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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,1,翻译标准、过程,Criteria and Process of English Translation,1/59,2,Patrick was on the carpet for crashing a company car that he hadnt even asked permission to use.,帕特里克未经允许就使用了企业车并将车撞坏了，他所以站到了地毯上。,帕特里克未经允许就使用了企业车并将车撞坏了，他所以受到了训斥。,2/59,3,Today great trains run on electricity.Electricity lights the streets of towns and villages.Science uses it everyday.,A.,今天，大型火车由电驱动。城镇街道用电照明。人们进行科学研究也时刻离不开电。,B.,今天，大型火车由电驱动。城镇街道用电照明。科学天天用电。,3/59,4,Theories of the Chinese scholars,严复,“信、达、雅”,faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance,4/59,5,鲁迅先生“兼顾两面”论,“,宁信不顺”,“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力争其易解，一则保留着原作丰姿。”,5/59,6,傅雷：神似,similarity in spirit,“,神似,”,即要传达原文意蕴和韵味，,“,把原文意义、神韵把握住,”,。,“,以效果而论，翻译应该像临画一样，所求不再形似而在神似,-,高老头重译序,6/59,7,钱钟书,:“,化境”“入化境界”,钱钟书“化境”,(perfection;sublimation;consummation),说：,-,译作被比作原作“投胎转世”（,the transmigration of souls,）,他在,林纾翻译,一文中提出：,“,把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语言习惯差异而露出生硬牵强痕迹，又能完全保留原作风味，那就算得入乎,化境,。,”,7/59,8,Other scholars theories,茅盾,-“,忠实”、“通顺”准则,林语堂,-“,忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准”“忠、顺、美”,张培基,-,忠实,faithfulness,通顺,smoothness,瞿秋白,-,信顺统一,8/59,9,余光中“变通艺术”,余光中一生从事诗歌、散文、评论、翻译，自称为自己写作“四度空间”。,“,翻译如婚姻，是一个两相妥协艺术。譬如英文译成汉字，既不能西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调汉字，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调汉字，则东西之间势必相互妥协，以求两全之计。至于妥协到什么程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步，神而明之，变通之道，就要看每一位译者自己涵养了。”,9/59,10,从美学角度提出翻译标准,许渊冲“三美说”：,音美、形美、意美,北京大学教授，翻译家,翻译集中在中国古诗英译，形成韵体译诗方法与理论，被誉为诗译英法唯一人,。,在国内外出版中、英、法文著译六十本，包含诗经、楚辞、李白诗选、西厢记、红与黑、包法利夫人、追忆似水年华等中外名著。,8月2日,，,许渊冲荣获国际翻译界最高奖项之一北极光出色文学翻译奖，系首位获此殊荣亚洲翻译家。,10/59,11,春晓,A Spring Morning,春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。,夜来风雨声，花落知多少。,This morn of spring in bed Im,lying,Not woke up till I hear birds,crying,.,After one night of wind and,showers,How many are the fallen,flowers!,11/59,12,英国历史学教授泰特勒（,A.F.Tytler,）,18,世纪提出翻译三标准：,That the translation should give a complete,transcript of the ideas of the original work.,译文应完整地再现原文思想内容,That the style and manner of writing should be,of the same character with that of the original.,译文格调、笔调应与原文性质相同,That the translation should have all the ease of,the original composition.,译文应像原文一样流畅自然,12/59,13,The Process of Translation,翻译过程,Understanding,(comprehension),：了解阶段,Expressing,：表示阶段,Proof-reading,：校核阶段,13/59,14,Understanding,：了解,Taking the following factors into consideration:,(1)Type of writing,：语体格调,(2)Theme,(3)Forms of literature,：体裁,(,4,)Emotions,(,5,)Context of situation and so on,14/59,15,Understanding Type,Cannot Beat the Real Things.,(Coca Cola),不能打败真正商品？,挡不住诱惑,15/59,16,A,nalyzing words in the context,Sophisticated,man,老于世故人,Sophisticated,woman,狡黠女人,Sophisticated,columnist,老练专栏作家,Sophisticated,electronic device,高度精密电子装置,16/59,17,A,nalyzing the style of writing,1.My dear grandparent has joined the heavenly choir.,（,formal),吾祖父升天矣！,2.My dear grandfather has passed away.,(less formal),我亲爱祖父已经过世了。,17/59,18,The process of comprehension,Comprehension on single sentence,词语意义,-,依据原句主题内容、词汇词性、搭配关系以及词义引申或褒贬等来确定,Every life has its,roses and thorns,.,每个人生活都有甜有苦。