科技英语同普通英语的区别.pptx

,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,The differences between scientific English and general English,Professor：Si,Foshan University,1/52,A:It appears that youve got the offer of a very good job.B:A wonderful job.A:Are you going to take it?B:I dont think so.,A:Why not?B:I dont want to.,特点：,用词自由，句法简单，,短句与省略句多,，自然朴素，生活气息浓郁。,Oral English,2/52,She was of a,helpless,fleshy,build,with a,frank,open,countenance,and an,innocent,diffident,manner.Her eyes were,large,and,patient,and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the,distraught,and,helpless,poor know anything about.,那妇人生着一副绵软多肉体格，一张坦率开诚面容，一个天真羞怯神气。一双大落落柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告穷苦人面目作过同情观察人才看得出来。,摘自珍妮姑娘（Jennie Gerhardt）,傅东华译.,3/52,The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The full scale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale,135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.,特点：清楚、准确、精练、严密。,Scientific English,4/52,专业英语语言结构特色：,一、大量使用名词化结构,二、广泛使用被动语句,三、非限定动词,四、后置定语,五、惯用句型,六、长句,七、复合词与缩略词,八、部分否定,5/52,一、大量使用名词化结构,More,Nominalization Structures,6/52,（一）大量使用名词化结构是科技英语特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简练、表示客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在事实。而非某一行为。,Archimeds first discovered the principle of,displacement,of water by solid bodies.,阿基米德最先发展固体排水原理。句中,of displacement of water by solid bodies,系名词化结构，首先简化了同位语从句，另一方强调,displacement,这一事实。,7/52,The,rotation,of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.,地球绕轴自转，引发昼夜改变。名词化结构the,rotation,of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表示概念愈加确切严密。,8/52,If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler,the,heat loss,can be considerably reduced.,炉壁采取耐火砖可大大降低热耗。,9/52,（二）科技英语所表述是客观规律，所以要尽可能防止使用第一、二人称；另外，要使主要信息置于句首。,Television,is the,transmission,and,reception,of images of moving objects by radio waves.,电视经过无线电波发射和接收活动物体图象。,10/52,名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调接收和发射客观事实，若该用谓语动词transmit and accept则着重其发射和接收能力。,11/52,二、广泛使用被动语句 Application of,Passive Tense,12/52,使用频率（frequency）：,依据英国利兹大学John Swales 统计，科技英语中谓语最少三分之一是被动态。,使用原因(why)：,这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。,第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断印象。所以尽可能使用第三人称叙述，采取被动语态。,13/52,Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.,应该注意机器工作温度。,而极少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine.,你们必须注意机器工作温度。,14/52,另外，科技文章通常将需要强调主要信息前置，或放在主语部份，以引发读者高度关注。这也是广泛使用被动态主要原因。比如：,We can store,electrical energy,in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.We call,such a device,a capacitor,or a condenser,and,its ability to store electrical energy,capacitance.,It,（capacitance）,is measured,in farads.,15/52,电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开两块金属极板内。这么装置称之为电容器，其储存电能能力称为电容。电容测量单位是法拉。,这一段短文中各句主语分别为：Electrical energy Such a device Its ability to store electrical energy It(Capacitance),它们都包含了较多信息，而且处于句首位置，非常醒目。4个主语完全不一样，防止了单调重复，前后连贯，自然流畅。足见被动结构可收简练客观之效。,16/52,三、非限定动词 Nonfinite Verbs,17/52,惯用非限定动词类型：,科技文章要求行文简练，结构紧凑。为此，往往以下结构：,使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句；,使用分词独立结构代替状语从句或并列分句；,使用不定式短语代替各种从句；,介词+动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。,应用效果：,这么可缩短句子，又比较醒目。,A direct current is a current,flowing,always in the same direction.,（分词,代替定语从句,）,直流电是一个总是沿同一方向流动电流。