2025年英语专业四级语法重点总结精.doc

形容詞副詞
1 前置修饰語的排列次序
可以置于冠詞前的形容詞(all both such -----冠詞,指示形容詞,所有格形容詞,不定形容詞(a an the this your his any some-----------基数詞(one 序数詞(first------------ 表达性质,状态,质量的形容詞(good useful--------------表达大小,長短,形状的形容詞----------------表达年龄,新旧,温度的形容詞------------表达颜色的形容詞---------------------表达国籍,产地,区域的形容詞-----------表达材料,用做形容詞的名詞----------動名詞,分詞
2.後置修饰語由前缀a-构成的形容詞
3.形容詞修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等构成的复合不定代詞時,必须後置
4.enough作形容詞修饰名詞時既可放前又可放後,但當它作副詞修饰形容詞或副詞時,必须後置
5.有些形容詞自身就有…比……年長‟,…比……优等的意思這些形容詞背面用介詞to 而不用than
6.much too 作為副詞短語修饰形容詞或副詞,不修饰名詞
7.more 不能用来修饰比较级
8.与名詞连用的more of a .. ./ as much of a... / more of a.... 意為更像……
9.as much of a……意為称得上,less of a 意為算不上
10.none other than(不是他人,正是=no other than
11.any/sone/every与other连用時,其後若用可数名詞,壹般為單数
情态動詞
1.can 用于否认句cannot(helpbut表达不能不,只能(but後跟不带to的動詞不定式
2.must 表达严禁,壹定不要時的否认式為mustn‟t當它表达有把握的推断時意為壹定准是時它的否认形式為can‟t
3.need doing=need to be done 這個句型表达被動意味
4.need not have done sth 表达本来没有必要做某事(常常考
虚拟語气
1.It is (high/about/thetime... 谓語動詞用過去式指目前或未来的状况表达早该做某事而目前已經有點晚了
2.It is the first(second/thirdtime後的that從句中,谓語動詞要用完毕体来表达壹种經验
3.as if/though 的虚拟要點
1 對當時事实的假设,從句谓語用過去式,be動詞壹律用were
2對過去事实的假设,從句谓語用過去完毕式
3對未来事实的假设,從句谓語用would+動詞原型
专四語法重點总結比较级
比较等级的含义
英語中形容詞与副詞有三個比较等级,即原级,比较级和最高级。
壹般来說,表达等于時用原级。
Eg. I‟m just as busy today as I was yesterday.
表达两者的比较時用比较级
eg. I‟m much busier today than I was yesterday.
表达“最”時用最高级
Eg. That was the busiest day of my life.
存在句
形容詞与副詞比较等级的构成
构成原级比较级最高级
單音节詞尾加er, est great greater greatest
單音节詞尾e, 加r, st fine finer finest
闭音节單音节詞尾只
有壹种辅音字母,双写big bigger biggest
辅音字母加er,est
少数以y,er,ow, ble結尾
双音节詞尾加er,est happy happier happiest
(y前為辅音字母去y加clever cleverer cleverest
er,est
其他双音节詞和多
音节詞,前加more, difficult more difficult most difficult
most
不规则变化
副詞比较等级的构成
副詞比较等级的构成大体与形容詞比较等级的构成相似,但後来缀ly結尾的副詞用more和most。
hard hardest hardest
early earlier earliest
quickly more quickly most quickly
不规则变化
形容詞与副詞比较等级的基本使用方法
A. 基本形式“as +原级+as” 构造
eg. He‟s as tall as I.
B.否认的同级比较常用not as… as或not so … as
eg. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.
C.变体
1 as + much/many + 名詞+ as
2 as +形原级+ a + 名詞+as
3 as + 形+ 不可数名詞+ as
4 名詞复数+as +形+ as
5 the same as/ be similar to
比较级
A.基本构造“比较级+than” 构造
eg.
He is taller than I .
She sees me more often than she sees her brother.
