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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,利用学术文件(Quotation),一、直接引用、解释性说明、,概括性说明,二、,标注方式,1/27,利用学术文件(Quotation),When we write an academic paper,we almost always need to borrow ideas,statistics,and previous research findings,to strengthen our own ideas,to explain our own arguments,and,support our own evidence,.If a research paper is written without using any outside ideas or information,that paper might be considered as deficient in academic value.,2/27,Ways of Using Outside Sources,Generally speaking,there are three legal ways of using,outside sources and information:,Direct quotation(,直接引用,),Paraphrasing(,解释性说明,),Summarizing(,概括性说明,),As a matter of fact,academic research requires the combined use of these three methods.,3/27,Direct quotation(直接引用),A direct quote is when you use,another persons words,directly in your paper.Knowing when to use a direct quote is important.Do not quote everything you want to say.Most things should be paraphrased.,4/27,Guidelines for direct quotations(DQs),1.Using DQs under the following circumstances:,-When the original wording expresses the idea so precisely and briefly that we cannot improve on it,-When the direct quotation comes from an authority in a particular field and therefore strengthens our point of view,5/27,Guidelines for direct quotations(DQs),-When we need to borrow a special term of expression that is a particular writers invention and carries special meaning,-When we need the original wording for the purpose of further discussion.,6/27,Guidelines for direct quotations(DQs),2.Rules when using DQs,-,Keep the Q.as brief as possible,-Be accurate,what appears between quotation marks should be exactly the same as the original.,No word,punctuation,or even spelling should be changed,-Always indicate the source of the Q.,7/27,2.Rules when using DQs,-When the DQ.is less than tree lines(about 40 words),incorporate it in the flow of the paragraph,with a pair of quotation marks,e.g.,The teacher becomes,“convinced of the rightness of his solutions”1,and claims to have sole insight,characteristics which find support in studies of gurus,.,8/27,2.Rules when using DQs,-When only parts of a long sentence of passage are quoted,the omitted words may be indicated with three dots,.However,the parts that do appear as a quotation still have to be accurate,e.g.,The painting,according to Clark,is“one of the supreme compositions in art.”,1,(The ellipses“.”indicate that a word or words were omitted.),9/27,2.Rules when using DQs,-When the quotation is longer than three lines,use a separate and indented paragraph,without quotation marks,to indicate the quotation(,Indent the full quotation,five spaces from the left margin,.,),e.g.,10/27,2.Rules when using DQs,A primary research agenda for WAC has been,firmly laid out by Hansen:,If teachers are to offer courses that truly prepare students to write in other disciplines,they will have to explore why those disciplines study certain subjects,why certain methods of enquiry are sanctioned,how the conventions of a discipline shape a text in that discipline,and how one text influences subsequent texts.,3,11/27,Guidelines for direct quotations(DQs),3.Expressions used to indicate the source of a DQ,As X said,As X reported,As X mentioned,As X declared,As X wrote,As X insisted,As X maintained,As X stated,X said,X further stated,X later insisted,X continued,X firmly believes,etc.,Eg:,12/27,Guidelines for direct quotations(DQs),1.As Dr.Michael Jackson wrote,in an article,(where)in the,June 1985,(when)issue of Issues for the 90s,“Refugees are overwhelming the resources of many already struggling nations”,2.Dr.Jackson,further stated,“It is the responsibility of all developed nations to ease their burden.”,3.“The refugee problem can only escalate,”,he continued,“as war,famine,and political persecution persist.”,For more information,refer to course book P57-61.,13/27,Paraphrasing(,解释性说明,),Paraphrasing means restate the idea of a sentence or passage in a shorter or simpler form.Academic writers employ paraphrasing to borrow ideas and previous research findings in the field of study.Paraphrasing is one of the three important methods of incorporating outside sources.,14/27,Paraphrasing(,解释性说明,),A paraphrase is an important part of writing a paper.Simply put the paraphrase is when you read another authors work and,put it into your own words,.It is also considered paraphrasing when you use statistics and research from another source.This is the most