跨文化交际期末复习.doc

跨文化交际期末复习
Unit1
Term interpretation
Economic globalization 经济全球化
The integration of national economics of national economics into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of the technology.
Barter System 物物交换
Farming munities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money
Global Village地球村
All the different parts of the world from one munity linked together by electronic munications, especially the Internet.
Melting pot大熔炉
To assimilate the cultures of different backgrounds
Cultural Diversity文化多样性
Countries have been mixed instead of assimilate
Brief Answer
1.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?
1)convenient transportation systems
2)Innovative munication systems
3)Economic globalization
4)widespread migration
2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?(选择)
1)verbal difference; language, thought patterns
2)Non-verbal munication; body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage…
3)values; world views, beliefs, attitudes…
Unit 1 后半
Term interpretation
Culture
Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture
Enculturation 文化习得
The process of learning one’s own culture
Acculturation 文化适应
Adapt the cultures learning by the other cultures

Ps：文化习得，文化适应需要对比

Ethnocentrism 文化中心主义
Think your culture is superior to the others
Brief Answer
What are the three ingreduents of culture?
Products, behaviors, and ideas.
How to understand cultural iceberg?
Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard to change with time, the majority
What are the characteristic of culture?
Culture is dynamic, shared, learned, ethnocentric(文化中心主义)
Unit 2
Term interpretation
Source发出信息的人
Person who send out information
Encoding 编码
The process of putting your thoughts into symbols
Message
Encoded thoughts
Channel渠道
The way the message is delivered
Decoding解码
Assign a meaning to the words
Receiver
Person who attends to the information
Context内容
The physical environment that surround us
Brief Answer
What are the three characteristics of munication?（简答/选择）
munication is transactional（互换性）, dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic and contextual.
What are the three basic aspects to munication? And on which aspect does the success of
interpretation munication greatly depend on?
Our individual personality, the culture we operate in, the physical environment that surrounds us.
Depend on the culture we operate in.
Unit2后半
Term interpretation
Verbal Intercultural munication非言语行为
People from different cultural backgrounds municate with other people through language
Pragmatics语言学
The study of the effect that language has on human perceptions（感知） and behavior
Short answer question
1. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?
In Chinese, the surname is put before the given name.
In American, vice versa, the name order.
In recent years, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time. But in Chinese, we tend to address each other with the full name.
Another mon Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title office, or profession
Therefore, one can conclude that the Chinese customs of addressing members with the kinship terms(亲戚关系) even not related by blood or marriage
2. Who should be introduced first in the west?
The senior, the female, the guest
3. How is Chinese hospitality different from American hospitality?
A: In China, a guest usually observes the principle of avoiding bringing trouble to the host.
In American, in contrast, it is the host who tries to avoid interfering in guests’ freedom of action by leaving room for the guests to make choices.
B: The Chinese host usually goes to trouble to make sure there is something left after the meal; the “wastefulness” of this practice has been criticized in American, and some advocate ordering more sensible quantities.

PS: 1.appropriate topics i .e Jim Smith—Uncle Jim
2. response to plaint
3. make apology

Unit3
Term interpretation
A cultural assumption 文化定式
A cultural assumption Is when we assume that a person has particular values and attitudes based on their cultural backgrounds.
Brief Answer
How would Americans misunderstand the Chinese responses to the pliments?
1.In the first case, the implication was that the praisor had poor judgement
2.The praisor was not sincere
3.The Chinese would be suspected of “fishing for pliments”
Why are the Chinese reluctant to pay a pliment?
1.The same pliment was given by a Chinese man to a Chinese woman, the pliment can be.taken as a kind of flirtation（调戏）
2..People are cautious about drawing a line between pliment and flattery.
3.A positive subtle form of request.
（重要）How is the Chinese different from Americans in expressing gratitude?
1.Chinese people don't usually say "thank you" to those who are very close and who are in a lower position. Thank you is very mon in American, so they tend to thank people all day long regardless of relationship
2.Traditional Chinese customs don't require people to express thanks for the small favors
The Americans would thank you all the way for very small and most ordinary things.
Unit4
Term interpretation
Semantics 语意学
The study of the meaning of words
Denotation 本义
The literal(字面意义) meaning or definition of a word-the explict, particular, defined meaning
Connotation 延伸义
Extended meaning of associated meanings, the suggestive （隐含）meaning.
Taboo 禁忌语
Some words, objects or actions that you should avoid in a certain culture.
Euphemism 委婉语
The act of substituting a mild, indirect or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive
Brief Answer
What are the 4 major verbal differences between Chinese and English ?
1.A term in one language doesn’t necessarily have a counterpart(对等的人事物) in the other language.
2.Words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things
3.Things or concepts are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, for example, finer distinctions in the other language
4.Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other.