B.变体
1形比较级+ 名+ than
2名+ 形比较级+ than
3the + 形比较级+ of + the two
4superior/ inferior to
最高级
A. 常用“the +最高级+比较范围”
eg. This is the best picture in the hall.
He sings the best in the class.
B. 变体
1 more… than any other
2 Not … + 比较等级
有关比较构造使用方法的补充阐明
1more…than…是…而不是,与其說是…不如說是
eg.
She is more been than wise.
He is more a writer than an artist.
2not so much …as与其說是…不如說是
eg. It wasn‟t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn‟t interested.
3not more/er than与no more/er than
eg.
He is no richer than I= as poor as
He is not richer than I
4 more and more
eg. He is becoming fatter and fatter.
5. The more… the more…
eg. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.
6more than 多于
eg. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.
7more than 不止,超過
eg. She is more than pretty.
8 more than 简直不
eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.
专四語法重點总結并列构造
并列构造
两個或两個以上意义有关、层次相似、句法功能也相似、并由并列连詞或其他并列手段连接起来的語法构造序列叫做并列构造。
1. 并列构造的多种形式
1詞与詞的并列you and me
2詞组与詞组的并列 a teacher and a student
3分句与分句的并列you can go or you can stay with us.
2. 并列构造的连接手段
1并列连詞
2標點符号
3.并列构造的插入語
在最终壹种项目之前插入壹种詞語,使這個项目处在愈加突出的地位。
4.并列构造的對称组合
成對组合的措施使整個构造愈加紧凑。
3. 并列连詞的意义和使用方法
1.以and為代表的表达語义引申的并列连詞
and, both…and, not only… but also, not…nor, neither…nor等。這壹类并列连詞在語义上表达其连接的成分是對前项的补充和引申,包括肯定和否认两种意义的引申。
And除表达語义增补外尚有其他意义.尚有某些and连接的語法构造形似并列构造实际并非并列构造.
Eg. This room is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm. I‟ll go and see my friend. = ( go to see
2.以or 為代表的表达选择的并列连詞
此类连詞包括or和either…or
3.以but為代表的表达語义转折和對比的并列连詞
此类连詞包括but, not… but, while, whereas, only, yet.
4. 补充阐明:
1 both…and 只连結成分不连接句子;只连對等构造
Eg. Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news.
2 not only …but also连結成分和连接句子;只连對等构造
Eg.
Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting.
Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.
3 either …or连結成分和连接句子;连對等构造或不對等构造
Eg.
Either you or I am going to shanghai.
He can either stay at home or leave.
He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to the theatre.
4 neither …nor连結成分和连接句子;连對等构造或不對等构造
Eg. He neither likes fiction nor (likes poetry.
并列连詞与连接性状語
And与moreover;furthermore what‟s more …
Eg.
He is a good teacher and a good friend.
He is a good teacher. Moreover, he is a good friend.
but与however
or与otherwise
So与as a result , consequently ...
存在句(There be
存在句的构造特性
存在句的构造模式是:
There + be + NP + Locative Expression (+ Temporal Expression
存在句的引导詞
There在句中位于主語位置,实义主語是随即的名詞詞组,There起形式主語的作用,在疑問句中,它和操作詞倒装。注意存在句的引导詞There和句首状語There的区别。
存在句的实义主語
实义主語的名詞詞组壹般是非确定特指,即壹般带有不定冠詞、零冠詞及其他非确定意义的限定詞, some, any, many, much, a lot of, enough, littl e…基本句型凡带有非确定特指的名詞詞组,壹般都可用There 存在句转化。
存在句的谓語動詞
存在句的谓語動詞重要是動詞be的某种形式,分限定形式和非限定形式。
限定形式:壹般目前時、壹般過去時、目前完毕体、過去完毕体和情态助動詞+不定式。除be外,某些表达存在意义的不及物動詞如:exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等,能用于there 存在句。地點状語前移,there可省。
Eg.
There can be very little about his guilt.
There are many desks in the classroom.
There used to be a hospital round the corner.
