文献阅读策略.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,一.查阅和积累文献资料的意义,确定题目（选题过程）,1提出问题(Problem),2,文献查阅(Critical review of literatures,),3假说形成(Formulation of hypothesis),4陈述问题(Statement of the problem),安排实验,5实验设计(Experimental design),6实验观察(Experimental investigation),7数据资料积累(Accumulation of raw data),总结工作 完成论文,8数据资料处理(Treatment of raw data),9统计分析(Statistical analysis),10.,提炼出新发现、新概念、新理论，完成总结工作，,书写论文(Conclusions),科研工作的基本程序,文献阅读是医学研究中重要的组成部分,阅读文献在科学研究活动中重要作用,寻求选题依据，判定选题的价值、合理性和科学性，避免,重复研究,构思和完善科研假说的基础（科学性和假定性评价）,在科研工作总结阶段是论点形成的基础之一,三、医学文献最常见的形式,论文,(Original article),综述,(Review or Review article),其它：,新闻、,观点、讨论、展望和评述,(,News,View,or viewpoint,discussion,perspective,&comments),来信、通信,(Letter,、,correspondence),病例报告,(Case report or case records),-,e.g.“Clinical implications of basic research”,(NEJM,),论著,(,Original article,),Original research is,research,that is not exclusively based on a summary,review or synthesis of earlier publications on the subject of research.This material is of a,primary source,character.The purpose of the original research is to produce new,knowledge,rather than to present the existing knowledge in a new form(,e.g.,summarized or classified).,Originality is the aspect of created or invented works by as being new or novel,and thus can be distinguished from,reproductions,clones,forgeries,or,derivative works,.An original work is one not received from others nor one copied based on the work of others.The term originality is often applied as a compliment to the,creativity,of,artists,writers,and,thinkers,.,From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia,From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia,论著或论文是我们阅读的主要文献形式，因为,论著来源于原创性研究，提供新知识。,原创性是论著的关键特征及其核心价值,A,literature review,is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic.Literature reviews are,secondary sources,and as such,do not report any new or original experimental work.,Most often associated with academic-oriented literature,such as,theses,a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section.Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal,such as future research that may be needed in the area.,A well-structured literature review is characterized by a,logical,flow of ideas;current and relevant references with consistent,appropriate,referencing style,;proper use of,terminology,;and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic,From Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia,综述,(,Review or Review article,),文献综述是旨在复习一个特定的科学领域或科学问题当前知识的关键点，包括新的科学发现及其理论上和方法学贡献的一种文献形式,文献综述只是次生科学知识来源，并不报告任何新的或原始实验结果,文献综述的一个重要的目的是向读者提供特定命题最新的文献知识，以作为进一步研究的基础,Format,separate journal,regular feature in a journal,irregular of special article in a journal,文献综述版式,文献综述专刊,一本杂志中定期刊载,一本杂志中不定期刊载,一本杂志中定期或不定期刊载,文献综述专刊,Subject scope（,文献综述内容范围）,Broad overview of the subject as a whole,特定命题的全面综述,Overview of major topic within the subject,在特定命题内对一主要问题的综述,Review of specific topic,较限定的科学问题的研究综述（mini review),In,statistics,a,meta-analysis,combines the results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses,IL-12和 IL-23,：,固有免疫和继承性免疫的关键调节因子,固有免疫：对继承性免疫的影响,丙型肝炎病毒颠覆免疫应答：,超越免疫逃避的免疫调节策略,About,Trends in Immunology,Trends in Immunology,publishes concise,lively and up-to-date articles that,highlight advances,in the diverse fields of immunology.,Review articles,objectively chronicle recent and important developments,in a field.,Opinion articles provide a,forum,for debate and hypothesis,.,其它：,Clinical implications of basic research(NEJM),News and Views,Nature Immunology,4,10-11(2003)doi:10.1038/ni0103-10,Regulatory T cells:mediating compromises between host and parasite,Shimon Sakaguchi,1,Department of Experimental Pathology,Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences,Kyoto University,Kyoto 606-8507,Japan.e-mail:,shimonfrontier.kyoto-u.ac.jp,Abstract,The immune system harbors naturally arising CD4+regulatory(or suppressor)T cells.These cells are engaged in the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance by actively suppressing the activation and expansion of self-reactive lymphocytes that may cause autoimmune disease.,Although elimination may be key to a healthy response to some microbes,a recent paper in,Nature,reports that regulatory T cells actually aid the survival of some intracellular parasites,which ensures a memory response.,读者可在“新闻与观点”中了解到他们自己的领域以及其他领域中什么是最热门的。