现在分词与过去分词.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,现在分词和过去分词,1,非谓语动词,1,什么是非谓,语动词啊？,“,非谓语非谓语,”,就是不是谓语的动词呗,!,那不是谓语,是什么呢？,。,3,一、非谓语使用条件,一个句子当中，,已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词,的情况下,She got off the bus,but,left her handbag on her seat.,She got off the bus,leaving her handbag on her seat.,4,英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构,如果出现更多动词：,加连词（,and/but/so,）,放入从句,变为非谓语动词,例如：,9.Most of the artists _ to the party were from South Africa.,A.invited B.to invite,C.being invited D.had been invited,5,二、非谓语动词的表现,形式,有：,动名词（,doing,）,(Participles),(Gerund),(Infinitive),不定式 （,to do,）,过去分词（,done,）,现在分词（,doing,）,6,动名词,(doing),起名词作用,不定式,(to do),起名词、形容词和副词作用,分 词,(doing/done),起形容词和副词作用,三、非谓语动词的词法特点,7,主语,表语,宾语,补语,定语,状语,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,动名词,组成介词短语,四、非谓语动词充当的成分,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,+,8,分词,现在分词与过去分词,.,充当成分,:,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语,.,9,分词,+,现在分词,/,过去分词,10,(1).,现在分词,现在分词,无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化,.,其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同,.,时态,语态,主动语态,被动语态,一般式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,11,（一）现在分词,12,(2),、,现在分词,的句法功能,具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分,:,表语 定语,宾语补足语,状语,13,1.,现在分词作表语,现在,分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为,”使,(,令,),怎样。”,如,:,The news,is,very,disappointing,.,His story,is,very,moving,.,(Encouraging,inspiring,exciting,interesting.),14,2.,现在分词作定语（注意：,P662-P664,）,现在分词作定语,表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。,A.,表示动作正在进行,Dont wake up,the,sleeping,boy,.,=Dont wake up,the boy,who is sleeping,I don t know,the man,writing something,over there.,=I don t know,the man,who is writing something,over there.,15,The girl,who is sitting in the corner,is adorable.,We visited a temple,which was built 200 years ago.,B.,后置定语相当于省略的定语从句,16,The vegetables,which are sold in this shop,are grown without chemicals.,27,The houses,which are being built,are for the survivors in the quake.,17,3.,现在分词作宾语补足语,用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系,；,A.,作感官动词的,宾补,如,:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell taste,feel,表示正在进行的意义,We,found,them,reading,in the classroom.,18,4.,现在分词作状语,现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果,让步、伴随,或方式,等状语。,B.,作使役动词的,宾补,如,:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch,表示,”使,进行,/,处于,(,某种状态,)”,强调动作或状态的持续性,.,The two girls had the light burning all night long.,19,1),作时间状语,可以表示三个时间概念,A.,表示和谓语动作,同时发生,相当于,“,as soon as”,引导的时间状语从句,Hearing the good news,he jumped up with joy.,=As soon as he heard the good news,he,=On hearing the good news,he,20,B.,谓语动词的动作,发生在分词动作的过程中,表示,”,在做某事期间,”,相当于由,when/while,引导的时间状语从句。,Walking in the street,I came across an old friend.,=,When,/While,I was walking in the street,I came across an old friend.,21,C.,如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如,:,Having done,his homework,the boy went out to play.,Having written,his composition,he began to do his,Maths,homework.,2),作原因状语,相当于,由,because/as,引导的原因状语从句,。,22,A.,和谓语动词的动作同时发生,Being ill,he didnt go to school.,=,Because,/,As he was ill,he didnt go,Not knowing,what to do next,he went to his teacher for advice.,=,Because,/,As he didnt know,what to do next,he went to,23,B.,如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。,Having seen,the film many times,he didnt go to see it last night.,3),作条件状语,相当于由,if,引导的条件状语从句,Using,your head,you will find a way.,=,If you use,your head,you will find,24,4),作让步状语,相当于由,although/though,引导的让步状语从句,Getting up,early,he was late for the meeting.,=,Although/Though he got up,early,he was late for the meeting.,25,5),作伴随状语,(,方式状语,),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。,They,sat,there on the stone,talking,with each other.,=They,sat,there on the stone,and talked,with each other.,26,6),作结果状语,现在分词的动作,同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。,The mother died,leaving,five children behind.,注意：现在分词无论作何种状语,它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,27,但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中,分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。,这种结构常见的有,:,（,P674,）,1)generally/strickly/+speaking,2)Judging from/talking of/allowing for.,（考虑到。）,3)Considering that/seeing that/supposing that,28,注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。,时间性,。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式,having done,。,语态性,。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。,人称一致性,。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的,主语。,29,分词构句,30,1._ the program,they have to stay there for another two weeks.,A.Not having completing,B.Not,completed,C.Not completing,D.Not having completed,Practice,31,2,The storm left,_a lot of damage to this area.,A,caused B,to have caused,C,to cause D,having caused,32,（二）过去分词,33,(1).,过去分词,的语法形式,过去分词,无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。,(done),(2),、过去分词的句法功能,具有形容词和副词的特征,可充当成分,:,表语 定语,宾语补足语,状语,34,1.,过去分词,作表语,过去分词,作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如，,The glass is,broken,.,He was,lost,in thought.,They were deeply,moved.,35,注意,:,被动结构与系表结构的区别,这两种结构形式都是,be+,过去分词。,这两种结构的主要区别是,:,被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。,The cup was broken by my little brother.,(,被动结构,),The cup is broken.(,系表结构,),36,2.,过去分词,作定语,过去分词,作定语,它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点,:,A.,及物动词的,过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。,The building,built last year,can hold 1,000 people=The building,that was built last year,can,37,B.,不及物动词的,过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。,与它所修饰的名词没有,被动,关系。,fallen,leaves=,leaves,that have fallen,a,retired,worker=a worker,who has retired,the,risen,sun=the sun,that has risen,38,C.,有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理,状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有,被动,关系,。,The,surprised,look,showed that he hadnt expected this.,=(He was surprised and his look showed his surprise),39,3.,过去分词作宾补,过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来,作感官动词,如,:see,look at,watch,notice,find,observe,listen to,hear,smell taste,feel,和使役动词,如,:have,get,keep,send,leave,catch,的,宾补,40,When I walked home,I,saw,a man,caught,by the police.,As soon as he returned home,he,found,his house,broken into,.,He,kept,himself,covered,with a blanket.,41,4.,过去分词作状语,过去分词,可在句中,作时间、条件、原因,、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。,过去分词,无论作何种状语,它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系,.,42,1),做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。,Seen,from the top of the hill,the town,looks even more beautiful.,=,If,the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town,=,When,the town is seen from the top of the hill,the town,43,2),作,原因状语,Deeply,moved,by the story,the children began to cry.,=,As/Because,they were deeply moved by the story,the children.,3),作,让步状语,Seriously,wounded,he still kept on fighting.,=,Although/Though,he was seriously wounded,he still kept.,44,4),作,方式或伴随情况,状语,She walked out of the house,followed,by her little daughter.,=She walked out of the house,and,was followed by her little daughter.,He sat there,lost,in thought.,=He sat there,and,was lost in thought.,45,_ more attention,the tree could have grown better.,（条件状语）,A.Given B.To give,C.Giving D.Having given.,2.The first textbooks _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century,（定语）,A.having written B.to be written,C.being written D.written,Practice,46,Discussion,1.Follow/follow by/follow with/following,小鸭子跟着鸭妈妈到处走。,The duckling _ its mother everywhere.,闪电过后紧接着是响雷。,The lightning was quickly _ heavy thunder.,这是继工会领袖遭谋杀后引发的示威游行。,These,are the demonstrations _ the murder of the union leader.,47,2.Do you know the man _ money?,A.having lost,B.who has lost,C.lost,D.losing,48,非谓语动词综合分析,49,一,.,独立主格结构（,Independent Genitive,）,非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致；,若不一致，,非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”；,其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。,50,falling,here and there,I,suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.,completed,we,ll have a global traveling.,Leaves,Task,51,独立主格的构成,(P674-679),基本形式：,1.,逻辑主语,+-,ed/-ing,形式：,2.,逻辑主语,+,不定式,/,名词：,3.,逻辑主语,+,介词短语,;,4.,逻辑主语,+,形容词,;,5.,逻辑主语,+,副词,;,52,Examples,1.,逻辑主语,+,现在分词：表示主动关系。,如：,Time permitting,(=If time permits,),we will go for an outing tomorrow.,2.,逻辑主语,+,过去分词,逻辑主语与过去分词之间是被动关系。,如：,The problems solved,(=As the problems were solved),the quality has been improved.,随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。,53,3.,逻辑主语,+,不定式,逻辑主语与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是,一次具体性的动作。,如：,He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.,借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。,4.,逻辑主语,+,介词短语,如：,The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand.,那男孩手里拿着书去教室。,54,5.,逻辑主语,+,形容词,如：,So many people absent,the meeting had to be called off.,这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。,6.,逻辑主语,+,副词,如：,The meeting over,they all went home.,会议一结束，他们就都回家了。,55,其他形式,1.with/without,引导的独立主格,(P677),形式为,:with/without+n.+-,ed/-ing,2.There being+,其他成分,如：,There being nothing else to do,we went home.,没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。,3.It being+,其他成分,如：,It being Christmas,all the shops were shut.,56,独立主格结构的功能,独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。,1.,用作时间状语,The work done,(=After the work had been done),we went home.,工作完成后，我们就回家了。,2.,用作条件状语,Weather permitting,(=If weather permits),they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.,如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。,57,3.,用作原因状语,An important lecture to be given tomorrow,(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow),the professor has to stay up late into the night.,因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。,58,4.,用作伴随状语,He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head,(=and his hands were crossed under his head).,他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。,5.,表示补充说明,We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.,我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。,59,独立结构的时态意义（,P674-P675,）,一般时,现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动,完成时,表示先完成动作的主动意义或先完成动作的被动意义。,60,二、悬垂结构,/,悬垂致病,请分析下列句子：,1.Looking up at the sky,the moon shone bright and clear.,2.Walking along the lake,the country scenery presented a lovely show.,61,Discussion:,1.,什么是悬垂结构？,2.,悬垂结构与独立主格结构的关系,3.,为什么会在同学们的造句中出现悬垂致病？,62,悬垂但不致病的情况（,P683-685,），仅作了解即可。,63,