科技英语阅读.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,引言,英语语言能力,听、说（直接交流的需要）,读、写（间接交流的需要）,通过四、六级情况：,我国学生的英语能力的现状：,（1）语法好、有一定词汇量，公共英语的阅读能力相对较好；,（2）在专业方面的听、说、写的能力相对欠缺，表现在专业报告听不懂；,（3）对自己的研究说不出、写不出，特别是阅读和撰写专业方面研究论文的能力和水平需要加强。,引言,研究生论文内容上的问题：,基本表达不会；,汉语式的表达；,采用软件直接翻译,研究生论文形式上的问题：,科技论文写作的基本常识不具备；,形式和内容一样重要,形式上不合格举例：,参考文献的引用：编号与不编号；,参考文献的写法：姓名不分、字母大写小写不分;,中文标点符号和英文标点符号不分,引言,研究生专业词汇：,精加工,finish machining,fine processing,precise processing,哪一个是正确写法？,存在的问题：,英文文献的单词均认识，但不知道是什么意思（词汇没有问题，但理解有问题）,同一个英文单词在一般英语中和专业英语中的意思有很大差异。,feed movement,interference fit,1 概 论,科技英语（,English for Science and Technology,）简称EST，是一种用英语阐述科学技术中的理伦、技术、实验和现象等的英语体系，它在词汇、语法和文体诸方面都有自己的特点，从而形成一门专门学科,。,文章特点：,结构严谨,逻辑严密,文体多样,如：论文、综述、实验报告、教材、专利、说明书等,科学技术领域，,科技工作者的任务,：,描述自然现象；,分析自然现象产生的规律；,研究自然现象应用于人类生产实践的方法；,表达所取得的成果及其应用。,思维形式,：概念、公式或公式化的概念。,思维活动的语言表达,：按照严格的逻辑程序导出的判断和推理，科技文体具有抽象性、概念性和高度的逻辑性。,内容,：写实。,语言风格,：准确严谨、合乎逻辑，非形象性(理性)、客观性、无明显感情色彩、简洁明快。,Literature,Conference paper,Journal paper,Lecture,Book(Dissertation or Thesis),Report(News),Manual and Specification,Paper and Experimental Report,:Title,Abstract,Introduction,Results and Analysis,Conclusion and Discussion,Book&Lecture,:Title,Author(s),Name of the process or publisher,Name of the printing House,Name of the distributor,Date of publication,Date of printing,Synopsis,Note by the publisher,International Standard Book Number,Preface or Foreword,Acknowledgements,Contents,Text of the book,Appendix or Supplement,Index,Epilogue,Manual and Instructions,Directions,:Principle,Operation,Maintenance,2,Vocabulary(词汇),专业英语的词汇特点,Typically Professionalized Terms,Whenever a force acts on a,body,so as to make the body move through some distance,it is said to have done,work,.,Body n.身体,肉体,人,尸体,主要部分,团体,大量 vt.赋以形体,机械专业 n.车身,机身,船舶专业 n.机身,水团,艇体,地质专业 n.体,岩体,车身,电力专业 n.物体,本体,壳体,法律专业 n.身体,本文,机关,纺织专业 n.布身,身骨,物体,航海专业 n.全体,航空专业 n.机身,船身 n.体,物体,化学专业 n.身体,本文,支柱,质地 vt.实现,使.稠化,使.具体化,计算机专业 体，物体，机壳，机身，底盘，插座体，(正文)体 n.身体(本文,支柱)vt.实现(使.稠化,使.具体化),建筑专业 n.基础,底盘,基底,体,岩体,车身,经贸专业 机关 n.全体,农牧林专业 n.立木,汽车专业 n.车身,商务专业 机关,石油专业 n.体,水利专业 n.本体,主体,物体,冶金专业 n.主体,机体,医学专业 n.躯体,体,中医专业 n.身体,肉体,躯体,body 在机械工程方面，表示“壳体、机体；车体、车身”等,work n.工作,劳动,操作,职业,物功,手工,作品,机件 v.(使)工作,(使)运转,起作用,造成,产生,经营,(使)渐渐移动,煅制,机械专业 n.著作,功,船舶专业 n.工作,功 n.劳动,地质专业 n.功,工作,电力专业 n.功,工作,操作,电信专业 n.功,工作,法律专业 n.工作,著者,著作,作品,作业 v.劳动,航海专业 n.工作,航空专业 n.工作,劳动产品 n.工作,运行,化学专业 n.工作,劳动,操作,加工,著作,制品 vt.工作,加工,研究,证实,劳动,运行,会计专业 工件,运转,计算机专业 工作；功 n.工作(劳动,操作 vt.工作(加工,研究,经贸专业 工件 n.工作,能源专业 n.功,工程,农牧林专业 n.工作,汽车专业 n.工作,加工,工厂,著作,功,工作,商务专业 工件,石油专业 n.工作 n.功,水利专业 n.工作,功,工件,冶金专业 n.工作,功,医学专业 n.工作,功,中医专业 n.工作,Angle:角度,（角钢）,Channel:海峡、纪录通道、渠道,（槽钢）,Cap:帽子,（柱头、棚架顶梁）,Mouth:嘴,（开度）,Foot:脚,（底部、底座）,Horse:马,（支架）,Normal:正常,数学：法线,化学：当量,Power:,数学：幂、次方,电学：电力、电能,机械与动力工程：动力,即使在同一个专业领域内，同一个专业词汇由于与不同的词搭配，词义也略有改变。,Filter:滤波器、滤色器,Tramp filter:干扰滤除器,Amplitude filter:振幅滤波器,Filter paper:滤纸,Primary filter:基色滤色器,Phase,物理：相、状态,电工：相位,动物：型、期,Base:,机械：底座、基座,电子：基极,数学：底边,Specifically Concentrated Meaning,日常英语“动词+副词”，如come off,do for,make up等，这类短语动词往往不止一种含义，而且常常难以确定。在科技论文中，应用意义比较明确的,单个动词,来代替，这类动词较“正规”，学术气氛较强，简洁，用起来方便。