPS?Fast Radius?SAP?24?UPS?1?UPS?62?UPS?3D?72?3D?First Radius?3D?UPS?2?Fast Radius?UPS WorldPort?Fast Radius?6?3?UPS?UPS?3D?3D?3.?2013?2014?GE?2035?MRO?73?OEM?AD?SB?IAE?V2500?500?600?TAT?TAT?310?60%?+?PW?RR?GE?MRO?VR?74?160?4D?75?37?37?3D?MADE IN SPACE?GE?GE?GE?76?Catalyst?855?12?5%?Catalyst?20?10%?4,000?33%?CT7?/?38?39?300?50?IT?GE?38?GE Aviation?39?GE Aviation?77?GE?2016?GE?ANSYS?GE?ANSYS?ANSYS?GE?Predix?ANSYS?Predix?40?40 ANSYS?GE?ANSYS?GE?ANSYS?GE?78?GE?GE?GE?GE?TrueChoice?79?CIM?41?41?80?ICT?AR/VR?/?/?IT?DT?81?1.?42?42?1?2)?82?2.?1?CIM?BIM?CIM?3D-GIS?CIM?CIM?2?83?3?4?84?GDP?5?1.?85?CIM?LiDAR?4?5?LiDAR?TDOM?DSM?SLAM?86?2.BIM BIM?Building Information Modeling?BIM?Chuck Eastman?1975?BIM?20?70?80?BIM?Product Information Model?Building Product Model?1986?Robert Aish?Building Information Modeling?BIM?RUCAPS?21?BIM?87?21?BIM?BIM?BIM?NBIMS?BIM?1?BIM?2?BIM?3?BIM?BIM?IFC?IFC?EXPRESS?IFC4?775?418?390?4?21?4?IFC?5?8?IFC?IFC?BIM?CIM?3.3D-GIS 3D-GIS?88?3D-GIS?2D-GIS?20?90?GIS?20?90?3D-GIS?3D-GIS?3D-GIS?3D-GIS?2D-GIS?3D-GIS?3D-GIS?4.CIM?89?3D-GIS?(BIM)?BIM?3D-GIS?CIM?43?43 3D-GIS?BIM?CIM?BIM?3D GIS?BIM?GIS?CIM?CIM?CityGML?CityGML?CityGML?5?LoDs?LoD0?2.5?DTM?LoD1?LoD2?LoD3?LoD4?LoD3?CIM?90?5.?40?60?Goal?98?Digital Earth?2005?Google?Google Earth?Google Earth?Google?91?6.?IT?DT?ID?20?60?80?90?1?Face Detection?2?Face Alignment?92 3?Face Attribute?4?Face Feature Extraction?5?Face Compare?6?Face Verification?7?Face Recognition?8?Face Retrieval?9?Face Cluster?10?Face Liveness?(?)?93?44?44?1.?94?2.?GPS?95?3.?10?96?4.?CIM?97?5.?6.?98?7.?APP?8.?ICT?99?45?Wi-Fi?/?45?9.?100?1.?3D?/?/?/?3D?3D?718?500-660?16?5500?2014?-2016?1?NRF?SLA?GovTech?NRF?SLA?3D?GovTech?46?46?3D?2.?101?3D?Internet?47?47?LED?2D?102?48?48?HDB Greenprint?HDB?49?49?103?50?50?3G/4G?3D?3D?3.?WOG?GeoSpace?OneMap?3D?104?105?2011?3?AFRL?2012?NASA?51(a)?51(b)?(a)(b)?51?106?2020-2030?2025?52?107?52?Cyber Vision 2025?Cyber Vision 2025?DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STRATEGY FOR OPERATING IN CYBERSPACE?53?53?Cyber Vision 2025?108?CS?1?2?3?1.?6?1?54?109?54?2?55?55?110?6?1?2?3?2.?1?2?111?3?4?5?112?1.?1981?Ready II?1988?1?EFIA:Essential Function Item Analysis?113?2?DMEA:Damage Mode and Effect Analysis?3?DTA:Damage Tree Analysis?DTA?4?DLA:Damage Location Analysis?56?56?5?RMA/RRA:Repair Method and Repair Resource Analysis?114?2.?3.?115?5?5?-?EADTB?/?/?GBI?/?PAC3SIM?Eglin?1?2?57?57?3?116?4.?C4ISR?C4ISR?C4KISR?1?2?3?117 5.?/?/?1?58?58?2?118?3?GPS?4?/?/?5?1.?119?1?59?Cyber Vision 2025?59?/?/?60?60?120?2?2.?1?61?121?61?2?62?62?122?3.?123?1?Digital Cacophony 2?Star Trek 3?Gullivers Travails 4?Pax American 5?Byte!6?Zaibastu 7?Hooverville 8?King Khan?63?Air Force 2025?124?64?3?125?1.?CS?PUBG?1?a?CAD?126?65?65?b?3D?2.5D?GIS?c?2?a?b?127?c?3?4?a?b?128?2.?1?2?129?3?/?1?1999?3?24?6?20?B-2?F-111?F-117A?B-IB?B-52?F-16?AV-8B?2000?-3?-29?2?GIS?BIM?3?130?B-2?F-111?F-117A?B-IB?B-52?F-16?AV-8B?2000?-29?4?5?6?GPS?7?131?-3?8?9?10?11?1?2?3?132?14?2018?IIC?4.0?2019?ISO/TC 184?2019?3?IEEE?P2806?2019?5?ISO/IEC?ISO/IEC JTC 1?34?JTC 1?2019?7?ISO/TC184?IEC/TC65?ISO/IEC/JWG21?8?TF8?133?TF8?ISO?IEC?2019?11?3?ISO/IEC JTC 1 AG 11?AG 11?2019?11?12?2019?12?1?ISO/TC184/SC4 WG 15?ISO 23247?ISO/DIS 23247?2?ISO/TC184/SC4 JWG 16?ISO TR 24464?2020?134?PLM?135?1 Michael Grieves,John Vickers.Digital Twin:Mitigating Unpredictable,Undesirable Emergent Behavior in Complex Systems M./Kahlen,Flumerfelt,Alves(Eds).Trans-Disciplinary Perspectives on System Complexity.Switzerland:Springer,2016:85-114 2 Michael Grieves.Virtually Perfect:Driving Innovative and Lean Products through Product Lifecycle Management M.Cocoa Beach:Space Coast Press,2011 3 Michael Grieves.?M.?,?,?.?:?,2017 4 Piascik R,Vickers J,Lowry D,Scotti S,Stewart J,Calomino A.Technology Area 12:Materials,Structures,Mechanical Systems,and Manufacturing Road Map R.NASA Office of Chief Technologist,2010 5 Shafto M,Conroy M,Doyle R,Glaessgen E,Kemp C,LeMoigne J,Wang L.Technology Area 11:Modeling,Simulation,Information 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WEEKLY,2018 51?,?.BIM?SuperMap GIS?J.?,2018 52?,?.?IFC?BIM?J.?,2017 53?,?.?GIS?J.?,2017 54?,?.3DGIS?J.?,2009 55?.?D.?,2014 56?.?EB/OL.(2018-4-25).https:/ 57 National Research Foundation Prime Ministers Office SINGAPORE.Virtual