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Knowledge and Wisdom,Unit 3,Unit 8,Knowledge and Wisdom,Unit 8,Unit4,1/160,Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.,1.Why does the teacher include a painting which is not on their syllabus?,Pre-reading Activities-,Audiovisual supplement 1,Audiovisual Supplement,Cultural Information,She wants to teach her students how to think independently.,The new syllabus will be about what art is,what makes it good or bad,and who decides.,2.What is the new syllabus for their art of history class?,2/160,Pre-reading Activities-,Audiovisual supplement 2,Audiovisual Supplement,Cultural Information,3/160,Betty Warren:,What is that?,Katherine Watson:,You tell me.,Carcass,by Soutine.1925.,An anonymous student:,It is not on the syllabus.,Katherine:,No,its not.Is it any good?En?Come on,ladies!There is no wrong answer.There is also no textbook telling you what to think.Its not that easy,is it?,Betty:,All right.No,it is not good.In fact,I wouldnt even call it art.Its grotesque.,Connie Baker:,Is there a rule against being grotesque?,Giselle Levy:,I think there is something aggressive about it.And erotic.,Video Script1,Audiovisual Supplement,Cultural Information,From,Mona Lisa Smile,4/160,Video Script2,Audiovisual Supplement,Cultural Information,Betty:,To you,everything is erotic.,Giselle:,And everything is erotic.,Katherine:,Girls.,The anonymous student:,Arent there standards?,Betty:,Of course there are.Otherwise a tacky velvet painting could be equated to Rembrandt.,Connie:,My uncle Firdie has two tacky velvet paintings.He loves those clones.,Betty:,There are standards,technique,composition,color,even subjects.So if youre suggesting that rotted side of meat is art,much less good art.Then what are we going to learn?,5/160,Video Script3,Audiovisual Supplement,Cultural Information,Katherine:,Just that.You have outlined our new syllabus,Betty.Thank you.What is art?What makes it good or bad?And who decides?Next slide,please.Twenty-five years ago,someone thought this was brilliant.,Connie:,I can see that.,Betty:,Who?,Katherine:,My mother,I painted it for her birthday.Next slide.This is my Mum.Is it art?,The anonymous student:,It is a snapshot.,Katherine:,If I told you Ansel Adams had taken it,would that make a difference?,6/160,Video Script4,Audiovisual Supplement,Cultural Information,Betty:,Art isnt art until someone says it is.,Katherine:,Its art!,Betty:,The right people.,Katherine:,Who are they?,Giselle:,Betty Warren.We are so lucky we have one of them right here.,Betty:,Screw you.,Katherine:,Could you go back to the Soutine please?,7/160,Numerous studies of college classrooms reveal that,rather than actively involving our students in learning,we lecture,even though lectures are not nearly as effective as other means for developing cognitive skills.,Critical thinking the capacity to evaluate skillfully and fairly the quality of evidence and detect error,hypocrisy,manipulation,dissembling,and bias is central to both personal success and national needs.,The teacher who fosters critical thinking fosters reflectiveness in students by asking questions that stimulate thinking essential to the construction of knowledge.,Cultural information,1,Audiovisual Supplement,Cultural Information,Critical Thinking,8/160,Global Reading-,Main idea 1,Text Analysis,Structural Analysis,For all the things we may learn from the world we are living in,there are three major categories.,The first category is“information”,which consists of simple facts and direct impressions.,The second category is commonly deemed as“knowledge”,which is information processed and systemized.,The third category is“wisdom”,which is the hardest to define.We are quite clear about its superiority to the previous two categories,yet for the realm of wisdom there has never been a sure path.However,in this excerpt,Russell has shown us a way to approach wisdom.,Rhetorical Features,9/160,Global Reading-,Main idea 2,Text Analysis,Structural Analysis,In a very logical order,he gives four features of wisdom,from which we learn that wisdom is a clever use of knowledge for noble purposes.,Rhetorical Features,10/160,Structural analysis 1,Text Analysis,Structural Analysis,The text is neatly structured,with the first paragraph introducing the topic and the other four paragraphs elaborating on it.Each of the four paragraphs discusses one factor that contributes to wisdom.,Of these I should put first a sense of proportion:the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.,The topic sentence of Paragraphs 2-5:,Paragraph 2:,Rhetorical Features,11/160,Structural analysis 2,Text Analysis,Structural Analysis,There must be,also,a certain awareness of the ends of human life.,Paragraph 3:,It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice.,Paragraph 