,18/59,John is now with his parents in New York City;it is already 3 years,since he was a bandmaster,约翰现同父母住在纽约；他不担任乐队指挥易经三年了,19/59,20,B.,逻辑关系,Logic relation,Laser,its creation being thought to be one of todays wonders,is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights.,即使激光器创造被认为是当代奇迹之一，其实激光只是一个光，只不过与普通光有所不一样而已。,20/59,21,C.,上下文关系,Context,（eg of book）,A policeman is coming.,警察来了。,Whats the implied meanings of this sentence when it is said by a man who loses his way or a thief?,21/59,22,D.Cultural Background,1、,Everyone on my farm knows that he or she must,sing for his(or her)supper,.,在我农场里工作人都明白，他,/,她必须,干活才能有饭吃,。,Sing for ones supper：to do something for someone else in order to receive something in return,especially food,2、Example of textbook,22/59,23,Understanding,Meanings,言内意义,linguistic meaning,语用意义,pragmatic meaning,23/59,24,A,.,言内意义,-,是词语成份之间、句子成份之间和篇章成份之间关系所反应意义，在语音、词汇、句子和篇章等层次都有表达。,24/59,25,千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。,（柳宗元：,江雪,）,Rhythming,押韵,From hill to hill no bird in flight,From path to path no man in sight.,25/59,26,*,诗中有画，画中有诗。（汉字回环修辞格）,There is poetry in the paintings,and there are paintings in the poetry.,*,人无千日好,花无百样红。（对偶）,Man cannot be always fortunate;flowers do not last forever.,26/59,27,B,.Pragmatic meaning,语用意义,：,-,指语言符号与使用者关系，即,蕴涵意义,connotative meaning,联想意义,associative meaning,象征意义,symbolic meaning,Eg:-When will you be back?,-By eight but you know the trains.,汉语称呼也含语用意义,章校长,President Zhang,李大嫂,Mrs.Li,27/59,28,L,iteral translation VS,L,iberal translation,Literal translation,直译,：,翻译时尽可能确保原作语言形式，包含用词，句子结构，比喻伎俩等，要求语言流畅易懂,Liberal translation,意译,：,从意义出来，只要求原文大意表示出来，不注意细节，译文自然流畅即可。,Long time no see,28/59,29,Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.,literal trans.,：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。,Revised:,就像砸镜子不能让人变美，这么做法并不能处理实际社会问题,。,29/59,I want to hit the sack and get some Zs.,free rendering,活译：我要去睡会觉。,30/59,31,L,iteral translation,哪些句子应该直译,用词与结构相同,【,词语使用方法、词序排列、句式结构等各方面相同,】,This issue is very important,这个问题非常主要。,31/59,32,Free translation,It is raining cats and dogs.,天上下猫和狗。,大雨滂沱,32/59,33,Flexible way is required.,Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death,literal trans,有些老年人受到死亡恐惧压迫。,liberal trans.,有些老年人因怕死而惶恐不安,。,33/59,34,有些句子可直译，也可意译，但效果未必相同。,Just as dark clouds cant hide the sun so no lies can cover up the fact,直译：正如乌云遮不住太阳，谎言也一样掩盖不了事实。,意译：事实是无法掩盖。,34/59,35,Key points in literal translation,*,了解原文词语在上下文中确实切含义,*注意一词多义和,词多译这种现象,“,看,”,see?Look,？,watch?,看,书，,看,报,read,看,孩子,look after,看,朋友,meet a friend,逛街随便,看看,window shopping,35/59,36,He bit off more than he could chew when he agreed to do it all by himself.,硬译：当他同意完全一个人做它时，他咬下了多于他能咀嚼。,改译：当他同意完全由他一个人来做这件事时，他就是在承揽一件自己力所不及事情。,过于僵硬直译,36/59,37,I have read your articles,I expected to meet an older man,硬译：我读过你文章，我期望见到一位更老人。,改译：,我读过你文章，想不到你这么年轻。,过于僵硬直译,37/59,38,The followings should be noticed,laugh off ones head,笑掉脑袋,?,笑掉大牙,neither fish nor fowl,非鱼非鸟,?,不伦不类,不三不四,38/59,39,Listening to classical music is my cup of tea.,听古典音乐是我一杯茶,?,古典音乐我最爱听,touch and go,碰完了就走,?,一触即发,at sixes and sevens,六六七七,?,乱七八糟,39/59,40,有些成语可在译入语中找到意思基本对等成语，无须再去照字面翻译，以免不伦不类。