英汉翻译技巧课件.ppt

*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英汉互译实践与技巧,第一讲 翻译简论,第二讲,英汉语言对比研究,第三讲,Amplification,增词法,第四讲,Omission,省略法,第五讲,Nouns,英语名词的翻译,第六讲,Prepositions,英语介词的翻译,第七讲,Adjectives,英语形容词的翻译,第八讲,Adverbs,英语副词的翻译,第九讲,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,形合与意合,第十讲,Passive vs.Active,被动与主动,第十一讲,Restructuring,结构调整,第十二讲,Impersonal vs.Personal,物称与人称,第十三讲,Affirmative vs.Negative,肯定与否定,第十四讲,Nominal Clauses,名词性从句,第十五讲,Attributive Clause,定语从句,第十六讲,Adverbial Clause,状语从句,实用文体翻译,1,：简历,实用文体翻译,2,：求职信,实用文体翻译,3,：通知,实用文体翻译,4,：致辞,实用文体翻译,5,：企业或学校简介,实用文体翻译,6,：说明书,实用文体翻译,7,：新闻,实用文体翻译,8,：论文题目、摘要,实用文体翻译,9,：科技英语,Assessment,Attendance,（,10%,）,Assignments,（,15%2=30%,）,Final Exam,（,60%,）,Suggested reading books,仝益民,说词解句,:,英汉语言对比与翻译,大连理工大学出版社,2009,年,许建平,英汉互译实践与技巧,清华大学出版社,2006,年,陈海庆,布局谋篇,:,英汉篇章互译技巧大连理工大学出版社,2009,年,郭著章、李庆生,英汉互译实用教程,武汉大学出版社,1996,年,张培基,英汉翻译教程,上海外语教育出版社,1980,年,张光明,英语实用文体翻译,中国科学技术大学出版社,2009,年,连淑能,英汉对比研究,高等教育出版社,1993,年,李瑞华,英汉语言文化对比研究,上海外语教育出版社,1997,年,第一讲,-1,A Brief Introduction to Translation,翻译简论,一、教学重点：,1.,翻译的信达雅标准,2.,直译与意译,二、教学内容：,1.,翻译的重要作用,2.,翻译的性质和范围,3.,翻译的原则和标准,4.,直译与意译,5.,翻,译技巧种种,.Important Role of Translation,翻译的重要作用,好的译文,：,Coca Cola,可口可乐,、,Hacker,骇客,、,club,俱乐部,、,laser,激光,不好的译文,：,laser,镭射,(,名不副实,),、,menu,菜单,(,容易误导,),、,nylon,尼龙,(,读写不一,),“,芳芳,”,Fangfang,Mokasutu,“,默殺”,.Nature and Scope of Translation,翻译的性质和范围,Definition,定义举例,:,我国最流行的说法：“翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动”。,美国翻译理论家,E.A.Nida,：“,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.,所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体,(,风格,),在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”,英国翻译教育家,Peter,Newmark,：“,It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.,翻译是按作者的创造意图把一篇文章的意思用另一种语言描述出来的过程。,”,英,国,的,J.Catford,：“,翻译是把一种语言的文字材料替换为另一种语言的对等的文字材料。”,现代汉语词典,：“翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。,”,.,Nature and Scope of Translation,翻译的性质和范围,Nature,性质,：,Translation is not a word for word activity,1,、,她现在非常红,.,*She is very red now.,(She is very popular now.),2,、,你给我站住！*,You Give Me Stop!,(Stand!),3,、,蠢蠢欲動。,*,Stupid,stupid,want to move.,(Be ready to do,sth.(bad,),4,、,寒暄,*,coldly talk for a while,(to exchange greetings and make small talk),5,、,跳伞处,*,Site of jumping umbrella,(paragliding site),6,、,请爱护花草*,Cherishing Flowers and Trees,(keep off the grass.),.,Nature and Scope of Translation,翻译的性质和范围,.,Nature and Scope of Translation,翻译的性质和范围,类别：,语言,native,foreign,、,foreign,native,工作方式,口译,(interpretation),、,笔译,(translation),、,机器翻译,(MT),口译：,连续传译,(consecutive interpretation),、,同声传译,(simultaneously interpretation),文体,应用文体、科技文体、论述文体、新闻文体、艺术文体,处理方式,全译、节译、摘译、编译、译述（综述和述评）,.Principles or Criteria of Translation,翻译的原则和标准,Principle,原则,：,严复：信，达，雅,（,faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance),鲁迅：易解、保持原作的风姿,林语堂：忠实、通顺、美,傅雷：神似说,（,spiritual conformity,）,钱钟书：化境说,(sublimed adaptation),许渊冲：三美说（意美、音美、形美）,泰特勒,Tytler,：,翻译三原则,费道罗夫等：等值论,(translation equivalence),奈达：读者反应论,(dynamic equivalence),.Principles or Criteria of Translation,翻译的原则和标准,Principle,原则,：,严复,Yan Fu,：,the first Chinese who made a penetrating,（敏锐的）,and relatively systematic study of translation standard in modern times.,Evolution and Ethics,天演论,The