如：,（1）词义更加确切：比如用absorb表示take in;用discover表示观察比用find out更严密.,（2）较为正规：增加学术气氛，如transmit比pass on更适合表达传输这个科技概念.,（3）更加简洁：有时候可以代替一连串的动词,Reciprocate(往复,来回运动)等于move backwards and forwards in astraight line。,尽量避免概念不够鲜明的词语（Weak verbs)，应该选择鲜明有力的动词（Effective verbs,),Indicate：指出,显示,象征,预示,需要,简要地说明,Show：出示,指示,引导,说明,显示,展出,放映,Illustrate：举例说明,图解,加插图于,阐明,Demonstrate：vt.示范,证明,论证,Review：vt.回顾,复习,Report：v.报导,汇报,报到,告发,Outline：vt.描画轮廓,略述,Describe：vt.描写,记述,形容,形容v.描述,Explain：v.解释,说明,Verify：vt.检验,校验,查证,核实,Prove：vt.证明,证实,检验,考验vi.原来(是),证明(是),Confirm:vt.确定,批准,使巩固,使有效v.确认,Define:vt.定义,详细说明,Determine:v.决定,确定,测定,使下定决心,Compare:v.比较,相比,比喻,Contrast：vt.使与.对比,使与.对照vi.和.形成对照,Investigate：v.调查,研究,Develop:vt.发展,发达,发扬,进步,逐步展开(情节,音乐主题,方程式等)洗印,显影vi.发展,生长,发育,逐步显示出来,Conclude:v.结束,终止,决定,作出结论vt.推断,断定,缔结,议定,Propose:vt.计划,建议,向.提议vi.打算,enumerate(列举),Highly Proportional Latin&Greek Words,最普通英语单词中，46%直接或间接来源于拉丁语，7.2%来源于希腊语，科技词汇中这个比率会更高,。,Analysis,stimulus,focus,automation,formula,antenna,nucleus,radius,symposium,thesis,micro-,hydro-,auto-,multi-,-ion,-graph,-logy,-tude,Usually Used Compound Words,由两个或两个以上的词(有时其中用连字符“-”)联合在一起的词称复合词。使用复合词来表示事物的特征、性质、数量、大小、程度等概念和意义。一般复合词的核心是最后一个词。,复合名词,emitter region,magnetic field,speedometer,horsepower,blueprint,wavelength,engine noise,higher-than-average,复合形容词,dust-free,water-proof,three-phase,cross-sectional,biophysical,wire wound,newly-designed,radio-active,复合动词,white wash,trial-produce,overcharge,self-design,underline,heat treat,short-circuit,electro-plate,induction harden,Frequently Encounter Contracted Words,C(,C)=degree of centigrade,mech=mechanics,radar=radio detecting and ranging,Laser=light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation,Sonar=sound navigation and ranging,Pixel=picture element,e.g.(例如)，cit.(在上述引文中)，i.e.(就是)，vs.(与.相对)，ibid.(出处相同)，etc.(等等)，ca.(关于)，et al.(等人)，shv.(在该字下)，viz.(即，就是)，vo.(左页，封底)，et seq.(以及下列等等)。,Often Found Antonyms,自然科学是研究自然界中客观事物所具有的矛盾，经常使用到反义词，从而深刻揭示事物的本质，反映事物的矛盾的两个方面。,通常使用anti-,de-,mis-,ir-,im-,non-等表示否定的词缀。,positive-negative linear-nonlinear integration-differentiation regular-irregular,fussion-defussion possible-impossible,organic-inorganic connect-disconnect,clockwise counter-clockwise divisible-indivisible understand-misunderstand wax-dewax,metal-nonmetal professional-nonprofessional,Progressively Emerged New Word Meanings,tree-tree circuit ball ball bearing bed test bed pecker automatic pecker,baby baby car daughter decay daughter,trouble trouble shooting,bug debug,go All system is go.in go-condition,field magnetic field,More and More Noun Clusters,利用一个以上的名词作定语修饰名词的现象，在科技论文写作中，名词群有增多的趋势。,high precision instrument the instrument of high precision,the nearby engine noise the noise of the engine that is nearby,data transmission systems systems for transmission of dada,hall form design methodology the methodology for designing the form of hall,distribution transformer loss evaluation methods the methods for evaluation of the loss of distribution transformer,专业词汇的派生法,派生法,:,通过对词根加上各种前缀或后缀来构成新词,专业英语词汇大部分都是用派生法构成的，,semi-构成的词有230个以上:semiconductor，semimonthly等，,thermo-130 个以上：thermo-chemical，thermo-electrical,micro-300个以上:,auto-260个以上:,前缀（prefix）：词义变化，词类不变,后缀（suffix）：词义可能变化可能不变，词类一定会变,常用的前缀和后缀却多达百个，可见派生法的构词能力是非常强的。