金融英语翻译.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,外国语学院,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1.What is,functionalist translation theory?,定义,1,：,功效翻译理论，又称“功效目标论”（,Skopos theory,，,Skopos,是希腊词，意为,“,aim,”,或,“,purpose,”,），关键是：依据译文语境，原文中哪些内容或成份能够保留，哪些需调整或改写，该由译文预期功效确定。,(,方梦之主编：,译学词典,，上海外语教育出版社，第,29,页,),定义,2,：,Skopos theory(,plural,Skopos theories,)is the idea that,translating,and,interpreting,should primarily take into account the,function,of both the,source,and,target text,.,(Paul Kussmaul,Training The Translator,1995,John Benjamins Publishing Co,p.149),功效目标理论与变译,Skopos Theory and Adaptation,1/60,定义,3,：,德国翻译学者,Nord,将其定义为：,“,Functionalist means focusing on function or functions of texts and translation.,（,Nord,，,1997,）,”,。,翻译,“,功效主义,”,就是将关注点放在文本事域发生一个或各种功效，以传达信息为目标，而较少关注翻译情感意义和美学意义。狭义而言，它特指以德国,“,功效主义目标论,”,为关键功效派翻译理论。广义而言，凡是用功效主义研究方法而产生各种理论都属于功效翻译理论范围。,定义归纳,2/60,For example:,汉语,:,专卖店,(,不一样专卖店有不一样英语词,),女装专卖店,-Boutique,海尔专卖店,-Haier Outlet,福特汽车专卖店,-Ford Car Exclusive Agency,Functions Determines Translation,3/60,For example:,汉语,:,专卖店,(,不一样专卖店有不一样英语词,),女装专卖店,-Boutique,海尔专卖店,-Haier Outlet,福特汽车专卖店,-Ford Car Exclusive Agency,Functions Determines Translation,4/60,背景知识,Background,功效派翻译理论是,20,世纪,70,年代德国学者凯瑟林娜,赖斯,(Kantharina Reiss),、汉斯,费米尔,(HansVermeer),、贾斯塔,赫兹,曼塔利,(Justa Holz Mantari),和克里斯蒂安,诺德,(Christiane Nord),等提出翻译理论。,The functionalist translation theory came into being in 1970s in Germany,and there have been three distinguished contributors to the formation of this theory:Katharine Reiss,Hans J.Vermeer and Christiane Nord.,5/60,“,功效目标论,”,源于行为理论，认为翻译是一个在既定场所发生目标行为，是言语和非言语交际符号向另一个语言转换。翻译成功是否决定于欲到达目标是否完成，考究翻译目标不是对等，而是目标完备性，是译文在译语环境中预期到达一个或几个功效。,”,（,Nord,，,）,定义归纳,6/60,功效目标论认为，对等翻译只是翻译各种形式一个，每个文本为某个目标所产生，并应该服务于该目标。译文接收者是决定翻译目标主要原因之一。依据不一样情况有不一样目标法则。这些法则来自翻译要求，它是由发起人,(initiator)(,也可能是译者本人,),给定。任何翻译都是面对意向受众，翻译要求和目标要求着需要什么样翻译，而原文只是一个信息源。,定义归纳,7/60,中国改革报,第二版一篇介绍张家界国家森林公园原文和译文片断，原文信息被歪曲，翻译目标就达不到。请看：,汉语,：张家界国家森林公园介绍,湖南张家界国家森林公园是,1982,年经国务院同意成立中国第一个国家森林公园。,1992,年因奇特石英砂岩大峰林质地貌被联合国教科文组织列入,世界遗产名目,。,原译文,:,The,Short Guide,To Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,Zhangjiajie,was,approved,as the,first national Forest park,of China in 1982,by the,state Congress of China,and was listed in the,Directory of World Heritage,by UNESCO for its quartzite sandstone,landform,in 1992.,翻译要求与目标经常未到达,8/60,译文划线部分都有误。这么英语译文对张家界国家公园旅游必定带来多少不良影响。连,“,国务院,”,这么主要名称也乱一通。,“,中国国务院,”,（,the State Council,）,错译成,the state Congress,，,世界遗产名目,（,World Heritage List,）,错译成,the Directory of world heritage,9/60,Nord,认为，功效翻译理论学派，除了,“,功效目标论,”,以外，还应包含持有相同观点，认同翻译中功效作用其它流派，即使他们并没有称自己是功效翻译学派。（,Nord,，,1997,）可见，凡是以语言功效研究为出发点翻译理论，都可置于功效翻译理论框架内。其中颇具影响有英国翻译学家,Newmark,“,功效分类说,”,和美国翻译学家,Nida,“,功效对等论,”,。功效翻译理论强调语言功效作用，对以传达信息为主商贸类文本翻译含有较强指导意义。,“,功效翻译理论,”,与,“,功效目标论,”,10/60,商务部副部长在国务院新闻公布会上讲话节选,多双边经贸关系及区域经济合作深入发展。,中国与世界上绝大多数国家（地域）保持着良好经贸关系，与主要经济体及周围国家（地域）、发展中国家经贸合作深入深化。,Further progress has been made in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation.,China,has maintained excellent,economic and trade links with the overwhelming majority of countries(regions)and its economic and trade cooperation with major economies and its neighboring countries(regions)has been,further deepened,.,11/60,信息不对等,原文主题已知：,中国,多双边经贸关系及区域经济合作深入发展。,译文主题完全丢失,Further progress has been made in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation.,改译：,China has made more progress in bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations as well as regional economic cooperation.,12/60,信息不对等,中国与世界上绝大多数国家（地域）保持着良好经贸关系，与主要经济体及周围国家（地域）、发展中国家经贸合作深入深化。