Wealth of Nations,国富论,.Principles or Criteria of Translation,翻译的原则和标准,Principle,原则,：,严复,：,信,faithfulness/accuracy,忠实,/,准确,达,expressiveness/smoothness,通顺,/,流畅,雅,elegance?,.Principles or Criteria of Translation,翻译的原则和标准,Principle,原则,：,译文和原文的关系,：,faithfulness/accuracy,忠实,/,准确,original contents,original meaning and views,original form and style,译文和读者的关系,：,expressiveness/smoothness,通顺,/,流畅,easy,readable rendering,idiomatic expression,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,Process,翻译过程,：,理解,Comprehension,：,comprehend the source text completely,表达,Expression,：,render the source text into the target language text(a rough translation),校正,Proofreading,：,proofread the rough translation&polish,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,理解：,1.,semantic system,语言分析,2.context(linguistic and nonlinguistic),语境分析,3.background information and specialized knowledge,4.,Logic,逻辑分析,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,表达：,Context,Avoid,translationese,翻译腔,所谓“翻译腔”是指译文表达不流畅,似通非通,不地道,诘屈聱牙,给人“怪怪的”感觉,简单地说,就是汉译出现“欧化”,(,Europeanized,),现象而英译出现“汉化”,(,Chinglish,),现象,例,：,-,照搬词典的释义,望词生义,She then uncrossed her legs.,她于是使她的腿不交叉。,于是她收起二郎腿。,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,怎样避免：,1.,具有端正的翻译态度,2.,正确使用工具书,3.,了解英汉语主要差别,4.,掌握必要的翻译技巧,5.,培养跨文化意识,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,校正：,1.,对原作理解的错误；,2.,原作词句或段落的漏译；,3.,译文中措辞不当之处或错别字；,4.,译文语句不通顺的地方；,5.,人名、地名、日期、数字、专有名词等方面的误译；,6.,译文的格式是否合乎规范；,7.,译文的标点符号和其他专用符号使用是否正确；,8.,是否应添加必要的注释，等等。,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,Literal Translation,直译,：,Not to alter the original words and sentences.,To keep the sentiments and style of the original.,To reproduce the ideological content and the style of the original works and retain as much as possible the figures of speech.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,直译的例子：,crocodile tears,鳄鱼的眼泪,；,armed to the teeth,武装到牙齿；,chain reaction,连锁反应,；,gentlemens agreement,君子协定,one country,two systems,一国两制,；,The three religions and the nine schools of thought,三教九流,；,paper tiger,纸老虎,；,go to ones external rest,安息,；,the long sleep,长眠,；,see Marx,见马克思,；,go west,上西天,；,go to heaven,上天堂,；,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,Free Translation,意译,：,an alternative approach generally used to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to copy its sentence patterns or figures of speech.,E.g.,：,粗枝大叶（比喻工作粗糙，做事不认真细致；形容很简略，不细致，不具体。）,To be crude and careless(,死译,：,with big branches and large leaves),无孔不入（比喻有空子就钻。含贬义）,To take advantage of every weakness,poke into every nook and corner(,死译,：,to get into every hole),.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,意译的例子：,Adams apple,喉结,；,at sixes and sevens,乱七八糟,It rains cats and dogs.,大雨滂沱,.,Do you see any green in my eye?,你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,More Examples,：,1)Little fish does not eat big fish.,直译：小鱼吃不了大鱼。,意译：胳膊拧不过大腿。,2)Theres no pot so ugly it cant find a lid.,直译：再丑的罐子也不愁配个盖儿。,意译：再丑的姑娘也不愁找不到婆家,/,丑女不愁嫁。,3)What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!,直译：孵出来是母鸡就别想冒充公鸡！,意译：生就是个女人就别想冒充男人！,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,直译,字对字翻译,word for word translation,：,直译要近情理，便于读者理解、接受，否则就会变成硬译、死译。