管理学基本概念-(1).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,导论：基本概念和管理思想发展史,管理四项职能,Four Functions:,计划,Planning,组织,Organizing,领导,Leading,控制,Controlling,一、,Introduction,Who are managers?,What is management?,What do managers do?(Management Functions;Management Skills),What is an organization?,1,、,organization,Deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose,distinct purpose,composed of people,systematic structure,2,、,Manager,Someone who works with and through other people by coordinating their work activities.,3,、,Levels of manager:,First line manager,:Managers at the lowest level of the organization who manage the work of nonmagagerial employees who are involved with the production.,supervisor foremen first line manager,Middle manager,：,managers between the first-line level and the top level of the organization who manage the work of first-line managers.,Top manager,：,managers who are responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire organization.,All levels of management between the supervisory level and the top level of the organization are termed _.,A.middle managers.,B.first-line managers.,C.supervisors.,D.foremen.,E.coaches.,4,、,Management,The process of coordinating work activities so that,they are completed efficiently and effectively,with and through other people,If you use less resources to produce a certain amount of product,that means you have increased efficiency.,If you can get more output from the given inputs,youve got higher efficiency.,Efficiency:doing things right,Effective:do the right things,An automobile manufacturer that increased the total number of cars produced at the same cost,but with many defects,would be _.,a.efficient and effective.,b.increasing efficiency.,c.,increasing effectiveness.,d.concerned with inputs.,e:concerned with outputs.,5.,Management Skills,：,二、管理思想发展史,Scientific management(Taylor),General administrative theorists(Henri Fayol and Max Weber),The Hawthorne studies and Mayos theory,早期阶段重要人物：,Adam Smith,“,The Wealth of Nations”,division of labor,古典管理思想：,Scientific management:Frederick,Taylor,“Principles of Scientific Management”was written by Frederick Taylor.,“,One best way,”,is the phrase most associated with scientific management.,一般管理理论：,Fayol&Webber.,Henry Fayol,亨利,法约尔,-concerned with making the overall organization more effective,-developed theories of what constituted good management practice,Max Weber,马克斯,韦伯（科层组织理论）,Seeks to create an organization that leads to both efficiency and effectiveness.,Max Weber developed the concept of bureaucracy.,Bureaucracy,-ideal type of organization,A formal system of organization and administration to ensure effectiveness and efficiency.,Weber developed the Six principles:(P33),Division of Labor,Authority Hierarchy,Formal Selection,Formal Rules and Regulations,Impersonality,Career Orientation,中期管理思想：,Mayo,的霍桑实验,工业人际关系学说 组织行为学。,在美国,Chicago,郊外西方电器公司的霍桑工厂中进行的一系列实验,开创了工业人际关系研究的先河。,Mayo,s Theory,1,、,Economic rewards(incentive pay)by themselves have little effect in production levels.,工人是社会人，而非经济人。,2,、,Informal work groups and the social environment have great influence on productivity.,3,、,Leadership is a crucial element in the work situation and there is a difference in formal and informal leadership.,三、,Planning,Management Environment,Decision Making,Planning&Strategic Management,1,、,Decision-Making,The decision-making process,Three perspective on how to make decisions:rationality;bounded rationality and intuition,Types of problems and decisions,Decision-making conditions,（,1,）,决策过程,Decision:A choice from two or more alternatives,（,2,）,Decision Making,决策风格：理性，有限理性，直觉,Managerial decision-making is assumed to be rational.,Intuition:subconscious process of making decisions on the basis of experience and accumulated judgment,，,does not rely on a systematic or thorough analysis of the problem,Managers regularly use their intuition in decision-making.,（,3,）,Well-Structured Problems,-,straightforward,familiar and easily defined,Programmed Decisions,-used to address structured problems,procedure,-series of interrelated sequential steps used to respond to a structured problem,rule,-explicit statement of what to do or not to do,policy,-guidelines or parameters for decision making,Poorly-Structured Problems,-,new,unusual problems for which information is ambiguous or incomplete,Nonprogrammed Decisions,-used to address poorly-structured problems,（,4,）,Decision-Making Conditions,2,、,战略管理,战略类型,:,公司层,D,etermines the direction that the organization is going and the roles that each business unit in the organization will play in pursuing that direction.,业务层,职能层,公司层,:,稳定战略、增长战略和紧缩战略,增长战略,(growth),：,concentration,Integration,vertical integration,backward,-become your own supplier,forward,-become your own distributor,horizontal integration,-grow by combining with other organizations in the same industry,Diversification,多元化,BCG Matrix,High,Low,High,Low,Product Sales Growth Rate,Relative Market Share,Cash cows(low growth,high market share)businesses in this category generate large amounts of cash,but they prospects for future growth are limited.,Stars(high growth,high market share)these businesses are in a fast-growing market,and hold a dominant share of that market.Their contribution to cash flow depends on their need for resources.,Question marks(high growth,low market share)these businesses are in an attractive industry,but hold a small market share percentage.,Dogs(low growth,low market share)businesses in this category do not produce,or consume,much cash.However,they hold no promise for improved performance.,事业层战略,cost leadership,-to become the lowest-cost producer in the industry,differentiation,-offer unique products that are widely valued by customers,focus,集聚,-aims at a cost advantage or differentiation advantage in a narrow segment,四、组织,Departmentalization,Chain of command,Span of control,Centralization and decentralization,Functional structure and divisional structure,1,、,Departmentalization,部门化,根据某个标准，把工作和人员组编成可供管理的单元，即形成不同部门，规定各个部门的职责以及他们之间的相互关系。