,Radiating,from the earth,heat causes air currents to rise.,（,分词,代替状语从句,）,热量由地球辐射出来时，使得气流上升。,18/52,A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause,to change,that motion.,假如没有改变物体运动原因，那么物体将作匀速直线运动。,（不定式代替定语从句）,Vibrating,objects produce sound waves,each vibration,producing,one sound wave.,（分词短语代替并列从句）,振动着物体产生声波，每一次振动产生一个声波。,19/52,In communications,the problem of electronics is how,to convey,information from one place to another.,在通讯系统中，电子学要处理问题是怎样把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。,Materials,to be used for,structural purposes are chosen so as,to behave,elastically in the environmental conditions.,结构材料选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。,20/52,There are different ways,of changing,energy from one form into another.,将能量从一个形式转变成另一个形式有各种不一样方法。,（介词+动名词短语代替从句）,In making,the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn,messages are carried from a broadcasting stationto a receiving set.,使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出对应改变时，信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。,（介词+动名词短语代替从句）,21/52,四、后置定语 Postpositional Attribute,22/52,大量使用后置定语也是科技文章特点之一。常见结构不以下五种：,介词短语；形容词及形容词短语；副词；单个分词；定语从句。,1.介词短语,The forces,due to,friction are called frictional forces.,因为摩擦而产生力称之为摩擦力。,A call,for paper,is now being issued.,征集论文通知现正陆续发出。,23/52,2.形容词及形容词短语,In this factory the only fuel,available,is coal.,该厂唯一可用燃料是煤。,In radiation,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy,similar in nature to light,.,热能在辐射时，转换成性质与光相同辐射能。,24/52,3.副词,The air,outside,pressed the side in.,外面空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。,The force,upward,equals the force,downward,so that the balloon stays at the level.,向上力与向下力相等，所以气球就保持在这一高度。,25/52,4.单个分词,The results,obtained,must be cheeked.,取得结果必须加以校核,The heat,produced,is equal to the electrical energy wasted.,产生热量等于浪费了电能。,26/52,5.定语从句,During construction,problems often arise,which require design changes.,在施工过程中，常会出现需要改变设计问题。,The molecules exert forces upon each other,which depend upon the distance between them.,分子相互间都存在着力作用，该力大小取决于它们之间距离。,27/52,Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day,to which we pay little attention.,我们几乎没有注意很奇异物质改变天天都在眼前发生。,To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.,制造原子弹，我们必须用铀235，因为铀全部原子都会裂变。,28/52,五、惯用句型 Common Sentence Structures,29/52,科技文章中经常使用若干特定句型，从而形成科技文体区分于其它文体标志。比如：,It-that-结构句型,；,被动态结构句型；,比较,结构句型；,分词短语结构句型；,省略句结构句型等。,It,is evident,that,a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.,显然，润滑好轴承比不润滑轴承轻易转动。,30/52,It,seems,that,these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.,看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用。,It,has been proved,that,induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.,已经证实，感应电压使电流方向与产生电流磁场力方向相反。,31/52,It,was not until the 19th century,that,heat was considered as a form of energy.,直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量一个形式。,Computers may,be classified,as analog and digital.,计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。,32/52,The switching time of the new-type transistor,is shortened,three times.,新型晶体管开关时间缩短了三分之二。（或缩短为三分之一。）,附：科技英语表示倍数翻译方法。,英语中说“增加了多少倍”，都是连基数也包含在内，是表示增加后结果；而在汉语里所谓“增加了多少倍”，则只表示纯粹增加数量。所以英语里凡是表示倍数增加句型，汉译时都可译成“是几倍”，或“比增加(n-1)倍”。,33/52,The production of various stereo recorders has been increased,four times,as against.,各种立体声录音机产量比年增加了,3,倍（或译为产量是年,4,倍）。,The output of color television receivers increased by a factor of,3,last year.,去年彩色电视接收机产量增加了,2,倍。,Iron is almost,three times,as heavy as aluminum.,铁重量几乎是铝,3,倍。,34/52,英语中一切表示倍数降低句型，汉译时都要把它换成份数，而不能按照字面意义将其译成降低了多少倍。,The automatic assembly line can shorten the assembling period,(by)ten times,.,自动装配线能够缩短装配期,十分之九,。,This metal is,three times,as light as that one.,这种金属比那种金属轻,三分之二,。,附：英语表示,加减乘除,方法。,35/52,This steel alloy,is believed,to be,the best,available here.,人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供最好合金钢,（被动和比较）,。,Electromagnetic waves travel,at the same speed as,light.,电磁波传送速度和光速相同,（比较和省略）,。,Microcomputers are very,small in size,as,is shown in Fig.5.,如图5所表示，微型计算机体积很小,（比较和省略）,。,36/52,In water sound travels,nearly five times as fast as,in air.,声音在水中传输速度几乎是在空气中传输速度五倍,（比较和省略）,。,Compared,with hydrogen,oxygen is,nearly 16 times as,heavy.,氧与氢比较，重量大约是它十六倍,（分词短语和比较）,。,The resistance,being,very high,the current in the circuit was,low,.,因为电阻很大，电路中经过电流就小,（分词短语和比较）,。,37/52,Ice keeps,the same temperature,while melting.,冰在溶化时，其温度保持不变,（省略和比较）,。,An object,once in motion,will keep on moving because of its inertia.,物体一旦运动，就会因惯性而连续运动,（条件状语）,。,All substances,whether gaseous，liquid or solid,are made of atoms.,一切物质，不论是气态、液态，还是固态，都由原子组成,（同位语结构）,。,38/52,六、长句 Long Sentences,39/52,为了表述一个复杂概念，使之逻辑严密，结构紧凑，科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有长句由数个短句组成，以下即是一例。,Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.,个句子由一个主句，2个原因状语和一个定语从句，这个句子由一个主句,两个原因状语和一个定语从句,“铝直到19世纪才被人发觉”是主句,也是全句中心内容。,40/52,全句共有4个谓语结构,共有五层意思:A.铝直到19世纪才被人发觉;,B.因为在自然界找不到游离状态铝;,C.因为它总是跟其它元素结合在一起;,D.最普遍是跟氧结合;,E.铝跟氧有很强亲和力。,按照汉语表示习惯通常因在前,果在后,这么,我们能够逆着原文次序把该句翻译成:,铝总是跟其它元素结合在一起,最普遍是跟氧结合;因为铝跟氧有很强亲和力,因为这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态铝。所以,铝直到19世纪才被人发觉。,41/52,七、复合词和缩略词 Compounds and Abbreviations,42/52,大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章特点之一，复合词从过去双词组合发展到多词组合；缩略词趋向于任意构词，比如某一篇论文作者能够就仅在该文中使用术语组成缩略词，这给翻译工作带来一定困难。比如：,full-enclosed 全封闭（双词合成形容词）,feed-back反馈（双词合成名词）,work-harden 加工硬化（双词合成词）,criss-cross交叉着（双词合成副词）,on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用（多词合成形容词）,43/52,anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹（多词合成名词）,radiophotography无线电传真（无连字符复合词）,colorimeter色度计（无连字符复合词）,maths(mathematics)数学（淘汰式缩略词）,lab(laboratory)试验室,ft(foot/feet)英尺,cpd(compound)化合物,FM(frequency modulation)调频（用首字母组成缩略词）,44/52,P.S.I.(pounds per square inch)磅/英寸,SCR(silicon controlled rectifier)可控硅整流器,TELESAT(telecommunications satellite)通信卫星（混成法组成缩略词）,45/52,八、部分否定Partial Privative,46/52,在英语否定结构中，因为习惯使用方法问题，其中部分否定句所表示意思是不能按字面次序译成汉语，所以，翻译时要尤其注意。,英语中含有全体意义代词和副词如all/every/both/always/altogether/entirely等统称为,总括词,。它们用于否定结构时不是表示全部否定，而只表示其中,一部分被否定,。,所以，汉译时不能译作“一切都不”，而应译为“并非一切都是”，或“一切不都是”。比如：,47/52,All,of the heat supplied to the engine is not converted into useful work.,对：,并非供给热机全部热量都被转变为有用功。,错：全部供给热机热量都没有被转变为有用功。,Every,one cannot do these tests,.,对：并非人人都能做这些试验。,错：每个人都 不能做这些试验。,48/52,Both,instruments are not precise.,对：两台仪器并不都是精密。,错：两台仪器都不是精密。,This plant does not,always,make such machine tools.,对：这个工厂并不总是制造这么机床。,错：这个工厂总是不制造这么机床。,49/52,不过当（这些总括词+必定式谓语+含否定意义单词）时，则是表示全部否。比如：,All germs are,invisible,to the naked eye.,一切细菌都是肉眼看不见。,Every,design made by her is,impossible,of execution.,她所做一切设计都是不能执行。,50/52,Both,data are,incomplete,.,两个数据都不完整。,In practice,error sometimes,always,seems,unavoidable,.,在实践中，差错有时似乎总是不可防止。,51/52,Thanks for your attention!,52/52,