There appears to be no doubt about it.
There stands a house behind the tree.
Behind the tree (there stands a house.
存在句的非限定形式
1存在句的非限定形式
there to be 和there being构造
2there to be 和there being构造使用方法与区别
there to be:作for 介詞补語
作動詞(except, want, like, prefer, hate…的宾語
eg.
They planned for there to be another meeting
Members like there to be plenty of choice.
there being : 作除for外的介詞的补語
作主語和状語
eg.
John was relying on there being another opportunity.
There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.
存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化
eg. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual. = It was unusual that there were so few people in the street.
专四語法重點总結It 句型
It 句型
1. Basic structure:
There + be + subject + adverbial
2. Non-finite structure
There to be --------- for ; Verb
There being ---------in,on….; noun;adverbial
There being a lawn extends from the river to the house.
There is a lawn extending from the river to the house.
There extends a lawn from the house to the river.
From the house to the river lies a lawn.
From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.
It:
1. Reference it:
Beijing is a big city. It is the capital of China.
2. Non-reference it
A. Empty it
B. Anticipatory it
C. Cleft it
It 句型包括由“非指代性it”作型式主語的三种句子:第壹种是以it作形式主語的表达時间、距离、天气等意义的句子;第二种是以it作先行主語的句子;第三种是以it作引导詞的分裂句。
Empty it
虚义it是壹种非指代性it,以区别于人称代詞it,常用作没有详细意义的主語,出現于表达气候、天气、温度、時间、地點、距离等意义的句子中。也用来表达壹般的笼统的状况。也用于某些构造及习惯語中。
Eg.
It‟s fine today, isn‟t it.
It was dull when Mary was away.
It looks as if the college is very small.
Hop it. (Go away
专四語法重點总結It 句型
Anticipatory it
it用来充當形式主語或形式宾語,背面的真正主語或真正宾語壹般是不定式构造、動名詞或名詞性分句。It的這种使用方法叫作先行it。
eg.
It is quite important for us to form a good studying habit.
I think it important to finish the task in time.
it用来充當形式主語,後置的真正主語往往可以取代先行it的位置,出目前句首。
Eg. To form a good studying habit is quite important for us
并非所有先行it构造都可转化,下边句子只能作如下转化。
eg.
It seems that John is not coming after all.
John doesn‟t seem to be coming after all.
Cleft it :
Task
1. 句子的基本构造
2 .分裂句的本质
3 . 分裂句的构造
4 .假拟分裂句
句子构造
主語+谓語
已知信息
新信息
末端中心
末端重心
Eg. I told him the news yesterday.
分裂句的本质
Eg. I told him the news yesterday.
Eg. It is I that told him the news yesterday
分裂it
分裂句是以it為引导詞的强调句型。它的构造形式是:It +be 的壹定形式+中心成分+that /who分句。通過這种构造可以强调除谓語動詞以外的大多数句子成分。說话人通過度裂句分别强调主語、间接宾語、直接宾語、状語,使之成為信息中心。分裂句中的谓語可以采用复杂形式
Eg.
It is I who am to blame.
It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.
It was in Shanghai that I got my Master‟s Degree.
主語补語壹般不作分裂句的中心成分。宾語补語可以這样用。
*It is beautiful that she is.
It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.
专四語法重點总結動詞的强调形式
動詞的强调形式
Do 的合适形式
Eg. I Do give you the book.
拟似分裂句
Pesudo cleft
要强调谓語動詞,就得采用此外壹种强调句型。這种句型叫作拟似分裂句。
拟似分裂句的主語壹般是由what引导的名詞性分句,分句的积极詞壹般是do的壹定形式。分句的主語补語根据积极詞do的合适形式而采用對应的形式。
拟似分裂句可采用下列几种形式
what分句+be + 動詞的不定式eg. He gave her a book.------What he did was (to give her a book.
what分句+be + 動詞的分詞He will be taking a plane to Beijing---What he will be doing is taking a plane to Beijing
He has finished his homework.----What he has done is finished(finish/to finish his homework. Pesudo - cleft
I gave him a letter.