PS：make some examples for the differences

The thought patterns of people around the world
The United States were more linear and direct
The Semitic individuals solved problems using a bination of tangential and semi-direct approaches,
Romance is circuitous(迂回) approach
Russians employed a bination of indirect and circuitous approaches
Unit5(选择为主)
Term interpretation
Chroxemics 时间学
Mono chronic time = M-time 单时性文化
Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.
Polychronic time = P-time 多时性文化
practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered
Proxemics 空间学
the perception and use of space
Kinesics 身势学
more than just hand or arm gestures ;it refers to any little movement of any part of the body
Paralanguage 副语言
language lies between verbal and nonverbal munication. It involves sounds but not words ,it means the set of nonphonemic properties of speech ,such as speaking tempo(节奏) ,vocal pitch（音高） and intonational contours （语音语调）
Brief Answer
Where are the different features of M-time and P-time ？
M-time :means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness(efficiency)and punctuality. It features one event at a time.
P-time: practiced by most other peoples is less rigid and clock-bound. People from P-time cultures schedule several activities at the same time ,and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered

PS: 1.touch/nontouch culture& long/short body distance
i.e Arab—touch/short
USA—nontouch/medium
2.seat—China: facing the door is distinguished
USA: acrossing the corner

Unit6
Brief Answer
What is the difference between sex and gender?
书P120表6.1
Sex(生理性别)：biological(生理的),permanent and with an individual property
Gender(社会性别)：socially-constructed, varied over time and across cultures and with a social and relational quality
In all, gender and sex are not synonymous.
What are the two primary influences on the socialization?
1..family munication, particularly between mother and children
2.recreational interaction among children
Unit7(以案例分析为主)
Brief Answer
Identify the contrast between high-context and low-context culture and then use it to interpret the difference between American and Japanese or Chinese negotiating style?
1.Negotiation atmosphere:
American: efficient, professionalism（职业精神）and promise(妥协，让步)
Japanese: socializing, trust
Chinese: socialization
2.Detail
American: the facts, written agreements or contrast
Japanese: fewer specific issues and less detail oriented, brief written agreements
Chinese: general written agreements
3.munication style
American: more interested in logical arguments than in the people they are dealing with dislike silence
Japanese: encourage covert, fragmented
Chinese: avoid openly confront conflict
4. Cultural variations in selecting negotiators:
American: technical expertise :younger negotiators are mon; women are included; having full authority to make decisions
Japanese:(Chinese): Status, knowledge, age, seniority
5. Problem-solving Process
American: universal problem solvers; rational thinking and concrete data, utilize a factual inductive style of persuasion
Japanese: consensus-building
Chinese: high level authorities
6. Organizational Structure
American: task-related stage is the most important; negotiating outes depend on events at the negotiation table
Japanese: pre-negotiation is slowly and cautiously; mediator is used
Chinese: concession only es at the end
Unit9
Brief Answer
What contrasting world views can be drawn from Buddhism and Christianity?
1.Chiristans sees each one was born with sins and therefore we should salvage ourselves(自我拯救). The salvation of the individual is achieved through hard work and piety.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property.
2.Buddhists believes that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that the universes runs based on a dynamic balance.
They don’t attach themselves to the impermanent objects and the pursuit of material well-being. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise..
(重要)What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluekhohn and Strodthbeck?
1.Human nature(人生) is evil but perfectible (American)
Good but corruptible (Chinese)
2.Relation to the nature
Human beings can/should master/conquer with nature (American)
Live harmoniously with nature (Chinese)
3.Sense of time
Americans are future oriented.
Chinese are past oriented.
4.Attitudes toward work and human activity
As to Americans, doing leads to external/achievements
Chinese, being-and-being is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace.
5.Social relationship
American: Self is more important than group (individualism)
Chinese: In cultures with group values, people make decisions by consemsus
(重要)Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and apply it in the case study
辨别+分析+结合案例
1.individualism VS collectivism (个人/集体主义)
2.low power distance VS high power distance(远/近权力距离)
3.masculinity VS femulinity (男性/女性文化)
4.low uncertainty avoidance VS high uncertainty avoidance (不确定性)
5.high context culture VS low context culture
考试题型
1.T/F Exercise A Unit1-9原题
2.Choice (单选) Exercise E 1/3会变 1/3 Unit5 细节题
Smile—friendness (USA) —sharow (Korea)
The land of smile—Thailand
1/3 从简答题演变
3.Term matching (术语匹配) 26选10
4.英译中 预言，习语 Unit1-4 Exercise C P74-76(见下)
1.新官上任三把火。
A new broom sweeps clean.
2.人多好办事。
Many hands make light work
3.今日事，今日毕。
Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today
4.一箭双雕。
Kill two birds with one stone.
5.欲速则不达。
Haste makes waste.
6.无风不起浪。
Where there’s smoke, there’s fire.
7.这山望着那山高。
The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.
8.美貌是肤浅的
Beauty is only skin deep.
9.玉不琢不成器。
Spare the rod and spoil the child.
10.以其人之道还治其人之身。
Give a person a dose of his own medicine.
11.良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行。
Frank’s advice is like good herbal medicine: hard to take but ultimately beneficial.
12.瓜田不纳履，李下不整冠
Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch; nor your hat under a plum tree.
13.一人得道，鸡犬升天
Even the dog swaggers when his master wins favor.
14.越是不见越想念
Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
15.一天一苹果，医生远离我。
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
16.莫惹是非。
Let sleeping dogs lie.
17.年逾花甲不堪教。
You can’t teach old dog new tricks.
18.鱼与熊掌不可兼得
You can’t have your cake and eat it too.
19.一个巴掌拍不响。
It takes two to make a quarrel.
20.锦上添花。
Gilding the lily.
21.喜出望外/晴天霹雳（褒义/贬义）
A bolt from the blue.
5.简答+案例分析（详见Unit9）