Human-anatomy.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Basic Concepts of Anatomy,Definition,:human anatomy,the oldest science dealing with the structures and functions of body,Gross anatomy,:,systematic anatomy,regional anatomy,Applied anatomy,Clinical anatomy,人体解剖学发展简史,Hippcrates,Hippocrates-,希波克拉底,（公元前460377）古希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。,Galen,Galen-,伽林,（130200）,古,希腊,名医、解剖学家，著医经，对血液流动、神经分支和脑、心等器官有具体描述。,Vesalius-(15141564)现代解剖学的奠基人，1543年出版了人体构造这一划时代的解剖学巨著。,Vesalius,Harvey,Harvey-(15781657),解剖生理学家，发现了血液循环的原理，确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循环。著有血液循环论、动物的发生两书。开创了动物实验研究的道路。,Descriptive anatomical terms,The anatomical position:,(解剖学姿势),The body is upright,legs together,and directed forwards.The palms are turned forward,with the thumbs laterally.,The terms of the direction,(,方位术语),superior,上,inferior,下,anterior(ventral),前,(,腹侧,)posterior(dorsal),后,(,背侧,),medial,内侧,lateral,外侧,internal,内,external,外,superficial,浅,profound,深,proximal,近侧,distal,远侧,ulnar,尺侧,radial,桡侧,tibial,胫侧,，fibular,腓侧,Anatomical axes,and planes（轴与面）,Axis 轴：,Vertical axis,垂直轴,Sagittal axis,矢状轴,Coronal axis,冠状轴,Plane面:,Sagittal plane,矢状面,Coronal plane,冠状面,Horizontal plane,水平面,或,transverse plane,横切面,The Locomotor System,运动系统,运动系统由bone,骨,、joints,关节,和muscles,骨骼肌,组成，占成人体重60%,骨起杠杆作用,关节是运动的枢纽,骨骼肌是动力器官,功能:,support,支持,Protection,保护,Locomotion,运动,Introduction of the osteology,骨学总论,Bones in adult are 206 in number,.,Classification of bone,Bones are classified according to their position and shape,The position can be:,skull,颅骨,bones of trunk,躯干骨,appendicular skeleton,四肢骨,Types of shape include:,long bone,长骨,short bone,短骨,flat bone,扁骨,irregular bone,不规则骨,Long bones,(found in limbs):,Diaphysis or shaft,骨干,which is hollow(called medullary cavity,骨髓腔,),filled with bone marrow,Two endsepiphysis,骺,articular surface,关节面,metaphysis,干骺端,epiphysial cartilage,骺软骨,and epiphysial line,骺线,Short bones,:,cuboidal in shape,e.g.carpal bones,Flat bones,:thin,Irregular bones,:have any irregular or mixed shape,e.g.vertebrae,pneumatic bones,含气骨,*,Sesamoid bones,籽骨,:develop within tendon,General structures of bone,骨的构造,Bone substance,骨质,compact bone,骨密质,spongy bone,骨松质,呈海绵状，由,trabeculae,骨小梁构成,In the flat bones of the skull,the layers of compact bone are called the outer plate and inner plate,外板,和,内板,while the layer of spongy bone is called the diplo,板障,Periosteum,骨膜,:,Outer or fibrous layer,Inner layer is vascular and provides the underlying bone with nutrition.It also contains osteoblasts(成骨细胞),Endosteum,骨内膜,is a single-cellular osteogenic layer lining the inner surface of bone.,Bone marrow,骨髓,Red marrow,红骨髓,:haematopoietic,造血,Yellow marrow,黄骨髓,:fatty,Chemical composition and physical properties,化学成分和物理性质,Organic material,有机质,：,主要是骨,胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。