英文跨文化交际.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,Role,behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status,Role set,a number of roles attached to a single status,12/4/2025,1,By the end of this chapter,you should be able to:,1.have a better understanding of the conventions and expectations of different cultures in areas such as:,Forms of address,Greetings,Farewells,Complimenting and responding,Inviting,Paying for a meal,Showing hospitality,Disagreeing,etc.,12/4/2025,2,2.be more aware of your own behavior patterns and how they are shaped by Chinese culture.,3.know how to avoid or lessen misunderstanding in intercultural communication and be able to convey your ideas more successfully.,12/4/2025,3,A.,The young lady Marilyn in America addresses her mother-in-law by her first name,Ellen.How do you account for this?Could the same thing happen in China?Why?,B.,In China we address a stranger with an advanced age Grandpa or Grandma.Why do we do so since that stranger is not connected to us by blood?How does this sound to an English ear?,C.,We Chinese routinely use many position-linked or occupation-linked titles to address people,such as,wang jinling,(王经理),ma juzhang,(马局长),zhang zhuren,(张主任),li yisheng,(李医生),etc.Do Americans have similar customs?,Activity 1,Forms of address,12/4/2025,4,Case study,A Situation:What to say,E.G.,A conversation between Susan and Mrs.Zhang,her mother-in-law,at the airport when leaving China.The husband is interpreting for them.,12/4/2025,5,Susan:,Mrs.Zhang,come to New York if you want.,Husbands translation:,妈妈，您,可一定要来纽约看看。,Mother:,不去了,，给你们,添麻烦,。,Husbands translation:,Oh,it depends on the physical condition.,Susan:,Yes,oh thanks for,your,delicious food,I like them very much.,Husbands translation:,谢谢,妈妈,给我们做了那么多好吃的。,Mother:,自家人,谢什么，苏珊，你以后可不要再减肥了，身体健康才最重要哪！,Husbands translation:,Its my pleasure,Susan,I hope you become even more beautiful.,Susan:,Thank,you,!The same to,you,.,Husbands translation:,谢谢,妈妈,，我祝,您,身体健康。,Mother:,谢谢，谢谢。,12/4/2025,6,Doctor,Professor,Judge,Preseident,Senator,Governer,Mayor,Colonel,Captain,etc.,Activity 1,Forms of address,12/4/2025,7,Work in pairs.List some common forms of greeting among the English-speaking people and Chinese people.then try to spot some differences,if there are any.,Chinese culture is relation-oriented.Maintaining or promoting relation calls for something interpersonal,so it is quite acceptable in China to greet each other by asking private questions,while English people have a very strong sense of privacy.,Activity 2,Greetings,12/4/2025,8,“Good-bye”or“Bye-Bye”is acceptable both in English and Chinese,and it is a very formal way.English people also say“See you”,“See you later”,“Good night”,and“Have a nice day”.,Those expressions convey less personal concerns than Chinese routines such as“Walk slowly”,“Stay longer”.,Activity 3,F,arewells,12/4/2025,9,Compliments,and praises are of great social functions.Concerning compliments and compliment responses,the pragmatic rules are various in different cultures.,In American culture,the topic of compliments can be varied.Their response to compliments is positive.Chinese people are shy to compliment others and also shy to accept compliments.,Activity 4Compliments and responses,12/4/2025,10,A.A Canadian woman acquaintance of a Chinese art teacher asked him to look over an article that she had written about Chinese painting.He agreed,but added something politely.What do you think he would like to add?,B.,A famous Chinese actress married a German.One day when she was acting,her husband was there watching,saying again and again that she was the best actress.The actress colleagues present asked her afterwards to tell her husband not to praise his own wife like that in public.On learning this,the German wondered what he did wrong.,Activity 4Compliments and responses,12/4/2025,11,Activity 5 Inviting,Now study the following statements and think how you would respond to each of them.Discuss in small groups.,Lets get together,soon,.,I haven t seen you for a long time.You must come round for dinner,sometime,.,Its good seeing you.Ill invite you to tea,later,.,Im going to give a party this weekend.,Come if you like,.,How about,joining us for dinner this Friday night?,12/4/2025,12,Activity 6 Footing the Bill,Task 1:Whose Treat?,Situation:When someone suggests going for a meal,whos going to pay the bill?,Task 2:Customs and Language,Task 3:Meaning from Context,go Dutch,pool ones money,pick up the tab,buy ones round,12/4/2025,13,Activity 7Showing Hospitality in Different Ways,Task 1:Too modest?