,China,has maintained excellent,economic and trade,links,with the overwhelming majority of countries(regions)and its economic and trade cooperation with major economies and its neighboring countries(regions),has been,further deepened,.,13/60,The functional approach has a great affinity with Skopos theory.The function of a translation is dependent on the knowledge,expectations,values and norms of the target readers,who are again influenced by the situation they are in and by the culture.These factors determine whether the function of the source text or passages in the source text can be preserved or have to be modified or even changed.,How are functions involved?,14/60,1971,年德国莱斯（,K.Reiss,）首先提出“把翻译行为所要到达特殊目标”作为翻译评价新模式。,1984,年她在与费米尔（,H.J.Vermeer,）合写,General Foundation of Translation Theory,一书中声称：译者在整个翻译过程中参考系不应是“对等”翻译理论所重视原文及其功效，而应是译文在译语文化环境中所预期到达一个或若钟交际功效。,20,世纪,90,年代初，德国学者克利斯蒂安,诺德（,Christiane Nord,）深入拓展了译文功效理论。她强调译文与原文联络，但这种联络质量与数量由译文预期功效确定。,2.The Formation of Skopos Theory,15/60,功效目标理论两项基本标准是：,1.,翻译各方面交互作用受翻译目标所决定；,2.,目标随接收对象不一样而改变。按照这两项 标准，译者能够为了到达目标而采取任何他自己认为适当翻译策略。换句话说，目标决定方式（,The end justifies the means,）。比如：,16/60,中国认真推行加入世贸组织各项承诺，对外开放不停扩大。同时主动参加世贸组织新一轮谈判，为完善多边贸易体制发挥了建设性作用。近期以来，已经有新西兰、南非等,9,个国家正式宣告认可中国完全市场经济地位，为中国与这些国家经贸合作开展创造了更为有利条件。,China,has seriously implemented its WTO commitments,and,continuously opened up,.At the same time,we,are active in participating,in the new round of,WTO negotiation,and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral trading system.,Not long ago,9 countries including New Zealand,Singapore,and South Africa have formally declared that they,recognized,Chinas full market economy status,which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries.,违反功效目标论翻译,17/60,中国认真推行加入世贸组织各项承诺，对外开放不停扩大。,China,has seriously implemented its WTO commitments,and,continuously opened up,.,认真,-seriously,？,vigorously,(,目标决定翻译方式）,不停扩大,-continuously opened up?,(,这个翻译方式没有表示,“,对外开放不停扩大,”,China has vigorously implemented its commitments for its entry into WTO and has,kept opening wider to the outside world,.,18/60,（谁？）同时主动参加世贸组织新一轮谈判，为完善多边贸易体制发挥了建设性作用。,At the same time,we,are active in participating,in the new round of WTO,negotiation,and playing a constructive role for the improvement of the multilateral,trading system,.,China has also cordially attended the new round of WTO negotiations,playing a constructive role for improving the multilateral trade system.,19/60,近期以来，已经有新西兰、南非等,9,个国家正式宣告认可中国完全市场经济地位，为中国与这些国家经贸合作开展创造了更为有利条件。,Not long ago,9 countries,including,New Zealand,Singapore,and South Africa have formally declared that they,recognized,Chinas full market economy status,which has created more favorable conditions for the economic and trade cooperation between China and these countries.,改后半句：,creating more favorable conditions for China to have economic and trade cooperation with these countries.,20/60,提醒：,近期以来,=not long ago?recently,宣告认可,=have declared they recognized?,declared their recognition of China,s full market economy status,新西兰、南非等,9,个国家,=9 countries including New Zealand,Singapore,and South Africa?,9 countries such as New Zealand,South Africa,21/60,作为受文化制约语言符号，原文语篇和译文语篇受到各自交际环境影响，译文功效与原文功效可相同或保持一致，也可能完全不一样。依据不一样语境原因和预期功效，选择最正确处理方法，这是功效翻译理论比以对等为基础翻译理论或极端功效主义翻译理论更为优越之处。翻译功效理论指导下翻译方法表现出较大灵活性，较高科学性和易操作性。,Gideon Toury(,原特拉维夫大学教授,),把“功效目标论”看作是“译文文本中心论”翻版。