,Inorganic salts,无机质,：,主要是,碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性,Organic material,Inorganic salts,Children,1,1,Adult,3,7,Old,1,4,Bones of trunk,躯干骨,Composition,:vertebrae,sacrum,coccyx,sternum and ribs,Vertebrae 椎骨,There are 33 vertebrae in children,arranged as follows:,Cervical vertebrae,颈椎,C.7,Thoracic vertebrae,胸椎,T.12,Lumbar vertebrae,腰椎,L.5,Sacral vertebrae,骶椎,S.5 sacrum,骶骨,Coccygeal vertebrae,尾椎,Co.34 coccyx,尾骨,General features of vertebrae,Vertebral body,椎体,Vertebral arch,椎弓,pedicle of vertebral arch,椎弓根,:,sup.and inf.Vertebral notch,椎上、下切迹,lamina of vertebral arch,椎弓板,process(7):,spinous process,棘突,transverse process,横突,sup.and inf.articular processes,上、下关节突,Vertebral foramen,椎孔,Vertebral canal,椎管,Intervertebral foramen,椎间孔,Regional variations of vertebrae,Cervical vertebrae,Vertebrae Body,:small,Vertebral foramen,:larger and triangular,Spinous processes,:,short and bifid in C3 to C5,long in C6,and longer in C7,Transverse processes,:,short and bifid,transverse foramen,横突孔,Articular processes,:horizontal,Atlas,寰椎,(C1),Body and spinous process absent,consists of anterior and posterior arches,and two lateral masses,Groove for vertebral artery,椎动脉沟,Axis,枢椎,(C2):distinguished by dens,齿突,which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas,Carotid tubercle:,颈动脉结节,:anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6,Vertebra prominens,隆椎,(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process,it is visible with neck flexed,used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes,Thoracic vertebrae,Vertebrae Body：,heart-shape,superior and inferior costal fovea,上、下肋凹,Vertebral foramen：,smaller,rounder,Spinous processes：,long,point obliquely downward,Transverse processes：,transverse costal fovea,横突肋凹,Articular processes:,coronal,Vertebrae Body,：,larger,kidney-shape,Vertebral foramen,:,larger and triangular,Spinous processes,:projects horizontally,Transverse processes,:,long,Articular processes,:sagittal,Sacrum,Anterior surface:,promontory,岬,anterior sacral foramina,骶前孔,(four pairs),Posterior surface:,median sacral crest,骶正中嵴,posterior sacral foramina,(four pairs),sacral hiatus,骶管裂孔,，sacral,cornu,骶角,Lateral part:,auricular surface,耳状面,sacral tuberosity,骶粗隆,Transsacral(epidural)anasthesia,Cornua,palpation,Sacral hiatus,Sternum,Manubrium sterni,胸骨柄,:,jugular notch,颈静脉切迹,clavicular notch,锁切迹,Body of sternum,胸骨体,Xiphoid process,Sternal angle,胸骨角,:,the junction of manubrium and body,which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally,and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly,Sternal angle,胸骨角,which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally,and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly,Ribs,肋,:12 pair,General features,Ribs 17 called,true ribs,真肋,Ribs 810 called,false ribs,假肋,Ribs 1112 called,floating ribs,浮肋,Characteristics of“typical”rib,Posterior end:,costal head,肋头,costal neck,肋颈,costal tubercle,肋结节,Shaft:costal angle,肋角,costal groove,肋沟,Anterior end,Atypical rib,First rib:tubercle for scalenus anterior,前斜角肌结节,sulcus for subclavian artery and vein,锁骨下动、静脉沟,11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks,tubercles and angles,The Bones of Limbs,山东大学医学院 解剖教研室,李振华,Bones of upper limbs,Composition:,Should girdle,上肢带骨,clavicle,锁骨,，scapula,肩胛骨,Bones of