智能超表面商用化考量.pdf

苏鑫 Su Xin中国移动研究院China Mobile Research Institute2023年12月6日智能超表面商用化考量Commercialization Considerations for RIS智能超表面应用场景 Usage Scenarios典型场景下性能效果 Performance智能超表面的商用挑战 Commercial Challenges面向低功耗和易部署的智能超表面设计 Low-Power and Easily Deployable Design for RIS总结 Summary2智能超表面应用场景 Usage Scenarios原理 将原有自然不可控电磁传播环境变为人为可控的电磁传播环境Principle Turning the original natural uncontrollable electromagnetic propagation environment into an artificially controllable one场景 Scenarios提升传统网络性能：覆盖补盲，上行增强，室内覆盖增强，小区容量增强/热点增流Enhance traditional network performance:blind coverage,uplink enhancement,indoor coverage enhancement,capacity enhancement/hotspot催生更多新型应用：低空航路/车联网覆盖，感知和高精度定位，安全通信，能量收集Spawning more novel applications:low altitude airway/vehicle network coverage,sensing and high precision localization,secure communications,energy harvesting航路覆盖智能反射面窃听者 安全通信 车联网覆盖高精度定位基站x覆盖补盲上行增强智能反射面智能反射面室内覆盖增强热点增流室内用户blind coverageuplink enhancementindoor coveragehotspotlow altitude airway/vehicle network coverage high precision localizationsecure communications3不同场景的商用需求 Commercial Requirements产业成熟度决定了应用场景的可实现性，对于不同场景、不同阶段，需要采取分步走的商用推进策略，以充分发挥智能超表面的技术优势 Industrial maturity determines the realizability of application scenarios.For different scenarios and stages,a step-by-step commercial promotion strategy is needed to give full play to the technological advantages of smart hypersurfaces阶段Stages典型应用Typical applications商用需求Commercial Requirements方案策略Strategies共性需求 Common与场景相关的需求Scenario-specific1覆盖补盲（5G-A）Blind Coverage(5G-A)以现有的产业成熟度和信道模型，5G-A的典型应用场景为覆盖补盲Typical application scenarios for 5G-A with existing industry maturity and channel models低成本Low cost低功耗Low powerconsumption易部署Easy Deployment非标准化 non-standardized偏硬件实现类方案 Hardware implementation静态/半静态控制 static/semi-static control对终端透明transparent to terminals2覆盖补盲 Blind Coverage容量提升 Capacity Enhancement传统网络性能提升Traditional network performance enhancement易部署Easy Deployment标准化 Standardization动态控制 Dynamic control对终端透明or非透明 Transparent or nontransparent to terminals3新型应用 New Application易部署Easy Deployment多形态polymorphic各种控制方式共存 Coexistence ofvarious control methods与具体应用场景适配 Adaptation to specific scenarios智能超表面应用场景 Usage Scenarios典型场景下性能效果 Performance智能超表面的商用挑战 Commercial Challenges面向低功耗和易部署的智能超表面设计 Low-Power and Easily Deployable Design for RIS总结 Summary5典型场景下性能效果 Performance部署RIS对边缘用户影响明显，边缘用户RSRP提升约3.3 dB，边缘用户SINR提升1.45 dB，边缘吞吐量提升约 79 Mbps；部署RIS后，覆盖距离延伸约60米 Deployment of RIS has a significant impact on edge users,with an increase of about 3.3 dB in RSRP for edge users,1.45 dB in SINR for edge users,and an increase of about 79 Mbps in throughput at the edge;after deployment of RIS,the coverage distance is extended by about 60 meters红色阴影标记部分即覆盖延伸区域江苏移动+东南大学：2.6 GHz 单静态反射板 16x32 Single Static广东移动+华为+港中文（深圳）：2.6 GHz 单半静态反射板 16x16 Single Semi-Static性能指标 Metric增益 Gain下行DLRSRP(dB)3.52SINR(dB)3.42Area()800.12 上行ULRSRP(dB)1.80SINR(dB)5.82Area()800.92 透明膜超表面 Transparent Meta Surface针对于2.6GHz电磁波以60斜入射至单层钢化玻璃增透膜可有效提高信号强度约2.9 dB，对于4.9GHz电磁波提升强度约5.7 dBFor 2.6 GHz electromagnetic wave with 60 angled incidence to a single layer of tempered glass transmittance enhancement film can effectively improve the signal strength of about 2.9 dB,for 4.9 GHz electromagnetic wave enhancement strength of about 5.7 dB.