,How are you?*,怎么是你？,How old are you?*,怎么老是你？,He is lying on his back.,他卧在他的背上。,心花怒放,heart flower angry open,to be wild with joy;to be elated;to feel exuberantly happy;to burst with joy,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,Difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation,：,Word-for-word translation:translate word by word without making any adjustment,starchy,stiff,unintelligible(,死板、生硬、难理解,),unacceptable,unqualified translation,Literal translation:make some necessary adjustment;smooth,clear&natural.Can have almost the same feeling as the SLR.,acceptable,good translation,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,Free translation wishful translation(to add or delete the content of the original,or add personal emotion),意译,应当注重事实依据，不能无中生有、随意杜撰，否则就会变成胡译、乱译。,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,Relationship between literal translation and free translation,：,Complementary,instead of contradictory,Literal translation and free translation may be alternatively used in the process of translation.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,1)Dont lock the stable door after the horses has been stolen.,Literal translation:,不要等马被盗后,才去锁楖门,.Free translation:,不要贼走关门,.,2)Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate.,Literal translation:,砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散,.,Free translation:,砸镜子并不能解决实际问题,.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,3),无风不起浪,Literal translation:,There are no waves without wind.,Free translation:,Theres no smoke without fire.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,Some sentences can only be translated freely.,Our son must go to school.He must break out of the pot that hold us in.Literal translation:,我们的儿子一定得进学校，他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子,.,Free translation:,我们的儿子一定要上学，一定要出人头地,.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,When to use free translation?,1.When it is difficult to understand if translated literally;,2.When literal translation can not express the deep meaning of the original;,3.When idioms can be used.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,1)Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.,Literal translation:,*,也许,Kino,会割掉自己的脑袋，把自己毁了,.,Free translation:,也许,Kino,走了绝路，自己毁了自己,.,2)Cast pearls before swine.,Literal translation:,*,把珍珠扔到猪面前,.,Free translation:,对牛弹琴,.,3)Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.,Literal translation:,*Barbara,嘴里叼着银调羹出生的,.,Free translation:,Barbara,出生于富贵人家,.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,How to use them properly and proficiently?,know source language and target language culture as much as possible and have extensive knowledge with the problems which the original wrote or talked about.,comprehend source language message correctly and thoroughly.,practice makes perfect.,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,Domestication,归化,/,Foreignization,异化,vs.Free/Literal Translation,Free/Literal Translation is on the linguistic level,Domestication/,Foreignization,is more concerned with the cultural level,归化,使原文作者尽量靠近译文读者，以目的语,(target language),文化为中心,习惯认为，当原文与译文之间因文化差异而出现不能通达的情况时，“要用译语文化替代原语文化”即把在译语中找不到对等的外语词汇改头换面，或套用译语中与之相似的现成的表达法，把它们变成读者熟悉的译语文化形象。