这种文章必须将某一项成果讲清楚，必须能让读者找到一个兴奋点，然而 又必须客观公正地对研究工作进行评价，并与他人的研究工作进行比较。这样的文章大 多数都是约稿,“新闻与观点”,Letters,可读性较强，非常快地发表重要研究工作,Case records,四、医学文献阅读的策略及方法的建议,要有目的性和针对性,盖以我观书，而处处得益；以书博我，释卷而茫然,汉书,黄庭坚,获取特定的科学信息时,制订科学研究计划时,选题的初始意向或待研究的科学问题,（始终以自己的课题为中心，重点深入,阅读与自己的主题有关的资料）,博览 做搜索性的大致浏览，起筛选资料的作用,充分利用检索工具,-“,关键词”（,key words),的,设置,读题,读摘要,广泛博览与专精攻读相结合,有利于扩大阅读面，增加阅读量,Step by step!,举例,Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia:a prospective study,J S M Peiris,C M Chu,V C C Cheng,K S Chan,I F N Hung,L L M Poon,K I Law,B S F Tang,T Y W Hon,C S Chan,K H Chan,J S C Ng,B J Zheng,W L Ng,R W M Lai,Y Guan,K Y Yuen,and members of the HKU/UCH SARS Study Group,*,THE,LANCET,Published online May 9,2003,image.,the,progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia:a prospective study,处理(施加)因素、受试对象、实验效应,关键词,Key words:SARS pneumonia;Community outbreak;Clinical progression;Viral load;,Prospective study,Background,We investigated the temporal progression of the,clinical,radiological,and virological changes in a community,outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS).,Methods,We followed up 75 patients for 3 weeks,Findings（Results),Fever,Interpretation,The consistent clinical progression,shifting,radiological infiltrates,读,摘要,精读 经过浏览筛选出与课题有关的资料，必须,下一番工夫，确实弄懂并获取相关科学信息,精读也可是,选读或全读,选读,读两头（引言和讨论），以了解问题的提出的相关背景，待研究的科学问题及意义，拟采用的研究路线,（引言），,和本研究的新发现和结论，获取主要论据和启发性的观点,（讨论）,全读,与课题设计、技术路线的确定和方法学的选,择密切相关的资料；通过相关的数据、论证,方法和结论的资料，提炼有价值的论点，并,寻找需进一步研究的相关线索,要有外围，阅读才能有深度，但外围又必须为主题服务,教科书、参考书有关系统论述部分及主要概念、术语,为理解某一关键问题、论点，甚至是研究设计和方法 需采取追踪阅读的方法,多读要求快读，快读则需通过大量阅读积累，由慢到快是提高阅读效率的必由之路,掌握相关的语言知识和科学背景知识,（词汇、术语、基本理论和概念及其表达方式）,“阅”和“读”（眼、口并用）,勤读必知疑善思,读思结合,读而不思或不善思，仅仅为读而读，为积累资料而读，虽苦读和记忆了许多，到头来只不过是资料罗列而已，抓不住或提炼不出有价值的观点。,正确的阅读态度应是带着问题、提出问题、思考问题，提倡所谓,Critical Reading v.Critical Thinking,切实达到和提高阅,读效果的方法,注释法（Annotating）,（工具：铅笔、橡皮、,Highlighter,）,Underline,(or highlight)passages that capture the authors point;serve your purpose in reading and writing;require further study.,Write notes,that state the significance of the underlining(or highlighting);show the logic of the passage;give your reactions;explain difficult points;suggest how you might use the information.,Thank You!,The,impact factor,often abbreviated,IF,is a measure reflecting the average number of,citations,to articles published in,science and social science journals,.It is frequently used as a,proxy,for the relative importance of a journal within its field,with journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those with lower ones.The impact factor was devised by,Eugene Garfield,the founder of the,Institute for Scientific Information,(ISI),now part of,Thomson Reuters,.Impact factors are calculated yearly for those journals that are indexed in Thomson Reuters,Journal Citation Reports,.,Calculation,In a given year,the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per paper published in that journal during the two preceding years.,1,For example,if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008,then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on average.The 2008 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows:,A,=the number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008,B,=the total number of citable items published by that journal in 2006 and 2007.(Citable items are usually articles,reviews,proceedings,or notes;not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.),2008,impact factor=,A,/,B,(Note that 2008 impact factors are actually published in 2009;they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008 publications have been processed by the indexing agency.),