,(1)Birds of a feather flock together,物以类聚。,(2)Great men are apt to have short memories,贵人多忘事。,40/59,41,(3)Aguesegju come on horse back,but go away on foot,病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。,(4)Nothing can be made out of nothing,巧妇难为无米之炊。,41/59,42,翻译校核过程可分为三个步骤,（1）一稿初译，忠实为主,：,（2）二稿查对，重视逻辑：,（3）三稿定局，润色文字：,译文表示应遵照下述标准：,忠实于原文、逻辑清楚、语言规范和重视谋篇,42/59,43,A,Be faithful to the SL,忠实于原文,:,The new secretary was rude to the workers,but when she talks to the boss,butter wouldnt melt in her mouth,.,原译：这位新秘书对工人态度很粗鲁，可是跟老板谈话时，黄油含在她嘴里也不化。,Revised:,这位新秘书对工人态度很粗鲁，可是跟老板谈话时却,满口奉承话,。,43/59,44,B,Clear logic,逻辑清楚,With 2%of the worlds population,we are the worlds fifth largest trading nation.,即使我们人口仅占全球,2,，但我们却是世界第五大贸易国。,44/59,45,C,语言规范,英语重形合，句法比较刻板，主、从句之间要使,用连接词。而汉语重意合，主、从句靠意义贯通，,不用或少用连接词。,45/59,The temptation was so great that those who were watching from the sidelines also rushed to the,rose,markets.,一些原来持旁观态度人再也经受不住如此巨大诱惑，纷纷加入到玫瑰花生意行列中来。,46/59,47,tips,适当使用一些文言文词语，尤其是成语，不但能够使译文语言格调符合原文文体或专业特点，而且能够收到传神达意、画龙点睛效果。,It seems to be more lonesome in the mountains,when birds are singing.,鸟鸣山更幽。,47/59,48,Key points in the step of expressing,1,）正确处理忠实与通顺关系,48/59,49,They have become,through marketing,word of mouth,and demonstrable reliability,the common pants of America.,经过市场营销，,口头宣传,，以及凭借显而易见可靠性，牛仔裤已成为美国寻常裤装。,改译,：经过市场营销，,口口相传,，以及凭借显而易见可靠性，牛仔裤已成为美国寻常裤装。,Analysis:,marketing,市场营销，包含宣传，与,word of mouth,冲突,49/59,50,A,nalysis,The cold weather frosted up the track last night.,I.,昨晚严寒天气使跑道上结了霜。,II.,昨晚天气严寒，跑道上结了霜。,50/59,51,Proof-reading,Two times of proof-reading after translation,对照原文校对，检验有没有疏漏、误译地方,脱离原文审校，检验有没有生硬拗口地方,Accurate,natural,，elegant,51/59,52,Exercises,Improve the following translation,I will teach him,for,deceiv,ing,others.,我要教他去坑骗他人。,2,.,This thesis leaves much to be desired.,这篇文章有很多地方让人喜欢。,3,.A measure of calm gave signs of returning after the flood subsided.,洪水退了以后，恢复了平静标志。,52/59,4.“Its a gloomy thing,however,to talk about ones own past,with the day breaking.Turn me in some other direction before I go.”,“,不过，在天亮时谈个人往事，真扫兴。在我离开之前，把我转到别方向吧。”,53/59,54,Improve the following translation,5,.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.,门口放着最少有十二把各种颜色和尺寸雨伞,6.,It was already two years since he was Secretary General of the UN.,他担任联合国秘书长以来已经有两年了。,54/59,55,Reference answer,I will teach him,for,deceiv,ing,others.,我要教他去坑骗他人。,=I will punish him so that he will not deceive the others again.,改译：,我要教训他一顿，看他还敢不敢骗人。,55/59,56,2,.,This thesis leaves much to be desired.,这篇文章有很多地方让人喜欢。,=This thesis is very imperfect.,改译：,这篇论文很不理想。,/,这篇论文有很多地方能够改进。,56/59,57,3,.A measure of calm gave signs of returning after the flood subsided.,洪水退了以后，恢复了平静标志。,a measure of=a degree of/a certain amount of,改译：,洪水退了以后，有点恢复宁静迹象了。,57/59,58,4.“Its a gloomy thing,however,to talk about ones own past,with the day breaking.Turn me in some other direction before I go.”,“,不过，在天亮时谈个人往事，真扫兴。在我离开之前，把我转到别方向吧。”,改译：“,不过，在天亮时谈个人往事，真扫兴。我走之前，谈点别吧。”,58/59,59,5,.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.,门口放着最少有十二把各种颜色和尺寸雨伞。,改译：,门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。,59/59,
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