,异化,使译文读者尽量靠近原文作者，以源语（,source language,）文化为中心。,读异国文学是为了欣赏异国作品特有的韵味和语言风格，应着力于全面、完整地向译语读者介绍对方的全部意蕴，,包括文化,.Literal Translation and Free Translation,直译与意译,All roads lead to Rome.,条条大道通罗马,不能译成：殊途同归,To teach ones grandmother to eat eggs.,教老祖母吃鸡蛋,班门弄斧,班门弄斧,：,show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.,.Translation Techniques,翻译技巧种种,影响因素：,1.Text Types,2.Translation Purpose,3.Socio-cultural Constraints,技巧方法源于翻译实践,Practice,1.He was,a dead shot,.However,he,met his Waterloo,this time.,2.After the failure of his last novel,his reputation,stands on slippery ground,.,3.He,carried his age,astonishingly well.,4.Shed never again believe,anything in trousers,.,5.Nixon was pleased by the distinction,but not,overwhelmed,.,6.Ill have Lisa where I want her.,7.Yet China was a land of constant surprise and,shifting impression,.,Answer,1.,他是一个,神枪手,，可这一次却,遭到惨败,。（,遭遇了滑铁卢,）,2.,他上一篇小说写砸了，他的名声从此,岌岌可危,。,3.,他一点儿,不显老,，面容年轻得令人惊讶。,4.,她再也不愿相信,任何男人,。,5.,尼克松对受到破格礼遇非常高兴，但并没有,受宠若惊。,6.,我要让丽莎乖乖听话。,7.,而中国是一片令人惊讶、,日新月异,的土地。,Send=,送？,1.Who sent the letter?,2.Have you sent off the order?,3.Please send him in.,4.He sends words that he wouldnt be coming.,5.Could you send sb.to help us?,6.Please send the goods by air.,7.The shot sent the birds flying away.,8.Send for the doctor,please.,送,=send?,1.,送某人一本书,2.,送礼,3.,送信,4.,送客,5.,送行,6.,送雨伞,7.,送命,8.,送孩子上学,9.,送某人回家,10.,将卫星送上天,11.,送葬,12.,送罪犯上法庭审判,Answer,1.give sb.a book,2.present a gift to sb.,3.deliver a message,4.see a visitor out,5.see sb.Off,6.bring sb.an umbrella,7.lose ones life(get killed),8.take a child to school,9.escort sb.home,10.launch a satellite,11.take part in a funeral procession,12.hand the criminal over to the court for trial,第一讲,-2,英汉语言对比研究,一、教学重点：,1.,英汉语言宏观对比,2.,提高三种翻译能力,二、教学内容：,1.,英汉语言宏观对比,2.,通过比较研究和翻译,批评提高实际能力,.,英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（,Synthetic vs.Analytic,）,综合型语言，,运用,词的形态,变化,来,表达语法关系,。,e.g.German,Old English.,分析型语言，不,运用,词的形态,变化,而,用,词序,及,虚词等手段来,表达语法关系,。,e.g.Chinese,现代,English,：,综合,-,分析,型语言,，,Three major grammatical devices of English:,Inflection,形态变化,word order,词序,and function words,虚词,.,英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（,Synthetic vs.Analytic,）,1.,英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化,英语：,affixation,词缀变化,(prefix,前缀、,suffix,后缀,),gender,性,number,数,case,格,tense,时,aspect,体,voice,语态,mood,语气,degree of comparison,比较级,person,人称,parts of speech,词性,汉语：“着”、“了”、“过”、“的”、“地”、“得”之类的助词,.,英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（,Synthetic vs.Analytic,）,2.,英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定,英语词序倒置的现象较多（原因在于：形态变化和运用丰富的连接词）。,汉语只能按照表意的需要排列词序。,.,英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（,Synthetic vs.Analytic,）,2.,英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定,定语的位置,A candidate with little chance of success,一个当选希望极微的候选人,英国是第一个承认中国的西方大国。,Britain was the first west power to acknowledge the P.R.C,.,.,英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（,Synthetic vs.Analytic,）,2.,英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定,状语的位置,English,：,S+V+O+manner +place+time,Chinese,：,S+time+place+manner+P+O,她温柔地点了点头。