free upper limb,自由上肢骨,Humerus,肱骨,in arm,Radius,桡骨,and ulna,尺骨,in forearm,Carpal,腕骨,metacarpals,掌骨,and phalanges,指骨,in hand,Clavicle,锁骨,“S”shaped,medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backward,Sternal end,胸骨端,medially and acromial end,肩峰端,laterally,Scapula,肩胛骨,Three borders,Superior:,coracoid process,喙突,scapular notch,肩胛切迹,Lateral(axillary)border,腋缘,Medial(vertebral)border,脊柱缘,Three angles,Superior:opposite to the 2nd rib,Inferior:opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals space,Lateral:,glenoid cavity,关节盂,supra-and infraglenoid tubercles,盂上、下结节,Two surfaces,Anterior surface concave:,subscapular fossa,肩胛下窝,Posterior surface:,supra-,and,infraspinous fossae,冈上、下窝,spine of scapula,肩胛冈,acromion,肩峰,Humerus,肱骨,Upper end:,head of humerus,肱骨头,anatomical neck,解剖颈,greater,and,lesser tubercles,大、小结节,crests of greater,and,lesser tubercle,大、小结节嵴,，,intertubercular groove,结节间沟,surgical neck,外科颈,Shaft:,deltoid tuberosity,三角肌粗隆,on lateral surface,and a,groove for radial nerve,桡神经沟,on posterior surface,Lower end:,lateral and medial epicondyles,内、外上髁,capitulum,肱骨小头,trochlea,肱骨滑车,coranoid,fossa,冠突窝,and,radial fossa,桡窝,(anteriorly)and,olecranon fossa,鹰嘴窝,(posteriorly),and,sulcus for ulnar nerve,尺神经沟,Radius,Upper end:,head of radius,桡骨头,neck of radius,桡骨颈,radial tuberosity,桡骨粗隆,and articular circumference,环状关节面,Shaft：,interosseous border,骨间缘,Lower end:,styloid process,茎突,laterally,ulnar notch,尺切迹,medially,and,carpal articular surface,腕关节面,inferiorly,Fracture of the distal end pf the radius,Ulna,r,Upper end:,olecranon,鹰嘴,coronoid process,冠突,trochlear notch,滑车切迹,radial notch,桡切迹,ulnar tubersity,尺骨粗隆,Lower end,styloid process,尺骨茎突,head of ulna,尺骨头,Carpal bones,腕骨,Proximal row (lateral to medial),scaphoid,手舟骨,lunate,月骨,triquetral,三角骨,and,pisiform,豌豆骨,Distal row (lateral to medial),trapezium,大多角骨,trapezoid,小多角骨,capitate,头状骨,and,hamate,钩骨,Metacarpal bones,掌骨,Numbered one to five from thumb to little finger,Structure of eachbase(proximally),shaft,and head(distally),Phalanges of fingers,指骨,Consist of 14 two for first digit(thumb)and three for each of other four digits,Structure of each base(proximally),shaft,and trochlea of phalanx(distally),tuberosity of distal phalanx,远节指骨粗隆,Bones of Lower Limb,Composition:,Pelvic girdle:,hip bone,髋骨,Bones of free lower limb:,Femur,股骨,in thigh(patella,髌骨,),Tibia,胫骨,and fibula,腓骨,in leg,Tarsals,跗骨,metatarsals,跖骨,phalanges of toes,趾骨,in foot,Hip bone,Consisting of three fused bones,ilium,ischium,pubis,Ilium,髂骨,Body of ilium,髂骨体,to form superior 2/5 of acetabulum,髋臼,Ala of ilium,髂骨翼,:,iliac crest,髂嵴,anterior superior,iliac spine,髂前上棘,，,anterior inferior iliac spine,髂前下棘,tubercle of iliac crest,髂结节,posterior superior,iliac spine,髂后上棘,，posterior inferior iliac spine,髂后下棘,greater sciatic notch,坐骨大切迹,gluteal surface,臀面,，,iliac fossa,髂窝,arcuate line,弓状线,auricular surface,耳状面,iliac tuberosity,髂粗隆,Ischium,坐骨,Body of ischium,坐骨体,to form posterior and inferior 2/5 of acetabulum,ischial spine,坐骨棘,lesser sciatic notch,坐骨小切迹,Ramus of ischium,坐骨支,ischial tuberosity,坐骨结节,Pubis,耻骨,Body of