作为一个专业技术人员，至少应掌握50个常用前缀和后缀。,名词前缀,前缀,含义,例词,auto-,自动，自己，自身,autocompensation，automation，autoexcitation,counter-,反，逆，抗，补,countermodulation；countercurrent,hydr(o),水，流体，氢(化),hydroenergy，hydropower,hyper-,超，过,hyperfrequency，hyperplane,mini-,微，小,minicomponent，minipad,micro-,微，百万分之一,micromotor，microadjustment,semi-,半，部分，不完全,semiconductor，semiempirical，semielectronic,super-,超，上，特,superconductor，supergrid,ultra-,超，过度，极端,ultra-high voltage（UHV）ultraspeed,extra-,超，特,extra-high voltage(EHV),后缀,含义,例词,-age,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,Voltage电压，percentage百分比，百分数,-ance,-ence,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,resistance电阻，difference差别,-ency,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,efficiency效率，frequency频率，emergency 紧急情况,-ion，,-tion,-sion,抽象概念，如性质、状态、行为等,action作用，automation自动化,transmission传输,-logy,学论，技术,technology 技术，dermatology 皮肤医学，iatrology医学，electrotechnology 电工学,-ness,性质、状态、程度,hardness 硬度，deepness深度，brightness 亮度，roughness粗糙度,-ship,情况、性质、状态、关系、地位,relationship关系，friendship友好，membership会员资格，scholarship奖学金，学问，学识，fellowship伙伴关系,-er,-or,施动的人或事物；,状态、性质（名词）,driver驱动器,capacitor电容器，conductor导体，reactor电抗器，breaker，disconnector断路器,名词后缀,词缀,含义,例词,-able,-ible,能的，会的，可的,measurable可测量的,convertible可逆的,-ous,像的，具有特征的，实行的，亚的,continuous继续的,electriferous带电的,simultaneous同时的,-ful,充满的，有倾向的，有性质的,powerful强大的，useful有用的,-less,无，缺，没有，不,colorless无色的,形容词后缀,副词后缀,词缀,含义,例词,-ly,地,carefully 仔细地，,-ward,向，向着,backward 逆向，反馈,downward 向下的,eastward 向东的,-wise,方向，位置，方式,clockwise 顺时针方向,动词后缀,词缀,含义,例词,-en,（与形容词构成）使，成为，（与名词构成）具有，,broaden加宽，harden硬化，,shorten变短,-fy,使，成为，使化,electrify 使带电，,-ize,使，成为，使化,standardize 使标准化,词缀,含义,例词,circ,圆，环,circuit 电路，circum圆周,chron,表时间,synchronism同步,chronic慢性的,fold,倍数,threefold三倍,fourfold 四倍,fivefold五倍,meter,仪器仪表,ammeter安培表，,voltmeter伏特表,wattmeter功率表,gram，graph,文字，图形,diagram图表,program程序,telegraph电报,phone,声音,microphone话筒,Telephone电话,therm(o),热,thermoelectron热电子,thermoanalysis热分析,词根,国际单位制中的前缀,前缀,符号,数值,中文名称,例词,tera-,T,10,12,兆兆（亿万）,giga-,G,10,9,千兆（十亿）,gigahertz(GHz)10kHz1GHz,meg(a)-,M,10,6,兆,megohmmeter,megohertz(MHz),kilo-,k,10,3,千,kilometer(km)kilovolt(kV)kilowatt(kW)kilogram(kg）,hecto-,h,10,2,百,hectogram,deca-,da,10,1,十,decameter,deci-,d,10,-1,分（十分之一）,decimeter,centi-,c,10,-2,厘,centimeter(cm),milli-,m,10,-3,毫,milliampere（mA）milliammeter,micro-,10,-6,微,microfarad（F）,nano-,n,10,-9,纳,nanometer (nm),pico-,p,10,-12,微微,picocoulomb(pC),picofarad(pF),femto-,f,10,-15,毫微微,atto-,a,10,-18,微微微,2)小数，分数，百分数,0.1:,zero point one,point one,o point one,one tenth,decimal one,0.01:,point zero one,10.35:,ten point three five,1/2:,a(one)half,1/3:,a third,1/4:,one quarter,1/8,:a eighth,2/3,:two-thirds,two over three,two divided by three,3/4,:three-fourths,three quarters,3%,:three percent,0.2%,:point two percent,5:,five per mill,3)幂（power）根（root）,x to the second power,:x square,x squared,the square of x,the second power of x,y to the third power,:y cube,y cubed,the cube of y,the third power of y,:,the nth power of a,a to the n power,:the square root o f three,:the cube(third)root of a,:the nth root of a,4)数学运算符号,A+B,A and B,A plus B,A-B,A minus B,AB,A times B,A multiplied by B,AB,A over B,A divided by B,AB,A plus or minus B,A=B,A equals B,a equals to b,a is equal to b,AB,A is not equal to B,A is not B,AB,A is approximately equal to B,AB,A is greater than B,AB,A is greater than B,AB,A is much(far)greater than B,AB,A is much less than B,AB,A is greater than or equal to B.,AB,A is less than or equal to B.,AB,A is proportion to b,a varies directly as b,A:B,A to B,3 Sentence Structures,专业英语的句式特点,More Indicative Sentences,科技论文中，在描述试验、说明现象、明确定义、表达定量、定律和原理时，多用陈述句。,Computer languages may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understood by the particular computer,to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automatically accepted to a wide range of computers.,Gathering facts,confirming them,suggesting theories,testing them,and organizing findings this is all the work of science.,较多地从性质(quality)或属性(property)上来陈述事物，因此主系表结构占较大比重。“在所有的科技陈述句中大约1/3都是用is或are+表语作谓语的”。如：,Distillation is helpful to separating water from dissolved salts and other substances.,This gas is clear of these impurities.,Generally speaking,neither gold nor stone are soluble in,water.,More Imperative Sentences,科学论文所述理论具有可解释性，所做试验具有可重复性，研究结果应当是普遍可接受的真理，不论是谁照此去做都是可以做成的，因此，无必要指明主语，这就是科技论文常用祈使句的原因。命题、解题、顺序论证、实验指导、操作说明、工艺介绍、文献注释等部分常用祈使句。,Now let K equal to zero,then we obtain the following equation.,To put into full play of the incubation function of the high-tech developed zone,we should pay enough attention to the following:first,cultivate a number of new high-tech enterprises;Second,promote a number of new high-tech products;third,train a group of entrepreneurs.,Fill in a tube with cold water,and then heat the tube to 100,C.,See Table 4.,More Complex Sentences,由于科学技术所研究的事物互相关联、互相制约，为了准确反映事物之间的内在联系，就需要严密的逻辑思维，而这种思维的内容反映在语言的形式上，就必然是并列关系和多种主从关系的长句增多，并大量使用非谓语动词短语，出现复杂的句子结构。,An electric current which reverses its direction at regular intervals,and which is constantly changing in magnitude is called an alternating current,which is usually abbreviated to a.c.,Numerical control machines,made,on the principle of mechatronics are most useful when the quantities of the products,to be produced,are low or medium;the tape containing the information,required,to,produce,the part can be stored or modified when,required,thus bringing about further savings and higher productivity.,More Sentence Patterns of “It be+adj.or participles+that.”,It is evident from the foregoing discussion that basic research is applicable to the facts upon which a science is developed,and the principles or laws of science as compared to applied research directed toward using knowledge gained by basic research to make things that will serve a practical purpose.,It is concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors,including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.,It has been shown through the experiment that the charges of the nucleus and electrons are equal so that the atom is electrically neutral.,More short Form Sentences Led by“as”,英文科技论文中常用由“as”引出的多种主动、被动、简略形式，如：,as the illustration shows,as has been stated above,as in figure 2,as follows等等。,As we will see,the Internet has historically been associated with U.S.Department of Defense,and with research universities.,More Present,Past and Present Perfect Tenses,科技论文所描述的主要对象是客观存在的事实、现象或真理，谓语动词的时态主要采用,一般现在时,。在表示过去的时间状语，或叙述过去发生过的事实时，才用,一般过去时,。,若强调过去发生的事实对现在仍有影响，则用,现在完成时,。,The solar system,consists of,the Sun and many smaller bodies that revolve around the Sun.,With the acceptance of the Copernican system,the Earth,was added to,the number of planets revolving around the Sun,and the Moon was recognized as the Earths satellite.,Uranus,which is barely visible to the unaided eye,was discovered,in 1781.,Based on these facts,it,has been theorized,that the Moon has a crust perhaps a few kilometers thick and a mantle about 70 kilometers thick.,More Passive Voice,英语科技论文中的被动语态较多，这是因为：,被动结构比主动结构的主观色彩更少，描述客观事物，进行逻辑推理，正需要这种特性；,被动结构更能突出要论证、说明的对象，把它放在句子主语的的地位上，就更能引人注目；,被动结构比主动结构在很多情况下更简短。,目前，科技论文中主动语态有增多的趋势，如This paper reports.,The author concluded.,We made the analysis.,The researchers have carried out.等等。,在侧重被动语态的同时，最好是主动语态交替使用，以使句型多样化。,2),In the field tests,the first three modes for all of the intact and damaged cases,which,are measured,at 77 points with dimensions of 7(girders)by 11(sensor locations),were interpolated into,the finer mode shapes using a cubic polynomial function to numerically calculate the mode shape curvatures.The damage locations,were identified with,good accuracy for all damage cases.,1)Electrical energy can,be stored,in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium.Such a device,is called,a capacitor,and its ability to store electrical energy,is termed,capacitance.It,is measured,in Farads.,More Subjunctive Mood,科技论文内容很多是对事物和现象的论证和讨论，因此，常常涉及到各种条件，所以有必要应用虚拟语气。另外，表达对问题的看法时，为了使口气委婉，也往往采用虚拟语气。,It would then appear that a better compromise could have been achieved.,In a frictionless machine,the inequality of the above equation would become an equality.,For example,it would be better to use four 2-volt cells in parallel.In this case,each cell would deliver 5-ampare current which would reasonably be carried by one cell.,还有如suppose,suggest,assume,let,to(为了.目的)等科技领域中经常用到的词，都必须伴随虚拟结构。,Figures,Table&Formulae,etc.,这类非语言符号具有叙述简明、形象、直观的特点，特别是在国际科技界具有统一性和通用性，因此越来越受到人们的重视。,4 Linguistic Style(语体),专业英语的文体特点,科技英语的文体特征,随着科学技术的发展，科技英语（English for Science and Technology)已经成为一种独立的文体形式。是有关自然科学和社会科学的英语学术著作、论文、研究报告、专利产品的说明等均属于科技英语。,作为一种文体，有其自身特点，了解科技英语的文体特点对科技英语的阅读和写作都有很大的帮助，所以需要大致了解科技英语文章和其他文体的差别很重要。,科技英语不同于也不同于记叙文，更不同于散文和小说等文学作品（语言表达灵活、生动、富于艺术表现力，善于运用不同的修辞手法等）。,专业英语不同于公共英语,科技英语文体的特征-科学性,科技英语与其他文体的根本区别在于其科学性。,1,语言规范：表达概念、判断清楚明白，精确恰当，不含糊其词，不模棱两可，描述准确无误；,2,语气正式：科学性决定了在描述科学研究时语言不随意轻率，语气要正式；,3,文体质朴：不用含蓄或者夸张等修辞手法以增强文章的可读