覆盖增强：考虑投入产出比，工作模式选择灵活度高 Coverage enhancement：High flexibility in working modes,considering the input-output ratio静态/半静态：非标准化，主要考虑能耗和供电，室内外覆盖要考虑透明性偏实现类的方案Static/semi-static：Non-standardized,mainly consider energy consumption and power supply,indoor and outdoor coverage to consider6典型场景下性能效果 Performance覆盖增强：考虑投入产出比，工作模式选择灵活度高 Coverage enhancement：High flexibility in working modes,considering the input-output ratio动态：标准化，主要考虑能耗、供电，以及相比于NCR的综合增益（性能、部署）Dynamic:standardized:dynamic,mainly considering energy consumption,power supply,and overall gain over NCR(performance,deployment)低频场景，RIS的性能优势更加明显 In low-frequency scenarios,the performance advantage of RIS is more obvious可借鉴现有NCR架构，对终端透明 Can draw on existing NCR architecture,transparent to terminals重点考虑节能设计，简化控制链路 Focus on energy-efficient design and simplified control linksNCRNCR-MT接入链路Access linkNCR-Fwd共用射频Common RF控制链路Control link回程链路Backhual linkRIS控制模块ControllerDLUL共用射频Common RF反射Reflection低频场景下，由于NCR会同步放大噪声和干扰，RIS的SINR的性能优势更显著高频覆盖增强场景下，想要获得与NCR相当的性能，需要超大规模的RIS阵子数，进而会大概率出现近场效应In low-frequency scenarios,the performance advantage of RISs SINR is more significant since NCR can amplify noise and interferenceIn high-frequency scenarios,to obtain performance comparable to that of NCR,an ultra-large number of RIS arrays is required,which in turn will have a high probability of near-field effects7典型场景下性能效果 Performance容量提升：面向小区中信道条件较好的用户，利用信道状态信息对相位进行更为精准的调控Capacity enhancement：For users with better channel conditions in the cell,the channel state information is used to regulate the phase more accurately 无源RIS如何获取信道状态信息，级联 or 分段 How passive RIS obtains channel state information,cascade or segmentation 信道状态信息获取的开销 vs 性能增益 Overhead vs.Performance Gain in Channel State Information Acquisition 标准化影响较大 Higher impact of standardization杭州亚运试点计划：潮汐效应区域，忙时扩充容量，闲时保证基本覆盖Hangzhou Asian Games Pilot Program:tidal effect areas,expanding capacity during busy times and ensuring basic coverage during idle times16164040Unit:MbpsWithout RISWith RISGainAverage throughput887.28974.859.87%Cell edge throughput7.429.9934.63%Unit:MbpsWithout RISWith RISGainAverage throughput887.281677.7989.10%Cell edge throughput7.4211.1450.13%智能超表面应用场景 Usage Scenarios典型场景下性能效果 Performance智能超表面的商用挑战 Commercial Challenges面向低功耗和易部署的智能超表面设计 Low-Power and Easily Deployable Design for RIS总结 Summary9共性问题Common Problems智能反射面的商用挑战 Commercial Challenges智能反射面在基础理论、器件实现、组网部署、系统方案等方面常存在一定挑战。为了应对未来的复杂组网，需要小区内或小区间的多个智能反射面在基站的统一协调下进行协作反射，即作为协作反射节点.81无源静态反射面Static RIS2半静态可控反射面Semi-Static RIS动态智能反射面Dynamic RIS反射面波束实时动态变化动态跟踪用户、匹配信道环境，电磁波智能调控反射面波束半静态变化扩展波束覆盖范围、提升小区容量和速率反射面波束固定不变快速部署，弱覆盖场景扩展网络覆盖和补盲工程实现和部署：存在尺寸、价格、部署难度等限制因素Engineering realization and deployment:there are constraints such as size,price,and difficulty of deployment超材料和器件成熟度不高，波束调控能力较弱 工作带宽受限，能量反射效率较低尺寸较大，部署需与物业、业主沟通，存在风阻大的问题馈电需求对智能反射面部署产生限制无源特性提高滤波难度，存在运营商间干扰问题理论和方案设计：目前缺乏完整的信道模型，空口传输相关方案复杂度高、开销大、可行性受限Theory and scheme design:the current lack of a complete channel model,high complexity,high overhead,and limited feasibility of schemes related to air-interface transmission信道模型需完善 Channel models need to be improved复合RIS反射/透射特性的小尺度信道模型近场效应对信道建模的影响需进评估考虑非理想因素后的系统实际性能 assess the actual performance of the system after considering non-ideal factors调控比特精度互易性频率响应的平坦性需要考虑性能和复杂度折中的可实现的信道估计、联合波束赋型等方案 Realizable solutions for performance and complexity tradeoffs控制方案和网络架构：智能反射面的控制方式将对网络架构设计、功耗和部署方式产生重要影响Control schemes and network architectures:the way RIS are controlled will have a significant impact on how network architectures are designed,consumed and deployed需要考虑功耗和网络复杂度的折中，真正实现静态/半静态和动态控制未来组网中，多RIS节点，多工作模式，存在多种干扰形式（用户间、小区间的干扰、运营商间干扰）需要智能反射面作为协作反射节点，通过与网络/基站进行绑定，针对具体网络需求，进行统一协调智能超表面应用场景 