,She nodded in a tender way./tenderly.,她每天清晨在室外高声朗读英语。,.,英汉语言宏观对比,一、综合语与分析语（,Synthetic vs.Analytic,）,3.,英汉都有大量的虚词，但各有特点,英语：,articles,冠词,prepositions,介词,auxiliaries,助动词,coordinators,并列连接词,subordinators,从属连接词,汉语：介词、连词、,助词 动态助词：着、了、过,结构助词：的、地、得,语气助词：吗、呢、吧、啊、嘛、呀、哪,.,英汉语言宏观对比,二、紧凑与松散（,Compact vs.Diffusive,）,英语的主谓结构可归纳为五种基本句型：,SV,SVP,SVO,SVoO,SVOC,各种长短句子，一般都可以看作是这五种基本句型及其变式、扩展、组合、省略或倒装。,语法一致原则,grammatical concord,意义一致原则,notional concord,就近原则,principle of proximity,注重形式接应,formal coherence,.,英汉语言宏观对比,二、紧凑与松散（,Compact vs.Diffusive,）,汉语主谓结构要复杂得多，注重意念连贯（,semantic coherence,）,警察,抓住了小偷；,三个小偷,都抓住了；,(,受事主语,),昨晚,抓住了三个小偷；,(,时间主语,),公共汽车上,抓住了三个小偷。,(,地点主语,),.,英汉语言宏观对比,三、形合与意合（,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,）,Hypotactic,:,句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。,Paratactic:,词语和分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。,.,英汉语言宏观对比,三、形合与意合（,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,）,英语：形合法：关系词、连接词、介词、其他,汉语：意合法：语序、反复、排比、对偶、对照、紧缩句、四字格,英语句子：一棵参天大树，一串葡萄,树形扩展,，多枝共干，,节外生枝,汉语句子：一根竹子,线型,扩展,，,连续铺排,，,逐步交代,，,层层铺开,.,英汉语言宏观对比,三、形合与意合（,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,）,车未停稳，请勿上下。,Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.,无事不登三宝殿。,I wouldnt come to you if I hadnt something to ask of you.,他不来，我不去。,If he wont come here,Ill not go there.,欲盖弥彰,The more one tries to hide,the more one is exposed.,.,英汉语言宏观对比,四、繁复与简短（,Complex vs.Simplex,）,英语：从属结构是现代英语最重要的特点之一。句子呈句首封闭、句尾开放。书面语句子长而复杂，环扣相嵌，盘根错节，句中有句。造句采用“楼房建筑法”。,汉语：常用散句、松句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句或并列形式的复句，以中短句居多。句子呈句首开放、句尾收缩。造句采用“流水记事法”。,注重繁简句式与文体的关系。,.,英汉语言宏观对比,四、繁复与简短（,Complex vs.Simplex,）,英译汉时要破句重组，化繁为简。,In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and,colours,.,门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。,门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。,.,英汉语言宏观对比,五、物称与人称（,Impersonal vs.Personal,）,英语：常用物称表达法。不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。,汉语：常用人称表达法。较注重主题思维，以“万物皆备于我”作主导，从自我出发叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态。,.,英汉语言宏观对比,五、物称与人称（,Impersonal vs.Personal,）,英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语,Alarm,began to take entire possession of him.,他,开始变得惊恐万状。,An idea,suddenly struck me.,我,突然想到了一个主意。,“无灵主语”,+“,有灵动词”,Beijing,has,witnessed,a great many historical events.,北京目睹过,许多伟大的历史事件。,.,英汉语言宏观对比,五、物称与人称（,Impersonal vs.Personal,）,英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法；汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。,Wrongs must,be righted,when they,are discovered,.,发现了错误，一定要改正。,Specialties in colleges and universities,should be adjusted,and teaching methods,improved.,必须调整高等院校的专业设置，改进教学方法。,.,英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（,Passive vs.Active,）,英语常用被动语态,原因：,1,、施事的原因：,施事未知而难以言明,The murderer,was caught,yesterday,and it,is said,that he,will be hanged,.,施事从上下文中可以不言自明,She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason,had been assigned,.,.,英汉语言宏观对比,六、被动与主动（,Passive vs.Active,）,施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调,Her only son,was run over,by a car.,由于特殊原因而不要指明施事,Some things,have been said,here to