,Advantages of Skopos Theory,22/60,The Skopos theory,an approach to translation put forward by Hans Vermeer and developed in Germany in the late 1970s,oriented a more functional and sociocultural concept of translation.,Translation is considered not as a process of translation,but as a specific form of human action.The following examples can tell us why it is an action:,1.,小心滑倒,-Carefully Slide,（西南大学宾馆客房内）,2.,洗澡时小心滑倒,-Pay Attention to Your Step while Taking Bath,(,浙江某市花园山庄客房内,),3.,不在公共场所袒胸赤膊,-Do not wear clothes exposing the neck or,shoulders in public places,参考：,1.,小心滑倒,-Caution!Wet(Slippery)Floor,2.,洗澡时小心滑倒,-Caution!Wet(Slippery)Floor,3.,不在公共场所袒胸赤膊,-,Dress yourself decently in public places,You can see,the original translation and the revised are different in actions.,3.What Is Skopos Theory about?,23/60,In Skopos theory,one of the most important factors determining the purpose of a translation is the intended receiver or audience of the target text with their language.,The theory focuses on the purpose of the translation,which determines the translation methods and strategies to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result.For example:,航友宾馆,-Hang You Hotel,(,上海虹桥机场）,(,航友，就是,“,航空之友,”,，翻译就是传递这个信息）,Vermeer regards it as an,“,offer of information,”,for the target audience.From this view,the status of the source is clearly much lower in Skopos theory than the equivalence theory.,24/60,The main idea of Skopos theory is that translators should hold the thought from the perspective of the target readers during translation.Therefore,translators should bear in mind what the function of translation text is,what the target readers demand is and even what communicative situation is.Finally,the choice of translation strategies is decided by the purpose of the translation text,in order to achieve a better function text.,25/60,禁止携带易燃易爆物品进站乘车,1.No carrying combustibles and explosive in metro,（上海百盛附近地铁站）,2.Bring combustibles and explosives into the station and on board is strictly prohibited.,（上海中山公园地铁站内）,3.Inflammable explosive and dangerous articles are,forbidden.,（杭州火车站内）,4.Hazardous goods are strictly prohibited taken into on train.,（上海火车站内）,四种译法，哪个实现了功效？,26/60,No Entry of,Hazardous Goods into the Station or on the Train,Another example may tell us more:,原文：女生宿舍，男生莫入,译文：,Female Students Only,Purposes Determine Translation Strategies,27/60,The three main rules are:skopos rule,coherence rule and fidelity rule.,1.Skopos Rule,（目标规则）,The top-ranking rule for any translation is thus the skopos rule,which means that a translation action is determined by its skopos;that is,the end justifies the means,”,by Reiss and Vermeer.,Vermeer also stresses on many occasions that the skopos rule is a general rule,and translation strategies and methods are determined by the purpose and the intended function of the target text.,Three Rules of Skopos Theory,28/60,Careful Motion Gate,Watch For the Mobile Gate,29/60,2.Coherence Rule,（连贯规则）,The coherence rule states that the target text must be interpretable as coherent with the target text receivers situation.In other words,the target text must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the target text receivers,given their circumstances and knowledge.,In terms of coherence rule,the source text is no longer of most authority but only part of the translation beliefs.It is only an offer of information for the translator,who in turn picks out what he considers to be meaningful in the receivers situation.,Three Rules of Skopos Theory,30/60,3.Fidelity Rule,（忠实规则）,Translation is a preceding offer of information.It is expected to bear some relationship with the corresponding source text.Vermeer calls this relationship intertextual coherence or fidelity.This is postulated as a further principle,referred to as the fidelity rule by Reiss and Vermeer in 1984.The fidelity rule merely states that there must be coherence between the translated version and the source text,Three Rules of Skopos Theory,31/60,4.The Relationship among the Rules,Fidelity rule is considered subordinate to coherence rule,and both are subordinate to the skopos rule.If the skopos requires a change of function,the criterion will no longer be fidelity to the source text but adequacy or