第七章-水土保持工程措施-2.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third 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level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,一、概述,集水保水,：拦蓄和聚集径流，减少坡面径流并且利用径流的水土保持技术。,集水（,Water gathering,）技术,：将非耕地里的降雨径流集中到耕地里使其获得足够的水分以种植作物的技术。,径流农业（聚流农业、集流农业）,：集水技术与农业生产相结合的技术总称。,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,二、水窖（,Water cellar,）,修建于地面以下并具有一定容积的蓄水建筑物。,水源、管道、沉沙、过滤、窖体,功能,拦蓄雨水和地表径流,减轻水土流失,提供人畜饮水和旱地灌溉,地下水源缺少的地区，在庭院、路旁修筑水窖，蓄积雨水，解决人畜用水,干旱而雨量集中的水土流失区，在田间路旁和林草荒坡下修筑水窖，拦蓄径流，可供作物点浇水抗旱播种。,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,二、水窖（,Water cellar,）,类型,井窖,窑窖,地面,取水口,/,窖筒,防渗层,进水口,沉沙池,旱窖,水窖,散盘,图 井窖各部分示意图,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,二、水窖（,Water cellar,）,规划与设计,规划设计原则,因地制宜，就地取材,充分开发利用各种水资源（雨水、泉水、裂隙水、山沟水、库水等），使灌溉与人畜饮水结合,防止冲刷，确保工程安全,将水窖串联联合运行,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,二、水窖（,Water cellar,）,规划与设计,收集资料,地形,降水,水窖总容积确定,即水窖群容积的总和，与控制面积相适应,梅花形水窖群,排子形水窖群,梅花形窖群,排子形窖群,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,二、水窖（,Water cellar,）,规划与设计,选址与布置,足够的水源，水源置于高点，能自压供水,有深厚而坚硬的土层，避开不良地质地段,（,以粘性均质土层最好,）,利用现有地形条件，便于人蓄用水和灌溉,饮用水窖池应远离污染,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,三、涝池（,I,mpounding,reservoir,，,Pond,）,以拦蓄地表径流为主而修建的，蓄水量在,50-1000 m,3,的蓄水工程。,修涝池的技术简单，而且修筑省工，但涝池的蒸发量大，占地也较多，在干旱蒸发量太大的地区，不宜修筑涝池。,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,三、涝池（,I,mpounding,reservoir,，,Pond,）,类型,材料：土池、三合土池、浆砌条石池、浆砌块石池、砖砌池、钢筋混凝土池等,形状：圆形、椭圆形、矩形等,封闭与否：封闭型、敞开式,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,三、涝池（,I,mpounding,reservoir,，,Pond,）,位置的选择,村口、路边、梁峁坡和沟头上部,池址土质应坚实,有足够的来水量,涝池底略高于被灌溉农田地面，便于自流灌溉,不能离沟头沟边太近，以防渗水引起坍塌,涝池或蓄水池位置布置,侵蚀沟,蓄水池,大路,大路,土挡墙,小路,小路,正在建设的涝池,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,三、涝池（,I,mpounding,reservoir,，,Pond,）,规划与布置,位置：坡面水汇流的低凹处,结合沟头防护，在沟头附近适当距离挖涝池，拦蓄坡面汇集的地表径流，防止沟头前进,结合山地灌溉，开挖涝池,配套设施（引水渠、排水沟、沉砂池、过滤池、进水和取水设施）,连环涝池,涝池,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,三、涝池（,I,mpounding,reservoir,，,Pond,）,涝池容积,矩形,W=(1/2)H(S1+S2),平底圆形,W=(1/2)(R,2,+r,2,)H,U,字型,W=(3/5)R,2,H,椭圆型,W=(2/3)abH,涝池的养护,避免干涸,清淤补修,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,四、鱼鳞坑（,fish scale pit,）,适用范围,较陡的梁峁坡面,支离破碎的沟坡,栽种林果,陡坡地植树造林整地时，在坡面上开挖呈品字形似鱼鳞状排列的半圆形小坑。,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,四、鱼鳞坑（,fish scale pit,）,设计与布置,沿等高线,间距,1.5,3.5 m,，上下两排坑距为,1.5 m,，月牙坑半径,0.4,0.5 m,，坑深,0.4,0.6 m,。,每树一坑，,2250,3000,坑,/hm,2,。,鱼鳞坑（,fish scale pit,）,第二节 剖面集水保水工程,五、水平沟（,level trench,）,顺坡隔一定距离沿等高线修筑的等高截水沟,拦蓄坡面径流、泥沙,沟距,35 m,，宽,0.71 m,，深,0.51 m,六、水平阶（,level bench,）,顺坡隔一定距离修筑的等高水平台阶,宽度,2 m,栽种林果,水平沟,水平沟,水平沟整地退耕还林,水平阶,水平阶,水平阶,鱼鳞坑,水平沟,水平阶,