common citation in a paper.Proper paraphrasing is an art.This does not mean changing a few words around.,It means,taking the authors ideas,summarizing them into your,own words and then using them,.,YOU DO NOT USE QUOTATION MARKS WHEN PARAPHRASING.,15/27,Guidelines for Paraphrasing,1.Two simple rules govern Paraphrasing,Rule 1:Always,give credit,to the source of the idea of material being paraphrased.Failing to do so is regarded as dishonesty.,Rule 2:Always restate the idea with different vocabulary and sentence structure.,Therefore,understanding the original sentence well and rewriting it in a simpler way are the two most important steps in successful paraphrasing.,16/27,Guidelines for Paraphrasing,2.Expressions and structures used to introduce a paraphrase,X found/discovered that;As X pointed out,;,A study by X indicates that;X argues that;,Research by X suggests that;X claims that;,X has drawn attention to the fact that;,X has expressed a similar view.,17/27,Guidelines for Paraphrasing,Eg.,“Attitudes are selectively acquired and integrated through learning and experience.”(John D.Faust),As John D.Faust points out,individuals change their attitudes because of the things they learn and the things they experience.,18/27,Summarizing,(,概括性说明,),Summarizing is used in almost every aspect of human thinking and communication.Whenever we recount a story,and idea or an event in the form of main ideas in our own words,we are summarizing.In academic writing,our present concern,summarizing is an important form of borrowing from outside sources without plagiarism.,19/27,Summary writing for academic purposes usually follows these steps:,(1)Read the source material carefully several times to understand the central idea and the main arguments.,(2)Write down the central idea and the main arguments(and the important supporting ideas,if necessary).,(3)Write the summary according to the skeleton without referring to the source material.,20/27,Summary writing for academic purposes usually follows these steps:,(4)Check the summary to ensure that all the main points are included for your purpose.,(5)Control the length of the summary.Although the length is flexible according to the occasion,a summary is usually less than 200 words.For very long source materials,it may still be as short as a few hundred words.,(6)Mention the source of the material in the text of the summary,or note it at the end of the summary,21/27,Endnotes in Chicago Manual Style,According to,Chicago,style,a note should include the information necessary to identify and locate the source:the,authors full name,the,full title,of the book,the,name of the editor,the,place of publication,the,name of the publisher,the,publication date,and,page numbers,indicating the location of the quoted information.,22/27,Endnotes in Chicago Manual Style,To create either an endnote(at the end of the paper or chapter,尾注),a superscript number“1”(上标数码)is placed in your paper at the end of the material you are referencing.Citations are numbered sequentially throughout the text,and each citation corresponds to a numbered note containing publication information about the source cited.,23/27,Endnotes in Chicago Manual Style,There are two forms of notes:,Full form:,The first time you create an endnote to reference a particular source,it must contain all of the bibliographical information.Use the short form for subsequent notes from the same source,e.g.,1.Linda Grant,When I Lived in Modern Times,(London:Granta,),182-235,.,Note:The first line of an endnote is indented,five spaces,.Begin with a number,(上标),followed by a period.Leave,one space,before the first word of the note.Subsequent lines are not.,24/27,Endnotes in Chicago Manual Style,Short form:,endnotes in short form only need to include the,authors last name,followed by a comma,the title of the source(shortened if more than four words)and the page number(s).A short form of the title of a book is italicized;a short form of the title of an article is put in quotation marks,e.g.,1.Grant,“Lived in Modern Times”,182-235.,25/27,Endnotes in Chicago Manual Style,Use of“Ibid.”in notes:,“Ibid.”stands for ibidem(,同前,如上,),Latin for“in the same place”.If you refer to the same source in consecutive notes,you may use“Ibid.”from the second reference on to refer to the parts of the note that are the same,e.g.,1.Grant,“,Lived in Modern Times”,182-235.,2.Ibid.,130-32.,26/27,For more information refer to the copy from our department websites.,27/27,
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