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名 词,1/37,名词,专有名词,主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物名称，如,Beijing,，,China,等。,普通名词,是一类人或事物或是一个抽象概念名词，如：,book,，,sadness,等。,2/37,专有名词,(Proper Nouns),普通名词,(Common Nouns),个体名词,(Individual Nouns),集体名词,(Collective Nouns),物质名词,(Material Nouns),抽象名词,(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词,(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词,(Countable Nouns),3/37,个体名词,和,集体名词,能够用数目来计算，称为,可数名词,（,Countable Nouns,），物质名词和抽象名词普通无法用数目计算，称为,不可数名词,（,Uncountable Nouns,）。,4/37,Proper Nouns:,指人名、地名及某类人或事物专有名称。,Eg:,Diana;Beijing;Americans;English;May;New Years Day,注意：,专有名词第一个字母要大写。,5/37,Common Nouns,：,一类人或事物或是一个抽象概念名词,1.Individual Nouns:,指作为个体而存在,人或事物,能够指详细人或物。,Eg:aunts;a panda;apartments,也可指抽象事物。,Eg:a year;fairy tales;a dream,6/37,2.Collective Nouns:,表示若干个个体组成集合体,Eg:army;audience;crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数对待，有时作复数对待。普通来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它组员时作复数看。,His family _ not large.(be),His family _ all music lovers.(be),在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都能够用，没什么差异。,Eg:The audience was(were)excited by the show.,is,are,7/37,有少数集体名词通惯用作单数。,Eg:The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数对待。,Eg:The police are looking for him.,8/37,3.,Material Nouns,:,指无法分为个体物质。,Eg:beer;cake;cloth;cotton;detergent;fur;ice;paint;paper;soil,普通来说，物质名词是不可数，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,9/37,1),有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一个”。,Eg:Two strong black coffees,please.,(,两份）,Three beers,please.,(,三杯）,It was a special tea.,(,一个）,2),个别物质名词复数形式能够表示尤其意义。,Eg:rains,（雨季）,sands,（沙滩）,snows(,积雪）,waters(,海域,),10/37,4.Abstract Nouns:,表示动作、状态、品质、情,感,等抽象概念,Eg:education;love;policy;trust;nature;fashion;relief;silence;truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词惯用作单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg:Hes learning French for,fun.,I wish you good,luck,.,抽象名词转化为可数名词。,11/37,抽象名词详细化,含有某种特征、状态、特点、情感、情绪人或事，详细指特定某一件事时，这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。,(1)difficulty,困难；,a difficulty,一件难事,(2)experience,经验；,an experience,一次经历,(3)failure,失败；,a failure,一位失败者，一件失败事,12/37,(4)knowledge,知识；,a good knowledge,丰富知识,(5)success,成功；,a success,一位成功者，一件成功事,(6)surprise,惊奇；,a surprise,一件令人吃惊事,(7)honour,荣誉；,an honour,一位,(,件,),带来荣誉人或事,Failure is the mother of success.,失败是成功之母。,His new book was a great success.,他新书取得巨大成功。,13/37,名词数,不可数名词,(U),普通情况下，不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不与不定冠词,a(n),连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。,Milk is my favourite food.,Water is very important to us all.,特殊情况：,1),假如不可数名词表示特指，则必须与定冠词,(the),或其它限定词连用。,The milk,in the cup was bad.,14/37,2),当不可数名词表示个体时，必须使用单位名词,(,量词,),。,a piece of advice/bread/chalk/news,，,etc.,two bottles of ink/milk/wine,，,etc.,15/37,3),部分带有形容词修饰语不可数名词能够用来表示“一个”,“,一段”,“,一类”等，常与不定冠词,a(n),连用。,for a long time take a great interest,live a hard life make a fire,下面不可数名词不可与不定冠词连用。,advice weather knowledge homework,progress fun news housework,information furniture traffic,16/37,4),有些名词使用方法随意义改变而不一样。,coffee(,咖啡,)a coffee(,一杯咖啡,),glass (,玻璃,)a glass (,玻璃杯,),man (,人类,)a man (,男人,),iron (,铁,)an iron(,熨斗,),room,（空间）,a room,（房间）,work,（工作）,a work,（著作）,paper,（报纸）,a paper,（报社）,hair,（头发）,hairs,（几根头发）,17/37,),部分以,-s,结尾专有名词指某一事物名称时惯用作单数。,The United States,is,made up of 50 states.,The United Nations,has,sent an official there.,不过，,The Olympic Games,are,held every four years.,18/37,有些不可数名词后面加,s,时表示特殊意义,不可数名词,复数形式,不可数名词,复数形式,time,时间,times,次数；时代；倍数,glass,玻璃,glasses,眼镜,wood,木头,woods,树林,sand,沙子,sands,沙滩,paper,纸,papers,试卷；论文；报纸,wish,愿望,wishes,问候,19/37,可数名词：,个体名词,(worker,pen,dog,etc.),集体名词,(family,group,police,etc.),利用标准：,适当冠词,C,或,pl,形式。,A horse is a kind of animals.,The horse is a kind of animals.,Horses run faster than donkeys.,20/37,有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词,物质名词,可数名词,物质名词,可数名词,drink,饮料,two drinks,两杯饮料,sugar,糖,a sugar,一块糖,coffee,咖啡,a coffee,一杯咖啡,paper,纸,a paper,一张报纸；,一篇论文,tea,茶,two teas,两杯茶,hair,头发,a hair,一根头发,21/37,规则,1:,以,-s,结尾，仍为单数名词多为学科名词，如：,physics,linguistics,mathematics,politics,statistics,news,。,规则,2:,表示一类事物总称名词，常作不可数名词对待而不能加“,s”,。如：,machinery,furniture,equipment,technology,luggage,baggage,homework,evidence,。,22/37,规则,3:,有些名词单、复数形式表示不一样意思。如：,chicken,鸡肉,/chickens,小鸡；,fish,鱼,(,尾数,),，鱼肉,/fishes,各种鱼；,paper,纸,/papers,试卷；,water,水,/waters,水域；,room,空间,/rooms,房间；,time,时间,/times,时代；,arm,手臂,/arms,武器等。,23/37,规则,4:,有些名词形式上虽是单数，但表示是复数含义。如：,people,police,cattle,，,staff,，,public,，,the,adj,.,the,分词,(,表示一类人,),。,规则,5,：,对于集体名词，当它表示一个整体时，视作单数；当它侧重各个组员时，视作复数。,规则,6:,有些名词单复数同形。如：,fish,deer,sheep,youth,Chinese,Japanese,means,species,crossroads,series,works,。,24/37,规则,7:,由连字符组成复合名词“数”，一是合成名词复数形式通常只将其中主体名词变成复数。如：,lookerson,参观者，,sonsinlaw,女婿，,editorsinchief,主编，,shoemakers,鞋匠。二是假如没有主体名词，在最终一个词上加复数,(,词尾,),。如：,gobetweens,中间人，,grownups,成人，,followups,续集，,goodfornothings,饭桶。三是,man,woman,gentleman,等作定语时，定语和被修饰词都变成复数。如：,men workers,，,women teachers,，,gentlemen officials,。,25/37,规则,8,：,不规则名词“数”：惯用改变元音字母或词尾加,en,等方法组成。如：,woman women,child children,ox oxen,tooth teeth,goose geese,foot feet,mouse mice,phenomenon phenomena,analysis analyses,。,规则,9,：,专有名词“数”：在姓氏名词上加“,s”,变成复数。如：史密斯一家人,the Smiths,。,26/37,规则,10,：,有些物质名词表示不一样种类或表示“一个，一杯,/,罐,/,瓶”等数量意义时，可用作可数名词。抽象名词表示详细或特定事物时，可详细化，其前面须有不定冠词。如：,a pleasure/pity/surprise/success/failure/shame,an honor/a bright future/a strong character/a great help/a waste of time,。,27/37,几个名词特殊使用方法,hair,_.,（他头发是白。）,_.,（他有几根白头发。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,fruit,The,fruit,is sweet.,He likes pears,peaches,grapes and other,fruit,s.,28/37,police,The police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen,score,two(many,several),dozen,pencils,three _ them/these pencils,dozens of,students,two,score of,students,scores of,people,dozen of,word,（消息，通知）,man,（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。,29/37,名词全部格,规则,1,：,英语中表示有生命名词全部格时，在词尾加“,s”,。如：,the boys bag,，,mens room,。另外，表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等无生命名词全部格也可在词尾加“,s”,来表示所相关系，意为：“,”。如：,a twenty minutes walk,ten miles journey,，,two pounds weight,ten dollars worth,。,规则,2,：,若名词已经有复数词尾,s,，只加“,”,，如：,the workers struggle,。,30/37,规则,3,：,of,属格：无生命名词全部格则通惯用,of,结构。如：,a map of China,，,the end of this term,，,the capital of our country,the color of the flowers,。,规则,4,：,假如两个名词并列，若分别有加“,s”,，则表示“分别有,”,；若只有后一个名词加“,s”,，则表示两个“共有”。如：,Johns and Marys rooms(,两间,),；,John and Marys room(,一间,),。,31/37,规则,5,：,省略格：在表示店铺或教堂、诊所名字或某人家时，名词全部格后面常省略它所修饰名词。如：在诊所,at the doctors,；在我姐家,at my sisters,。,规则,6,：,双重格：,of,名词“,s”,结构。如,a friend of my fathers,works of Lu Xuns,。,32/37,属格形式,应用场所,举例,s,属格,用在表示有生命名词后,用在时间名词后,用在距离,长度名词后,用在地点名词后,用在天体名词后,用在价格名词后,Tom and Mikes room(两人共有),Toms and Mikes rooms(两人分别全部),three weeks leave,todays paper,twenty miles journey,Chinas industry,the earths surface,a dollars worth,33/37,属格形式,应用场所,举例,of,属格,用在无生命事物名词后,the door of our classroom,双重,属格,名词前有,a,some,any,few,no,several,等词修饰时,a friend of my brothers,several classmates of his,34/37,名词全部格,(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk,for friendships sake.,She was,at her wits end,.,Now they could sing,at their hearts content,.,We should get the children,out of harms way,.,We had best keep them,at arms length,.,For goodness sake,stop arguing.,Jane got,the moneys worth,out of the coat.,(,为了情谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离,）,（看在上帝份上）,（很合算）,35/37,名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。,名词作定语时，需注意：,an enemy soldier several _,a boy student three _,a man teacher three _,a woman doctor three _,_,名词在句子中作用,enemy soldiers,boy students,men teachers,women doctors,a shoe store,36/37,用名词作定语和用形容词作定语比较：,heart,trouble,snow,mountain,hearty,welcome,snowy,table-cloth,rain,drops,stone,house,rainy,season,stony,heart,rose,garden,rosy,face,gold,ring,golden,sunshine/times/age/wedding,37/37,
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