4:,I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation,as far as possible,from the tyranny of the here and now.,Paragraph 5:,Rhetorical Features,12/160,Structural analysis 3,Text Analysis,Structural Analysis,Factors that constitute wisdom:,comprehensiveness mixed with a sense of proportion;,a full awareness of the goals of human life;,understanding;,impartiality.,Rhetorical Features,13/160,Rhetorical Features 1,Text Analysis,Structural Analysis,Rhetorical Features,In this essay,parallelism is employed,apart from other rhetoric devices.Here is an example:,“But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality,on the one hand,by knowing,things somewhat remote in time or space,and,on the other hand,by giving,to such things their due weight in our feelings.”,The underlined parts in the quoted sentence constitute equivalent syntactic constructions,thus making the expression more forceful.Parallelism can also be used to convey ones ideas more clearly and create a sense of order and proportion.,14/160,Rhetorical Features 2,Text Analysis,Structural Analysis,Rhetorical Features,Other examples of parallelism in the essay:,enormously lowering the infant death-rate,not only in Europe and America,but also in Asia and Africa.,(Paragraph 2),This has the entirely unintended result of,making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world.,(Paragraph 2),Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom,to include not only intellect but also feeling.,(Paragraph 3),15/160,Rhetorical Features 3,Text Analysis,Structural Analysis,Rhetorical Features,It is by no means uncommon to find men,whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow.,(Paragraph 3),It is,not only in public ways,but in private life equally,that wisdom is needed.(Paragraph 4),16/160,Most people would agree that,although our age far,surpasses,all previous ages in knowledge,there has been no,correlative,increase in wisdom.,But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define“wisdom”and consider means of promoting it.I want to ask first what wisdom is,and then what can be done to teach it.,Bertrand Russell,Knowledge and Wisdom,(abridged),Detailed reading1,Detailed Reading,1,17/160,Detailed reading2,Detailed Reading,There are,I think,several factors that contribute to wisdom.,Of these I should put first a sense of,proportion,:the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its,due,weight.,This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians.Suppose,for example,that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine.The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy.You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions,2,18/160,Detailed reading3,Detailed Reading,may have outside the field of medicine.You succeed(let us say),as modern medicine has succeeded,in enormously lowering the infant death-rate,not only in Europe and America,but also in Asia and Africa.This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world.To take an even more,spectacular,example,which is in everybodys mind at the present time:You study the composition of the atom from a,disinterested,desire for knowledge,and incidentally,19/160,Detailed reading4,Detailed Reading,place in the hands of powerful,lunatics,the means of destroying the human race.In such ways the pursuit of knowledge may become harmful unless it is combined with wisdom;and wisdom in the sense of comprehensive vision is not necessarily present in specialists in the pursuit of knowledge.,20/160,Detailed reading5,Detailed Reading,Comprehensiveness alone,however,is not enough to constitute wisdom.There must be,also,a certain awareness of the,ends,of human life.This may be illustrated by the study of history.,Many eminent historians have done more harm than good because they viewed facts through the distorting medium of their own passions.,Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness,since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future.But the chief lesson of history which he sought to,inculcate,was that from the year 400AD,3,21/160,Detailed reading6,Detailed Reading,down to his own time Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world.Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling.It is by no means uncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow.Such men lack what I call wisdom.,22/160,Detailed reading7,Detailed Reading,It is not only in public ways,but in private life equally,that wisdom is needed.It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in,emancipation,from personal prejudice.,Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is,inherently,impossible of achievement.,Many men in past ages devoted their lives to a search for,the philosophers stone and the elixir of life,.No doubt,if they could have found them,they would have,conferred,great benefits,upon,mankind,but as it was their lives were wasted.,4,23/160,Detailed reading8,Detailed Reading,To descend to less heroic matters,consider the case of two men,Mr.A and Mr.B,who hate each other and,through mutual hatred,bring each other to destruction.Suppose you go to Mr.A and say,“Why do you hate Mr.B?”He will no doubt give you an,appalling,list of Mr.Bs,vices,partly true,partly false.And now suppose you go to Mr.B.He will give you an exactly similar list of Mr.As vices with an equal,admixture,of truth and falsehood.Suppose you now come back to Mr.A and say,“You will be surprised to learn that Mr.B says the same things about you as you say about him”,and you go to Mr.B and make a similar speech.,24/160,Detailed reading9,Detailed Reading,The first effect,no doubt,will be to increase their mutual hatred,since each will be so horrified by the others injustice.But perhaps,if you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness,you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness,and that their,enmity,is harmful to both.If you can do this,you will have,instilled,some fragments of wisdom.,25/160,Detailed reading10,Detailed Reading,I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation,as far as possible,from the tyranny of the here and now.,We cannot help the egoism of our senses.Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be impersonal.Our emotions start similarly from ourselves.An infant feels hunger or discomfort,and is unaffected except by his own physical condition.Gradually with the years,his horizon widens,and,in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states,5,26/160,Detailed reading11,Detailed Reading,he achieves growing wisdom.This is of course a matter of degree.No one can view the world with complete,impartiality,;and if anyone could,he would hardly be able to remain alive.But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality,on the one hand,by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space,and on the other hand,by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.It is this approach towards impartiality that constitutes growth in wisdom.,27/160,Is there any orthodox definition of wisdom?,Detailed reading1-,Quesion,1,No.There is disagreement over what wisdom is.,Detailed Reading,28/160,Detailed reading1-,Quesion,2,What does the writer try to illustrate by the examples of research in medicine and study of the atom respectively?,In the first place,they are examples of the proposition raised at the very beginning of the text:,although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge,there has been no correlative increase in wisdom.,The problem,according to the essay,is partly due to the fact that it is now more difficult to acquire a sense of proportion,or the ability to assign different weights to various factors respectively,thus achieving balance.In consequence,breakthroughs in science are likely to bring about corresponding harms to the human race.,Detailed Reading,29/160,Detailed reading1-,Quesion,3,According to the writer,how are feelings related to wisdom?,If one harbours narrow feelings,his research and study could be harmful to the society.The research could be done in the interest of a small group;the result of his study could be biased.So knowledgeable as he is,he is not a wise man.,To implant wisdom,one is required to make efforts to restrain the narrow personal feelings and have a more extensive passion for human life.,Wisdom consists not only of the ability to judge what is most important but also of a full awareness of the goals of human life.,Detailed Reading,30/160,Detailed reading1-,Quesion,4,Why is wisdom a necessary quality in people and culture?,According to Russell,the vices of the lack of wisdom are obvious and palpable,ranging from disturbance to public life,including most notably the upset of world peace,to unpleasant incidents in private life.Meanwhile,there seems to be an imbalance in the growth of knowledge and wisdom,which is very likely to make things even worse.So,wisdom is necessary for both personal and cultural developments.,Detailed Reading,31/160,Detailed reading1-,Quesion,5,What,according to Russell,is the essence of wisdom?And how does that explain the process to attain wisdom?,According to Russell,the essence of wisdom is impartiality,or emancipation from egoistic or temporal concerns.It is naturally difficult for man to attain impartiality,as man is naturally bound up by his own physical states from his birth.As he grows,however,his horizon widens,his concerns get beyond from the limits of time and space,and his feelings become more impersonal,thus the growth of impartiality and wisdom.,Detailed
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