pubis,耻骨体,to form anterior and inferior 1/5 of acetabulum,iliopubic eminence,髂耻隆起,Superior ramus of pubis,耻骨上支,:pecten of pubis,耻骨梳,pubic tubercle,耻骨结节,pubic crest,耻骨嵴,symphysial surface,耻骨联合面,Inferior ramus of pubis,耻骨下支,:obturator foramen,闭孔,Acetabulum,髋臼,formed by bodies of ischium,ilium and pubis,Lunate surface,月状面,acetabular fossa,髋臼窝,acetabular notch,髋臼切,迹,Femur,股骨,Upper end:,femoral head,股骨头,fovea of femoral head,股骨头凹,neck of femur,股骨颈,greater,trochanter,大转子,，lesser trochanter,小转子,intertrochanteric line,转子间线,intertrochanteric crest,转子间嵴,Shaft:,linea aspera,粗线,gluteal tuberosity,臀肌粗隆,pectineal line,耻骨肌线,，,popliteal surface,腘面,Lower end:,medial,and,lateral condyles,内、外侧髁,，,medial,and,lateral,epicondyles,内、外上髁,adductor tubercle,收肌结节,，,intercondylar fossa,髁间窝,patellar surface,髌面,Fracture of the femoral neck,Tibia,胫骨,Upper end:,medial,and,lateral condyles,内、外侧髁,intercondylar eminence,髁间隆起,fibular articular surface,腓关节面,tuberosity of tibia,胫骨粗隆,Shaft:,interosseous border,骨间缘,soleal line,比目鱼肌线,Lower end:,fibular notch,腓切迹,medial malleolus,内踝,Fibula,腓骨,Upper end:,fibular,head,腓骨头,neck of fibula,腓骨颈,Shaft:,interosseous border,骨间缘,Lower end:,lateral malleolus,外踝,Patella,髌骨,triangular sesamoid bone,Tarsal bones,跗骨,Consist of seven short bones arranged in three row,Posterior row,talus,距骨,calcaneus,跟骨,Intermediate row,navicular bone,足舟骨,Anterior row,medial,intermediate,and,lateral cuneiforms,内侧、中间和外侧楔骨,cuboid bone,骰骨,Metatarsal bones,跖骨,Consist of five elongated bones,numbered one to five medial to lateral,Structure of each,base,(proximally),shaft,and,head,(distally)in each,Phalanges of toes,趾骨,Consist of 14two for first toe(hallux)and three for each of other four toes,Surface landmarks,:,trochlea of talus,距骨滑车,calcaneal tuberosity,跟骨结节,tuberosity of navicular bone,舟骨粗隆,and,tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone,第五跖骨粗隆,Skull,颅,山东大学医学院解剖教研室,李振华,The skull is composed of 23 bones,which may be divided into the cerebral cranium and facial cranium,Cerebral cranium,脑颅,(8)larger,upper and posterior part,contains and protects the brain,Single bones:include,frontal bone,额骨,ethmoid bone,筛骨,sphenoid bone,蝶骨,occipital bone,枕骨,Paired bones:include,temporal bone,颞骨,parietal bone,顶骨,Bones of facial cranium,面颅,(15)smaller,lower,and anterior part,contains bones that surrounded,the eye,nose and mouth,Single bones:include,mandible,下颌骨,vomer,犁骨,hyoid bone,舌骨,Paired bones:include,maxilla,上颌骨,nasal bone,鼻骨,lacrimal bone,泪骨,palatine bone,腭骨,zygomatic bone,颧骨,inferior nasal concha,下鼻甲,Frontal bone,Zygomatic bone,Nasal bone,Maxilla,Mandible,Sphenoid bone,parietal bone,Temporal bone,Occipital bone,面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚,。