Usage Scenarios典型场景下性能效果 Performance智能超表面的商用挑战 Commercial Challenges面向低功耗和易部署的智能超表面设计 Low-Power and Easily Deployable Design for RIS总结 Summary11当前阶段成本和功耗分析Analysis of cost and power consumption for the current phase名目技术参数/工艺单价数量控制单元ControllerFPGAVirtex-5 FX100T10001DAC双输入/输出 FlexRIO适配器（100 MS/s采样速率）601时间模块10 MHz501电源模块DC（20V）1501超表面面板RIS pannel贴片元器件物料及工艺成本变容二极管SMV-2019（Skyworks,Inc）3512电容1 pF0.1512SMT浸焊0.021024PCB板材物料F4BK265（介电2.56，损耗正切0.001）3001加工沉金（线宽0.4 mm）801合计3497.68注:参照东南大学崔铁军院士团队提出的信息超表面发射机架构进行成本估算目前样机受限于FPGA的成本，产品受限于研发成本，无成本优势形成产业规模：ASIC作为FPGA的低成本替代，针对反射面定制的更低成本的贴片元器件有望进一步降低成本和功耗Current prototypes are limited by the cost of FPGAs,products are limited by R&D costs,no cost advantage Forming an industrial scale:ASICs as a low-cost alternative to FPGAs,lower-cost SMD components customized for reflective surfaces-expected to further reduce cost and power consumption30万-40万（含研发成本）5G基站成本4050（万元）主设备：2025（万元）动力配套：35（万元）土建施工：1040（万元）4G直放站成本几百到1000元低成本、低功耗：早期理论分析强调RIS可以利用超材料+控制电路实现移相器的功能，且无放大器Low cost,low power:early theoretical analysis emphasized that RIS could use metamaterials+control circuits to achieve phase shifter functionality with no amplifiers多形态、易部署：建筑物外立面、墙面、广告牌、交通站牌Multi-form,easy to deploy building facades,walls,billboards,transportation stops成本分析：研发样机成本 Cost analysis:R&D prototype costs功耗分析 Power Consumption+FPGA模块数字信号输出模块Digital Signal Output Module面板=总能耗15 W优化定制化芯片特定结构设计Customized chips Specific structural design5W12低功耗设计 Low Power Design方案二：机械装置（华为）通过马达、齿轮传动等机械方式调整超表面顶层与底层间隙、改变图案形状等方式实现反射相位的调控优点：实现简单、设计难度低缺点：响应速率慢、能量利用率低方案三：其他可调材料（京东方：液晶）忆阻材料、电致形状记忆材料等引入新型材料，根据材料特性采取电调、热调等方式改变材料等效电磁参数优点：实现方式多种，具有不影响调节速率、不改变RIS现有系统架构等特点缺点：设计难度高方案一：双稳态MEMS致动器（中兴、行晟科技）优点：可靠性高、尺寸小、功耗小缺点：需根据RIS需求进行定制化设计，研发成本高利用MEMS（微机电系统）开关替代PIN管或变容二极管RIS调相需要FPGA/单片机结合可调器件共同实现，其中FPGA能耗占比高，而PIN管、变容管等现有器件无法脱离FPGA保持状态RIS phase regulation requires FPGA/microcontroller combined with adjustable devices to jointly realize,in which the FPGA energy consumption accounted for a high proportion of the existing devices such as PIN tubes,varactor tubes and other devices can not be detached from the FPGA to maintain state对于半静态RIS，用新型器件/材料替代现有PIN管/变容二极管控制方案，有望以零/低功耗保持RIS相位状态For semi-static RIS,replacing existing PIN tube/varactor diode control schemes with novel devices/materials is expected to maintain the RIS phase state with zero/low power consumption设计方案：结合忆阻器原理，利用二元或多元氧化物材料的忆阻效应，结合绝缘透波材料及高电导材料，设计可替代PIN管或变容二极管实现RIS相位调节多层RIS结构利用双稳态MEMS制动器、机械装置、忆阻材料等方案实现RIS相位调节的RIS硬件结构，实现断电状态下的RIS相位保持功能，从而降低RIS能耗，实现节能和无源部署RIS hardware structure for RIS phase regulation using bistable MEMS actuators,mechanical devices,and amnesia materials schemes to realize the RIS phase hold function in the power-off state,thus reducing RIS energy consumption and achieving energy-saving and passive deploymentDesign solution:Combining the principle of memristor,utilizing the memristor effect of binary or polyoxide materials,combined with insulating and wave-transparent materials and high-conductivity materials,the design can replace PIN tubes or varactor diodes to realize the RIS phase adjustment of multi-layer RIS structure.13易部署设计：摆脱电源线 Easy to deploy design:get rid of power cords+FPGA模块数字信号输出模块面板=总能耗：15 W 定制化芯片：ASIC芯片替代FPGA 特定结构设计能耗降至5W优化电池容量：24V22AH，528WH现有设备：1.5天优化设备：4.5天电池容量：24V36AH，864WH现有设备：2.4天优化设备：7.2天蓄电池方案：（蓄电池成本200-300）太阳能方案：（太阳能板成本100-150）现有设备功耗适合选用40W太阳能板优化后，可选用10W太阳能板建议采用太阳能+蓄电池结合的方案，可延长蓄电池更换时间 