（横向分工）,functional product geographical-process-customer,Grouping sporting equipment in one area,mens clothing in another area,and cosmetics in a third area,is an example of what kind departmentalization?,a.customer,b.product,c.geographic,d.process,e.outcome,2,、纵向：,chain of command,命令链,职权和职责,A,uthorityResponsibility,管理幅度：,span,of control,number of employees that a manager can efficiently and effectively manage,Centralization and Decentralization,Centralization:,the degree to which decision making is concentrated at a single point in the organization,usually in the upper levels of the organization.,Decentralization:,the handing down of decision-making authority to lower levels in an organization.,3,、,Organizational Structure,Simple structure,Functional structure,Divisional structure,-composed of separate divisions(SBU),Matrix structure,五、,领导,Motivating employees,Maslows hierarchy of needs theory,Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory,Equity theory,Expectancy theory,Individual behaviors,v,Personality,perception,learning,and motivation,Group behaviors,v,Norms,roles,team-and conflict,Motivation,&,Leadership,、激励：,Motivation,从被领导者地角度来分析组织成员行为产生、发展的规律。,、,Leadership,这是从领导者的角度来研究,为了诱导成员提供组织所需的贡献，领导者应该具备哪些素质？运用何种领导方法？,1,、,激励,马斯洛理论,双因素理论,公平理论,期望理论,According to Herzberg,in order to provide employees with job satisfaction,managers should concentrate on,a.hygiene factors.,b.issues such as pay.,c.motivator factors.,d.extrinsic factors.,e.non-motivators.,Leadership,Power,权力来源,领导行为方式理论,Examples of an organizations _ power include performance appraisals,promotions,and interesting work assignments.,A.legitimate,B.status,C.expert,D.coercive,E.Reward,1,、是非题,（,True/False Question,）,14,题,每题,1,分,共,14,分,只需判断对错，无需改错。,2,、单项选择（,Multiple Choice,）,18,题,每题,2,分,共,36,分,3,、简答题（,Essay Questions,）,3,题,每题,10,分 共,30,分,4,、论述题,20,分,Part I.True/False Question,（,14*1,=14,）,1,、,Conceptual skills become less important as a manager moves into top management.(),2.,According to the text,the goal of efficiency is to minimize resource costs.,（）,3,、,Porters competitive strategies framework outlines how management can create and sustain a competitive advantage that will give a company above-average profitability.,（）,4,、,When decisions tend to be made at lower levels in an organization,the organization is said to be decentralized.(),5,、,A nontaxable organization,such as the Boy Scouts,cannot be considered an organization.,Part II.Multiple Choice,（,18*2,=36,）,The power utilized when a boss threatens to dismiss an employee if he/she does not comply with a demand is _.,a.reward power.,b.coercive power.,c.expert power.,d.referent power.,e.legitimate power.,_ are organizational members who integrate and coordinate the work of others.,a.Managers,b.Team leaders,c.Subordinates,d.Operatives,e.Agents,Scenarios and Questions,Imagine that you are the CEO of PepsiCo and you are having your annual meetings to make strategic decisions and formulate plans for the future.You need to consider several new potential business purchases and decide upon how to best support the many diverse companies within the corporate family.,1,、,When you and the rest of the top management team are deciding upon whether you should purchase a hardware chain,more restaurants or food-related businesses,i.e.,deciding on which types of businesses you should be in,this would be considered developing a _ strategy.,a.functional,b.strategic business unit,c.business-level,d.global,e.corporate-level,2,、,When PepsiCo decided to sell their KFC and Taco Bell companies,this is known as developing _ strategy.,a.functional,b.strategic business unit,c.business-level,d.global,e.corporate-level,3,、,If you decide to develop unique missions and strategies for Frito-Lay,separate from other PepsiCo businesses,they would be known as a,a.business chain.,b.strategic business unit.,c.corporate functional unit.,d.planning group.,e.work team.,Part III.Essay Questions,（,3*10,=30,）,In a short essay,list three related questions that can apply to decisions for each of the following management functions:planning,organizing,leading,and control.,In a short essay,list and discuss the three essential skills according to Katz that managers need to perform the duties and activities associated with being a manager.,Answer,Technical skills include knowledge of an proficiency in a certain specialized field,such as engineering,computers,accounting,or manufacturing.These skills are more important at lower levels of management since these managers are dealing directly with employees doing the organizations work.,Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group.Managers with good human skills are able to get the best out of their people.They know how to communicate,motivate,lead,and inspire enthusiasm and trust.These skills are equally important at all levels of management.,Conceptual skills these are the skill that managers must have to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations.Using these skills,managers must be able to see the organization as a whole,understand the relationships among various subunits,and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment.These skills are most important at the top management levels.,In a short essay,describe and provide examples of first-line,middle,and top management positions.,In a short essay,discuss the Boston Consulting Group(BCG)matrix,include a discussion of the characteristics for each of the four categories based on the BCG matrix.,What is Victor Vroom,s expectancy theory?,In a short essay,list and discuss the five competitive forces,according to Porter,which determine industry attractiveness and profitability.,Part IV.,论述题,（,1,*20,=20,此题请用中文回答）,科学管理理论是谁提出的？其主要内容是什么？,请结合目前中国实际探讨科学管理的现实意义。,什么是霍桑实验？该实验对现代管理学有哪些贡献？,经理人员应该具备哪些技能？分别阐述这些技能在计划、组织、领导和控制中的重要性。,