,Mandible,下颌骨,Body of mandible,Superior border:alveolar arch,牙槽弓,Inferior border:base of mandible,下颌底,Outer surface:mental protuberance,颏隆凸,mental foramen,颏孔,Inner surface:,mental spine,颏棘,digastric fossa,二腹肌窝,Ramus:,has two vertical processes,separated by mandibular notch,下颌切迹,Coronoid process,冠突,Condylar process,髁突,head of mandible,下颌头,neck of mandible,下颌颈,Mandibular foramen,下颌孔,，,mandibular lingula,下颌小舌,Angle of mandible,下颌角,Masseteric tuberocity,咬肌粗隆,The skull as a whole,颅的整体观,Skull viewed from above(superior view),Bones:frontal,额,paired parietal,顶,occipital,枕,Sutures:,c,oronal,冠状缝,sagittal,矢状缝,lambdoid,人字缝,parietal tuber,顶结节,，,parietal foramen,顶孔,Internal surface of the calvaria,sulcus for superior sagittal sinus,上矢状窦沟,granular foveola,颗粒小凹,arterial grooves,动脉沟,Skull viewed from behind,external occipital protuberance,枕外隆凸,superior nuchal line,上项线,Internal view of base of skull,颅底内面观,Base of skull forms three fossae,Anterior cranial fossa,颅前窝,Meddle cranial fossa,颅中窝,Posterior cranial fossa,颅后窝,Anterior cranial fossa,颅前窝,Formed by orbital part of frontal bone,cribriform plate of ethmoid,and lesser wings of sphenoid,Structures:,frontal crest,额嵴,foramen cecum,盲孔,crista galli,鸡冠,cribriform plate,筛板,cribriform foramina,筛孔,Meddle cranial fossa,颅中窝,Formed by the body and greater wings of sphenoid,petrous part of temporal,Structures:,body of sphenoid bone,蝶骨体,hypophysial fossa,垂体窝,optic canal,视神经管,anterior clinoid process,前床突,tuberculum sellae,鞍结节,dorsum sellae,鞍背,posterior clinoid process,后床突,sella turcica,蝶鞍,Meddle cranial fossa,颅中窝,carotid sulcus,颈动脉沟,superior orbital fissure,眶上裂,foramen rotundum,圆孔,foramen ovale,卵圆孔,foramen spinosum,棘孔,sulcus for middle meningeal,artery,脑膜中动脉沟,foramen lacerum,破裂孔,internal opening of carotid,canal,颈脉管内口,trigeminal impression,三叉神经压迹,tegmen tympani,鼓室盖,Posterior cranial fossa,颅后窝,Formed by occipital and the petrous part of temporal,Structures:,foramen magnum,枕骨大孔,clivus,斜坡,internal opening of,hypoglossal canal,舌下神经管内口,internal occipital protuberance,枕内隆凸,internal occipital,crest,枕内嵴,sulcus for transverse sinus,横窦沟,sulcus for sigmoid sinus,乙状窦沟,jugular foramen,颈静脉孔,internal acoustic pore,内耳门,internal acoustic meatus,内耳道,Skull seen from below(inferior view),alveolar arch,牙槽弓,bony palate,骨腭,median palatine suture,腭正中缝,incisive foramina,切牙孔,incisive canal,切牙管,greater palatine foramen,腭大孔,posterior nasal apertures,鼻后孔,pterygoid process,翼突,occipital condyle,枕髁,external opening of hypoglossal canal,舌下神经管外口,external opening of carotid canal,颈动脉管外口,styloid process,茎突,stylomastoid foramen,茎乳孔,mandibular fossa,下颌窝,articular tubercle,关节结节,Lateral view of the skull,颅侧面观,external acoustic pore,外耳门,mastoid process,乳突,zygomatic arch,颧弓,temporal fossa,颞窝,pterion,翼点,pterygomaxillary fissure,翼上颌裂,pterygopalatine fossa,翼腭窝,sphenopalatine foramen,蝶腭孔,Skull viewed from the front(anterior view),颅的前面观,Frontal region:,frontal squama,额鳞,frontal tuber,额结节,superciliary arch,眉弓,glabella,眉间,Orbit,眶,pyramid-shaped paired cavities,Base:,supraorbital notch,眶上切迹,infraorbital foramen,眶下孔,Apex:optic canal,视神经管,Walls,Superior:,fossa for lacrimal gland,泪腺窝,Medial:,fossa for lacrimal sac,泪囊窝,Inferior:,infraorbital fissure,眶下裂,infraorbital groove,眶下沟,infraorbital canal,眶下管,Bony nasal cavity,骨性鼻腔,Roof:cribriform plate of ethmoid,Floor:bony palate,Lateral wall,Three,nasal conchae,(superior,middle and inferior),上、中、下鼻甲,Nasal meatus,underlying each concha (superior,middle and inferior),上、中、下鼻