appropriateness with regard to the skopos.And if the skopos demands intra-textual incoherence,the standard of coherence rule is no longer vivid.,（忠实规则服从连贯规则，二者又都服从目标规则）,Relationship among the Rules,32/60,No Littering,33/60,Skopos theory reflects a general shift from predominantly LINGUISTIC and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation.This shift drew inspiration from communication theory,action theory,text linguistics and text theory,as well as from movements in literary studies towards reception theories(,接收理论）,.Apart from Hans Vermeer,the founder of skopos theory,other scholars working in the paradigm include Margret Ammann(1989/1990),Hans H,nig and Paul Kussmaul(1982),Sigrid Kupsch-Losereit(1986),Christiane Nord(1988)and Heidrun Witte(1987a).,Skopos Theory Is a Theorical Shift,34/60,Skopos theory takes seriously factors which have always been stressed in action theory,and which were brought into sharp relief with the growing need in the latter half of the twentieth century for the translation of non-literary text types.,35/60,In the translation of scientific and academic papers,instructions for use,tourist guides,contracts,etc.,the contextual factors surrounding the translation cannot be ignored.These factors include the culture of the intended readers of the target text and of the client who has commissioned it,and,in particular,the function of the text is to perform in that culture for those readers.Skopos theory is directly oriented towards this function.,36/60,Translation is viewed not as a process of transcoding,but as a specific form of human action.Like any other human action,translation has a purpose.Skopos must be defined before translation can begin;in highlighting skopos,the theory adopts a prospective attitude to translation,as opposed to the retrospective attitude adopted in theories which focus on prescriptions derived from the source text.,In addition to its purpose,any action has an,outcome,.The outcome of translational action is a translatum(Vermeer 1979:174),a particular variety of target text.,Translation is an action,37/60,According to skopos theory,translation is the production of a functionally appropriate target text based on an existing source text,and the relationship between the two texts is specified according to the skopos of the translation.One practical consequence of this theory is a reconceptualization of the status of the source text.It is up to the translator as the expert to decide what role a source text is,to play in the translation action,.The translator is required to act consciously in accordance with the skopos,and skopos must be decided separately in each specific case,.,A functionally appropriate target text,38/60,“,变译理论,”,是黄忠廉教授,年在其专著,变译理论,（中国对外翻译出版企业）中首次提出。改书第五章第三节中定义是,：,“,所谓变译，指译者依据特定条件下特定读者特殊需求，采取增、减、编、述、缩、并、改等变通伎俩摄取原作相关内容翻译活动,”,。,（黄忠廉，,1965,年生于湖北，黑龙江大学（俄汉）翻译学教授,/,博士，博导，兼任华中师范大学翻译学博导。,1987,、,1990,、,年分获华中师大、武汉大学、华中师大文学学士、硕士和博士学位，,1999-,公派赴白俄罗斯语言大学翻译系访问，,05,年进入黑龙江大学外国语言文学博士后流动站，,07,年入选,“,年教育部,新世纪优异人才支持计划,”,。现为教育部重点研究基地黑龙江大学俄语语言文学研究中心主任。）,变译理论,Translation Variation Theory,39/60,学术专著有,翻译本质论,、,翻译变体研究,、,变译理论,、,俄汉翻译开发教程,、,科学翻译学,；,合著或参编有,中国科学翻译史,、,翻译名家研究,、,俄汉成语双解词典,等七部；,合译,知识分子与革命,等三部；,主编,翻译理论与实务丛书,科学翻译研究卷,（共十本，由中国对外翻译出版企业）。,、,科学翻译学,、,翻译变体研究,、,译文观止,等（中国对外翻译出版企业,、,、,、,年）；,翻译本质论,、,俄汉翻译开发基础,（华中师范大学出版社,、,年）。其中,科学翻译学,年入选中国出版集团千卷本经典名著,“,中国文库,”,。,黄忠廉学术成绩,40/60,在国内外学术期刊和学术会议上发表学术论文,140,余篇，其中在,外语教学与研究,、,当代语言学,、,当代外语,、,外语学刊,、,中国翻译,、,解放军外国语学院学报,、,中国科技翻译,、,外语教学,、,语言与翻译,、,辞书研究,、,修辞学习,、,外语与外语教学,、,外语研究,、,外语界,、,中国俄语教学,、,上海科技翻译,、,外语电化教学,、,国外外语教学,、,四川外国语学院学报,、,福建外语,、,外语语言文学,、,外语语言文学研究,、,俄语语言文学研究,、,天津外语学院学报,、,科技术语研究,、,华中师范大学学报,等二十余家关键期刊上发表译学论文,70,篇。,学术论文,41/60,1998,年间主持国家社科基金项目两项（,“,变译理论研究,”,和,“,汉译词汇规范问题研究,”,），教