It is recommended to use the combination of solar energy+battery program,which can extend the battery replacement time无线部署，包括无电源线部署，将简化RIS部署方式和降低选址要求希望联合业界共同寻找和研究零能耗方案Wireless deployments,including cordless deployments,will simplify RIS deployments and reduce siting requirements Desire to work with the industry to find and research zero energy solutions14易部署设计：无线控制 Easy to deploy design:wireless control优势 pros劣势 cons有线控制Wired Control基站和控制器通过有线连接Base station and controller are connected via wired connection控制协议简单，对RIS功耗要求最低 Simple control protocolwith minimal RIS power requirements预留有线连接路线，无法真正实现随用随部署Reservation of wired connection routes does not allow for true deployment on demand网络无线控制Wireless Control1.基站和控制器通过无线连接，Uu接口 Base station and controller connected wirelessly,Uu interface2.基站和控制器通过无线连接，非Uu 接口 Base station and controller connected wirelessly,non-Uu interface实现灵活的随用随部署Enabling flexible on-demanddeployment1.Uu接口方案需设计协议，相比有线控制功耗增加；2.其他天线接口方案，控制实时性、传播距离、接口开发等还需进一步研究1.Uu interface solutions require protocol design and increased power consumption compared to wired control;2.Another antenna interface solutions,control of real-time,propagation distance,interface development,etc.need to be further studied新型自主控制/感知Novel autonomouscontrol控制器根据感知信息自主调整，无需接口Controller adjusts autonomously based on sensed information;no interface required自主性高High autonomy1.功耗较高，感知器能力和精度对性能影响需额外分析2.如完全自主调控不受基站控制，无法实现与基站的联合设计1.Higher power consumption,perceptron capability and accuracyimpact on performance needs additional analysis2.If fully autonomous regulation is not controlled by the base station,joint design with the base station cannot be realized采用网络无线控制可以在保证智能超表面可管可控的同时，有望实现真正的随用随部署The use of network wireless control can ensure that the intelligent super-surface can be managed and controlled at the same time,is expected to realize the true deployment of on-demand智能超表面应用场景 Usage Scenarios典型场景下性能效果 Performance智能超表面的商用挑战 Commercial Challenges面向低功耗和易部署的智能超表面设计 Low-Power and Easily Deployable Design for RIS总结 Summary16总结应用场景RIS应用场景众多，需甄别出真正的需求，并且要与产业成熟度相匹配Application ScenarioRIS application scenarios are numerous and need to be screened for real demand and matched to industry maturity商用需求如果能够大规模的商用落地，需要满足共性要求低成本、低功耗，智能反射面还要额外满足易部署等要求Commercial Requirementif they can be commercialized on a large scale,they need to meet the common requirements of low cost and low power consumption,and the RIS also need to additionally meet the requirements of easy deployment.商用挑战在工程实现和部署方面，存在规模、价格和部署难度等限制因素在理论和设计方面，目前缺乏完整的信道模型，空口传输相关方案复杂度高、开销大、可行性受限控制方案和网络架构：智能反射面的控制方式将对网络架构设计、功耗和部署方式产生重要影响Commercial Challenges Constraints in engineering realization and deployment,such as scale,price and difficulty of deployment In terms of theory and design,there is a lack of a complete channel model,and the complexity,overhead,and feasibility of schemes related to air interface transmission are limited.Control schemes and network architectures:the way RIS are controlled will have a significant impact on how network architectures are designed,consumed and deployed方案设计降本增效：ASIC作为FPGA的低成本替代，针对反射面定制的更低成本的贴片元器件降低功耗：相位保持技术；易部署：太阳能+蓄电池&无线控制Schematic DesignCost reduction and efficiency:ASICs as a low cost alternative to FPGAs,lower-cost SMD components customized for reflective surfacesReducing Power Consumption:Phase Hold Technology；Ease of deployment:Solar+Battery&wireless control感谢聆听！Thanks for attention!1818