-When“No”Does not Mean No.,We Chinese usually say“no”when somebody offers,something,because,_.,After we say“no”,we usually _,but that never happens in a foreigners home.,If the host just brings the food or drink and ignores our“no”,we will_.,12/4/2025,14,Activity 7Showing Hospitality in Different Ways,Task 2:Sharing Knowledge:Yes and No,The Japanese word“,Hai,”,Different ways of saying“No”across cultures,The Japanese“No”,12/4/2025,15,Activity 7Showing Hospitality in Different Ways,Task 2:Sharing Knowledge:Yes and No,What does it mean to intercultural communication?,In English cultures,its easy to say“no”to something they do not want to do.But in many eastern cultures,its difficult to say“no”.To refuse an invitation or a request with“no”or a similar phrase,is felt to be impolite.Its thought to be selfish and unfriendly.,12/4/2025,16,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 1:Different Approaches to Refusing Requests,Direct and Indirect Communication Style,(Personal and Contextual Communication Style),(Instrumental and Affective Communication Style),12/4/2025,17,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 1:Different Approaches to Refusing Requests,1.,Direct communication style,With direct communication style,speaker expresses his intention,（need and desire）openly and directly.Direct styles are often used in low-context,individualistic cultures.Verbal precision and self-expression are valued.,2.,Indirect communication style,In an indirect communication style,which is often seen in high-context and collectivistic cultures,speakers usually hide or hint their intentions during interaction.,12/4/2025,18,Basic Theory:Communicative Styles,Individualism,Consider individual,Distinguish forms of discourse less,Pay attention to context less,Express explicitly and directly,People infer less,Collectivism,Consider group,Distinguish forms of discourse more,Pay attention to context more,Express inexplicitly and indirectly,People infer more,(Fukushima 2000:134),12/4/2025,19,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2:,Face:Goffman,Positive face,is the desire of being seen as a good human being.,Negative face,is the desire to remain autonomous.,12/4/2025,20,Face:Brown and Levinson,Face is,the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself.It refers to that emotional and social sense of self that everyone has and expects everyone else to recognize.,Face consists of two related aspects.,Brown&Levinson 1987:61,12/4/2025,21,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2:Face,“Face”is the negotiated public image,mutually granted each other by participants in a communicative event.,（贾玉新：面子是交际事件中的参与者所相互给予的、相互协同的公共意象。）,12/4/2025,22,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2:Face（FTA）,Many acts threaten the positive or negative face(or both)of the speaker and/or hearer(by imposing on him or her);disagreements threaten the hearers positive face.,12/4/2025,23,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2:Face,Refusals,Classification of Refusals,(Beebe et al.1990:72-73),I.,Direct,“I refuse”,“No”,“I cant.”“I wont”.“I dont think so.”,12/4/2025,24,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2:Face,Refusals,Classification of Refusals,II.,Indirect,A.Statement of regret(e.g.,“Im sorry.”;“I feel terrible.”),B.Wish(e.g.,“I wish I could help you.”),C.Excuse,reason,explanation,(e.g.,“My children will be home that night.”;,“I have a headache.”),D.Statement of alternative,1.I can do X instead of Y,(e.g.,“Id rather.”“Id prefer”),2.Why dont you do X instead of Y,(e.g.,“Why dont you ask someone else?”),12/4/2025,25,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 2:Face,The Confucian legacy of consideration for others and concern for proper human relationships has led to the development of communication patterns that preserve one anothers face.,Indirect communication helps to prevent the embarrassment of rejection by the other person or disagreement among partners,leaving the relationship and each others face intact.,12/4/2025,26,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 3:Defending Face,“Defending face”is one of the main factors influencing Japanese behavior.,Concrete mechanisms(indirect forms of communication)for defending face-mediated communication(asking someone else to transmit the message);refracted communication(talking to a third person in the presence of the hearer);acting as a delegate(conveying ones message as being from someone else).,12/4/2025,27,Activity 8 Disagreeing Agreeably,Task 3:Defending Face,A significant difference between North American and East Asian communication patterns.,American “The door is open”.,Japanese “Its somewhat cold today.”,12/4/2025,28,Task 4,“,Face,”in Chinese culture,The conception of face in Chinese culture is different from Brown and Levinsons definition.,Brown and Levinson declare that face is the self-image in social life.,12/4/2025,29,In Chinese culture and social life,“脸”or“面 子”is used to control and modulate social acts.We can understand the implication of face as the following:,“个人的需要不要超过社会给予的身份地位，代表的是个人从属于社会的价值观。”,顾曰国,12/4/2025,30,顾曰国（1990，1992）曾经指出，现代汉语中的“礼貌”起源于中国古代的“礼”。管子五辅中明确指出，礼就是维护现行社会等级差别的行为法则。,“上下有义，贵贱有分，长幼有等，贫富有度，凡此八者，礼之经也”。,12/4/2025,31,中国人的脸，不但可以洗，可以刮，并且可以丢，可以赏，可以留。,林语堂脸与法治,要脸，赏脸，丢脸，争脸，爱面子，丢面子，留面子，碍面子，有面子，争面子，讲情面，不要脸，无脸见人，撕破脸皮，翻脸不认人，打肿脸充胖子，不看僧面看佛面，死要面子活受罪。,阿Q 孔已己,饿死事小,失节事大。,12/4/2025,32,Individualism-collectivism of culture:,preferences for self-oriented or other-oriented face work,Small-large,p,ower distance:,preferences for horizontal or vertical face work.,Facework:Cultural Differences,12/4/2025,33,Facework competence:,4 criteria of facework competence,appropriateness,effectiveness,adaptability,interaction satisfaction,Facework:Cultural Differences,12/4/2025,34,12/4/2025,35,