What I did is give him a letter
do/did/does-------do
doing --------------doing
done ---------------done
what分句+be + 名詞詞组
名詞詞组+be+ what分句
Eg. He gave her a book.
What he gave her was a book.
A book was what he gave her.
专四語法重點总結動詞的强调形式
動詞的强调形式
Do 的合适形式
Eg. I Do give you the book.
拟似分裂句
Pesudo cleft
要强调谓語動詞,就得采用此外壹种强调句型。這种句型叫作拟似分裂句。
拟似分裂句的主語壹般是由what引导的名詞性分句,分句的积极詞壹般是do的壹定形式。分句的主語补語根据积极詞do的合适形式而采用對应的形式。
拟似分裂句可采用下列几种形式
what分句+be + 動詞的不定式eg. He gave her a book.------What he did was (to give her a book.
what分句+be + 動詞的分詞He will be taking a plane to Beijing---What he will be doing is taking a plane to Beijing
He has finished his homework.----What he has done is finished(finish/to finish his homework. Pesudo - cleft
I gave him a letter.
What I did is give him a letter
do/did/does-------do
doing --------------doing
done ---------------done
what分句+be + 名詞詞组
名詞詞组+be+ what分句
Eg. He gave her a book.
What he gave her was a book.
A book was what he gave her.
专四語法重點总結附加疑問句
Tag Question
He must be a clever boy, _______?
He must be studying in the room,____?
He must have worked hard last night, ____?
He must have finished his work, ____?
He said he would go with Mary, _____?
If he had worked hard, he would have passed the examination, ____?
I think he is a good student, ____?
I don‟t think he is a good student, ___?
You have a new book, ____?
He had to go now,____?
I have read the book , ____?
Mary has milk for breakfast everyday,____?
We used to live in the country,___?
We never used to live in the country, ___?
There be
There is a book on the desk.
There is a book and two pens on the desk.
There ____( come the last bus .
There ____(go the last spoon of ice-cream.
并列构造
both… and 只连接詞与詞组
Not only … but also; either …or ; neither…nor 不仅连接詞与詞组,還可连接句子
Both..and , not only…but also 必须连接對等构造
either …or ; neither…nor可连接不對等构造
I neither like novels nor (like poems.
专四語法重點总結倒装
倒装
固定語序
主語+谓語
後置
1.句尾焦點和句尾重心
2.关键詞語的後置
前置与倒装
1不引起倒装的前置
不引起倒装的前置成分壹般是宾語、主語补語和宾語补語。
2 引起倒装的前置:
主語补語前置時,如主語较長或构造较复杂,就會引起倒装。
前置宾語由not a + 名詞或not a single + 名詞,就會引起倒装
A horrible mess I have made of it.
Books, I need.
Happy indeed I am
Happy indeed are those who got the tickets to Beijing.
倒装
某些状語的前置會引起倒装: 所有倒装和部分倒装
a. 句首状語為方位詞或拟声詞,谓語動詞為go, come等表达位置转移的動态動詞時,壹般用所有倒装,主語為代詞,不用倒装。
Eg. Lower and lower he bent.
b. 當句首状語為表地點的介詞詞组時,也會引起所有倒装。
Eg. From the wall comes the voice of the doctor. c. 當句首状語為否认詞或带有否认意义的詞語時，壹般引起局部倒装。 Eg. Nowhere else could you find so cheap books. d. 當句首状語為 only + 副詞, only +介詞詞组, only + 状語分句构成，也可引起局部倒装。 Eg. Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets. e. 以关联连詞 so (…that開頭的句子，引起局部倒装。so+形容詞是主語补語的前置；so+副 詞是状語的前置。 Eg. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. f. 當方式状語、频度状語等移至句首時，有時也引起局部倒装。也可不用倒装。 Eg. Many a time has Mike given me good advice. Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat.