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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第四章,怎样组织篇章,第1页,篇章写作就是在,连句成段,基础上，再按文章,宏观结构,与,整体组织,技巧，,缀段成篇,，来反应一个,完整事件,或,证实一个论点,过程。篇章由段落组成，大致分为,引言段,、,扩展段,还有,结尾段,三大部分【,见书pp109-125,自学,】,。,第2页,4.1 篇章衔接和连贯,(p125),不论英语还是汉语,篇章写作都考究语篇,衔接,(,cohesion,)与,连贯,(,coherence,)【又叫“,形式衔接,”】，即篇章,组成,要符合其,形式规范,，,上下文,过渡要,伎俩齐备,，“,起,”、“,承,”、“,转,”、“,合,”逻辑分明，句、段、篇,有机相连,，,结构完整,。,衔接,是篇章,有形网络,，也是组成篇章,主要前提,，舍此文章无以成篇；而后,第3页,者(“,连贯,”,)则是指篇章中,语义关联,，是“,意义,”,连贯,(,故有“,语义连贯,”之说)，就是说，,细节,安排,有条理,，,叙述层次清楚,，,段落联络自然,，,句子连贯,，,说话要有,条理,和,层次,，要,有序化,，不该说话不说，该说一定要讲清楚，不能,语无伦次、顾此失彼,。,“,连贯,”,是,篇章,无形网络,，是组成语篇,最主要条件,。哪怕,第4页,文章在结构,上怎样完美“,衔接,”，,只要上下文句子,意义分离,，,逻辑紊乱,，甚至,东扯西拉,，就不可能连句成篇，写出好文章来。,所以，“,连贯,”是篇章,底层结构,，经过,逻辑推理,来到达,语义上下连接,。在,连句成段,、,组段成篇,过程中,尤其要注意,意义连贯,，近似于汉语所说文章要有“,文脉,”、“,意脉,”,。,第5页,道理都懂,。,何况我们还有汉语写作功底。,但问题是，一到详细英语写作，我们经常忘了这些。其,原因,在于，,一是,不熟英语篇章衔接伎俩和技巧,，经常造成,结构逻辑缺失、语义残缺不全,；,二是,在表示思想时往往是,思维巨人,、,言语矮子,，,心里有话道不出,，陷入,有口难言,尴尬境地。,第6页,因为本章,重点谈篇章“,衔接,”与“,连贯,”，,这里主要谈谈,第一个问题,，第二个问题以后再论及。,不妨先看个例子：,第7页,1.衔接伎俩缺失,(p127例),：,例,1.Making cities greener can bring us,a lot of benefits,.It can improve our environment,(?),they can provide us with clean air.,(?),With trees around the city,the acid rain and dust storm will disappear.,(?),Making cities greener also means making cities beautiful.,(?),Singapore is known as a beautiful garden,(?),Making cities greener can benefit us economically,第8页,英语,重“,形合,”(,hypotaxis,)，,汉语,重“,意合,”(,parataxis,)，上段文字中上下文缺失,逻辑语义,，必须用英语对应,小零件,补全,。其实，只要填上几个小小,连接词,，上下文便自然,衔接,：,第9页,Making cities greener can bring us,a lot of benefits,.,First,It can improve our environment,As a result,they can provide us with clean air.,Furthermore,with trees around the city,the acid rain and dust storm will disappear.,Second,Making cities greener also means making cities beautiful.,For example,Singapore is known as a beautiful garden,Finally,Making cities greener can benefit us economically,第10页,英语是一个,语法关系配合制约严谨,、,形态标识鲜明,、,逻辑关系外显,语言，说话考究,层次分明,、,条分缕析,，,丝丝入扣,，表现为一个,严谨缜密逻辑理性思维,。因而，它有一套远比汉语,完备得多语法伎俩和规则,。写作时若忘了这一点，一味按汉语习惯行事，必定造成,篇章衔接逻辑缺失,、,语义不全,结果。,第11页,2.,说话语无伦次,：,例2.【,书p136材料三例,】My parents have just bought a new house.There are three bedrooms and a sitting room in the house(,?,).,I,can see a park from my bedroom window.,Many people,(,?,),take a walk there.,【,跳跃式思维，杂乱无序,】,修改以下,：,第12页,(1)My parents have just bought a new house.,In the house,there are three bedrooms and a sitting room.,From,my bedroom window,I can see a park.,In the park,there are many people,taking,a walk,there,.,(2),My parents have just bought,a new house,in which,there are three bedrooms and a sitting room.,When entering,my bedroom,I can see,through the window,a park,where,many people take a walk there.,第13页,(3)My parents have just bought a new house.,The house consists of,three bedrooms and a sitting room,with one aspect of which facing a park,(,逻辑层次更清楚,),.,When I enter,my bedroom,I can see,through the window,a,park,where,many people,take,a walk,there,.,第14页,例3.I waited for my brother to arrive on a bus from Kansas.I saw a family.There were four of them.(,?,)A man,a woman,(,?,)two little girls.They waited for their bus and stood still.(,?,),I had to wait at bus station for my brother because my dad had to work,.(,?,)When the loudspeaker announced the,next bus,(,?,)the family left.(,?,),【,语言零碎，衔接伎俩不全，东扯西拉,】,第15页,【,改写,】,While,I waited for my brother to arrive on a bus from Kansas,I saw a family.There were four of,them-a,man,a woman,and,two little girls.They stood still(,while,),waiting,for their bus.When the loudspeaker announced the next bus,to arrive,the family,headed for the bus and,left.,【,衔接伎俩补全,，,逻辑连贯统一,】,第16页,4.2 篇章发展,(p129),分,三步,走。首先写好“,引言段,”(确定主题)，然后,在,后续段落,中,深入分析和阐述，,发展,和,深化主题思想,，最少可写,一到两段,，,层层深入摆事实、讲道理,，做到以理服人，最终得出结论，写好,结尾段,。,第17页,那么，一篇文章各段落终究该怎样展开呢？不妨先看一个例子【,书中例子自学,】：,第18页,例1.Some people prefer to spend most of their time alone.Others like to be with friends most of the time.Which way do you prefer?Write a composition of at most 300 words to state your view.,标题,：,Alone Or With Friend,？,第19页,Tips for writing,:,依据这一题目，显著有,两种写法,，一是,按常规顺写,：“spending time with friends”比“spending time alone”好；一是,逆行,，写“独处”好处，可令人耳目一新，往哪个方向要依据自己能力来决定，,没把握时最好随大流,顺写,。,第20页,1),写好引言段,：可,复述,或,改写,原文,题目,中句子：“Some people prefer to while others”，然后说“,说,with friends,比,alone,要,好是因为,，,说,alone,不好是因为,”，再提出,你观点,【顺向,】：“,我认为,with friends,比,alone,好,”，或,反之,，如“,人们,都说,with friends,比,alone,好,，,但我认为,未必尽然,”，然后提出,你观点,：“,alone,比,with friends,要好,”。,第21页,2),扩展段,(,展开主题,)：,(1)最好写,2到3点理由,来支持你观点(,一段陈说一个,)，相互间要,逻辑紧密,，比如，选取,2到3个,说明“spending time with friends”好,详细例子,，,分段叙述,，如“spending time with friends can make us no more feel lonely”，,或者,：,第22页,“spending time with friend can give good opportunities for us to learn from each other”，甚至还,可用,Confucius,“When three men are walking together,there is one who can be my teacher.”作为,佐证,。,第23页,若,逆向叙述,，也要选取,2到3个,说明“spending time alone”,好,详细例子,，,分段叙述,，如可讲“Spending time alone is good for contemplation)，段中就要紧紧围绕“,利于思索,”来,阐述,并,列举事实,，而不要再说“,人要耐得住寂寞,”(A person with an ambition is able to resist loneliness)之类话(当然也可放在,后面深入引申,),。,第24页,一样，,第二段,则要讲,深一点理由,，比如“Spending time alone is good for self-cultivation”或“relax oneself”等等。,第25页,第三段,则可,转换角度,，使,立论,“,hold water,”：认可有,不好地方,(“Staying alone is often accompanied with loneliness”)，然后用,反驳法,(后有叙述),谈你对“孤独”,不一样了解,(如“,凡成大事者须耐得住寂寞,(Anyone who wants to succeed in life tends to resist loneness)”，甚至还可,引用名人事例,来佐证，这就,强化,了你观点，使叙述,层层深入,，,合情合理,，,含有说服力,。,第26页,(2)所选事例要,切题,，要有,说服力,(,注意恰当,引用名人名言,、,名人事例,)。语言表示要有,层次,，注意句与句之间,逻辑关系,，不要,序言不达后语,，,语气要集中,，,详略要得当,。,(3)方法上可用,列举法,(见前3.2),，,正面说明,，也可用,反驳法,，,逆向阐述,，还可用,对比法,(“独处”有那些弊病，“与朋友在一起”有哪些好处)，,逐一对比,等等。,第27页,3),结尾段,:,结束语要,简明扼要,，,总结正文,或,重述命题,，,快速导向结论语,，比如：“,不论人们持何观点,，,既然,与友相处,/,独处,有如此多好处，为何不,？”，要提出,概括性结论,、,提议,、,预言,等等(如“spending time with friends,好处大于,alone”、“,伴随今天生活节奏加紧,(with the,quickened tempo of life)，,更应多多与朋友相处,”【,顺向,】或“,人要善于独处、耐得住寂寞才能有所作为,”【,逆向,】，等等)。,第28页,这么，一篇文章得以有序展开，大功告成！,【,注,：举例仅为启发思绪，抛砖引玉，不是规范模式，不可盲目照搬！,】,不妨做个练习，看篇章该怎样详细展开：,第29页,Nowadays many people prefer lucky numbers.They say lucky numbers will bring them good lucks.Therefore,whenever dealing with numbers,theyll choose numbers like“8”or“6”,leaving aside the numbers of“4”or“13”.What do you think of this phenomenon?Write a composition of at most 300 words on this issue.,标题,：,On“Lucky Numbers”,第30页,Tips for writing:,1),引言段,首先,确定主题句,，再,简述,一下这种,社会现象,(可,复述题目内容,)，随即,引入正题,。比如：,第31页,【,引言段,】【,主题句,】,Some people,take it for granted,that some numbers can bring them good luck,.,【,例,1,】,For instance,the so called lucky numbers such as “6”,“8”or“9”are widely preferred by many people.When they choose a telephone number,or car license plate number,or even the room number in the hotel theyll stay in,etc.,theyll try their best to get such lucky numbers,leaving aside,the numbers like“4”or“13”because the former sounds,第32页,like Chinese meaning“death”while the latter indicates a bad luck for long in the western countries.,【,例,2,】,Especially when,such numbers are put in a row like“518”,“5148”,“6666”,etc.,each indicating,respectively“Ill get rich”,“Absolutely get rich”,and“Sail smooth to success”,they are even more,scrambled for by many people who are crazy for luck numbers.,第33页,【,扩展段,1,:,承上启下,】,Such a phenomenon exists nearly everywhere in our life.,【,例举,】,A good case in point,is the number“14”when putting together,in a row,reading:Jan.14,th,which sounds like a Chinese sentence“,爱您一身一世,”(Ai nin yi shen yi shi),meaning“Ill love you all my life”.It is said that many young people were piling into wedding that day because they considered it a unique chance of their lifetime.,第34页,【,扩展段,2,】,【,主题句,】,Yet some other people dont think in this way,.,【,例举,】,They,argue that,such numbers are nothing but a kind of symbol just for counting.Numbers have nothing to do with luck.It is,superstitious or even ridiculous,to connect ones luck with such numbers.,So,they,laugh at,those who think numbers can bring them good luck and think such a behavior really very foolish.,第35页,4),结尾部分,要,语气集中,，注意,简明扼要总结,正文或,重述命题,，并,快速导向结论语,。自己结论,不可偏激,，不能,绝对贬低,或,一味必定,，要依据自己,前面阐述,做到,合情合理,：,第36页,【,结尾段,】,Even though,the phenomenon of peoples preference to lucky numbers is probably,superstitious or foolish,it will not affect the whole situation in the society,.【,结论,1,】,Therefore,it is not wise to say absolutely yes or no to,such a phenomenon,nor necessary to,follow,or,laugh at it.,【,结论,2,】,What is more,in the,第37页,modern society,people,have rights to choose,their own life styles and concepts.Whether or not people believe in lucky numbers,it is just a life style,about which,we should not be fussy.,With,a normal attitude towards such a phenomenon,well find our life,more colorful and interesting,.,第38页,4.3 篇章模式,(p130),前面例证分析实际已展示了篇章展开一些模式。总体上讲，大致有以下5种模式：,1),叙事模式,2),提问回答模式,3),主张反主张模式,4),概括详细模式,5),问题处理模式,第39页,叙事模式(p130)：,说起来其实很简单，并非像课文里所说那样，,6大成份,面面俱到且千篇一律。其关键,在于，文章,展开须按,事件,次序,(sequence of events),或,时间次序,(,chronological order,),，,尤其在,“,记叙文,”(,narration,),【,下章有叙述,】写作中，这种模式尤为显著,。比如：,第40页,2),问答模式,(p131)：,即,先设问,，,再回答,。这种模式很,吸引眼球,，能一下子抓住,读者兴趣,，引人入胜,大多用于论说文,(argumentation),。比如：,第41页,【,引言段,】,What is meant by a good teacher?In my opinion,a good teacher is one who,possesses a good,sense of duty,good morality,profound knowledge,and,an amiable personality,.All of these are qualities required for a good teacher.,第42页,【,扩展段,(4段,平行结构,),】：,(1),To be a good teacher,he must be,very responsible to,【,用词改变,】,his work,because,Otherwise,he will,(,not,),(2,),To be a good teacher,he must be,a man of high moral principles,【,用词改变,】,because,.,Otherwise he will,(not),(3),To be a good teacher,he must be,a very learned man,【,用词改变,】,because,Otherwise he will,(not),第43页,(4),To be a good teacher,he must be,approachable and patient to his students,【,用词改变,】,because,Otherwise he will,(not),【,结尾段,】,All in all,with in mind all the good qualities mentioned above,you may be a good teacher,.【,结论,】,第44页,3)正反模式,(p131),第45页,4)概括详细模式(p132)。,第46页,5)问题处理模式,(p134),第47页,。,第48页,。,第49页,。,第50页,。,第51页,。,第52页,。,第53页,。,第54页,。,第55页,
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