unit1口译记忆.ppt

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,第一讲 口译记忆,记忆,记忆包括输入、储存和重现三个过程，一般可分为瞬时记忆,(instant memory),、短时记忆和长时记忆。,三种类型,-,瞬时记忆：,只能使语言信息保持,0.25,秒至,2,秒，之后记忆的信息便会消失，它是最短的记忆。做口译，要求译者“耳聪目明”、反应迅速，其实就是强调译者要有瞬时获取信息的能力，这也是口译人员需要具备的基本素质之一。,-,短时记忆：短时阶段记忆阶段贮存瞬时记忆输入的信息。虽然信息保持的时间短,但对口译人员来说,短时记忆却相当重要,它是译者进行高强度脑力活动的关键时刻。,-,长时记忆：经过加工的语言信息进入长时记忆阶段。长时记忆的信息容量要大得多,信息的保持可以从短时直至终身,是大脑长期保持信息的主要手段。在口译的记忆过程中它配合短时记忆共同完成大脑的记忆工作。,短时记忆(short-term memory),有关记忆的研究表明，短时记忆具有很大的局限性，不仅容量有限，一般仅为,7,个左右的信息单位（,chunk,），而且信息的保留时间非常短暂，不超过,1,分钟。,虽然信息保持的时间短，但对口译人员来说,短时记忆却相当重要，它是译者进行高强度脑力活动的关键时刻。此时对源语的记忆还十分清楚，可以利用这一时段将收到的信息迅速进行各种关联并进一步完成由源语到目的语的转化。,短时记忆,短时记忆除了可以获取谈话者正在谈论的信息，还可以激活长时记忆中的相关信息。但短时记忆的特点是容量小和持续时间短。因此该时段记忆的信息应马上使用，否则随即便会遗忘。鉴于短时记忆的这一特点，应借用笔记这种辅助手段帮助大脑储存信息。,Are you a born interpreter?,Watch carefully the following images for 30 seconds.,Remember:Do not write.,Do not speak to each other.,Example 2,svfyehhkliea,iengowenlfie,abcdeedcba,longlonglong,Example 3,Brands,What is it?,Example 4,Shopping list,question:,Which things are included in this table?,大树上安装着电灯开关，树下有把椅子，椅子在一辆汽车里，我坐上汽车，带上黑手套，拿上手枪，开车到了一个赌场。我先用骰子赌博；又穿着溜冰鞋溜冰，溜冰鞋被设计成了猫的形状；还打了保龄球，球门下的球瓶是用鸡蛋来代替的。鸡蛋打破后，女巫出现了，使用她的戒指施展魔法，我不得不把所有的薪水都拿出来买鲜花送给了她。,长时记忆(long-term memory),在口译的记忆过程中长时记忆配合短时记忆共同完成大脑的记忆工作。长时记忆储存的是平时积累的生活常识、专业知识及各种经历等，其容量是无限的，信息在此储存的时间相对较长，有的甚至终身不忘，它是大脑长期保持信息的主要手段。,长时记忆对我们口译的影响很大，人们听过、看过和经历过的事情都可以留在长时记忆中，随时可提取出来与正在听到的信息相结合，从而帮助人们更透彻地理解信息。,长时记忆,大脑储存的知识越多，经验知识越丰富,就越能在口译时发挥出最佳的水平。而短时记忆只是暂时储存刚刚接收到的信息，随后有的信息可能进入长时记忆得以保存，有的则很快被遗忘。,三种记忆的作用,这三种记忆在口译过程中各司其职：瞬时记忆有瞬间感知信息、接收外界信号的作用，所以通常与源语听辨有关；短时记忆与长时记忆都有一定的持续时间，所以与译员对源语信息的储存有关；而长时记忆的持续时间最长，有积累和相互重叠的特点，所以与译员长期以来的语言学习和知识积累有关。,就记忆而言，“瞬时记忆”是口译的前提，“短时记忆”是口译的关键，“长时记忆”是口译的基础。,口译中的记忆,口译中译员将刚刚接收到的信息暂时储存在短时记忆中，同时激活长时记忆中的相关部分，使其参与译员的在线记忆运作。口译中的这种处于活跃状态的记忆被称为工作记忆（,working memory,），它是短时记忆和长时记忆的一种结合，以短时记忆为主，加上长时记忆中被激活的部分。,译员在口译时并不是机械地记忆接收到的语音信息，而是需要从长时记忆中提取相关的语言和专题知识对信息进行理解后才能将其意义储存在短时记忆中。,如果所听到的词汇和信息是译员平时反复使用且非常熟悉的，那么这些内容在长时记忆中处于一种活跃状态，口译中这部分内容就很容易被激活，提取速度快，理解也会更容易更透彻，记忆储存效果也会相应更好。,反之，如果碰上平时很少接触或使用的词汇和题材，即这些内容在长时记忆中处于不活跃状态，译员的理解就会更费时费力，记忆效果也会大打折扣。,可见，长时记忆是口译理解的基础，而口译理解则是口译记忆的前提。,口译中的记忆,短时记忆训练的必要性,Daniel Gile,将连续传译的过程分成,2,个阶段：,第一阶段,I=L+M+N,I=,口译；,L=,听取并分析源语信息；,M=,从听到信息到以笔记形式存储信息所需的短时记忆；,N=,笔记。,短时记忆训练的必要性,第二阶段,I=Rem+Read+P,I=,口译；,Rem=,从短期记忆中提取并解构源语信息；,Read=,读取笔记；,P=,重新产出译语信息。,Gile,强调短时记忆在同传或连传中都起着非常重要的作用。因此，短时记忆训练应成为译员培训的技巧之一。良好的记忆力是口译训练必须具备的技能,也是口译能力的前提条件。,记忆训练方法,简单重复法,关联记忆法,逻辑记忆法,形象记忆法,句子之间常见的逻辑关系包括 并列、承接、递进、转折、时间、让步、因果、条件、对比、举例和归纳等。常见衔接词为,And although there is much work ahead to strengthen and expand U.S.-China cooperation and to manage our differences when we dont see eye-to-eye I begin my ambassadorship with confidence that the overall state of our relationship is strong.,And although 1.there is much work ahead to strengthen and expand U.S.-China cooperation and 2.to manage our differences when we dont see eye-to-eye 3.I begin my ambassadorship with confidence that the overall state of our relationship is strong.,1.2 之间为并列关系，通过and 衔接,1.2 作为整体，与3 是让步关系，通过although 连接,澳大利亚和中国在生态环境上有很大的差别，我认为原因很多。首先是由于中国的人口密度较大，其次是经济情况不同。澳大利亚的经济主要依靠第一和第三产业，比如农业、旅游业，它们对环境的污染相对较小；而中国的经济更依赖于第二产业（工业），第二产业对环境污染最大。另外，澳大利亚是一个发达国家，在经济上有能力制定比较严格的环境保护法规。第三是历史的原因。虽然澳大利亚的土族居民有六万多年的历史，但是他们是游牧民族，所以对生态环境没有重大影响。澳大利亚重要的人类活动只有两百年的历史。在中国，重要的人类活动已有几千年之久。第四，中国的环境保护还没有受到应有的重视。第五个原因是澳大利亚人和中国人的社会文明意识有所不同。,澳、中生态环境差别原因：,1,人口密度,2,经济情况：,澳：第一、三产业（两例、结果）,中：第二产业（结果）,此外，澳：发达国（环保法规）,3,历史：（重要人类活动史比较）,4,环保重视程度,5,文明意识,中国人的待客规则，一是要热情，态度上不能慢待，别人会用你的态度判定你的心意。对待不同地方的朋友，难度不一样：美国人，以低成本就能让他们满意；香港人，就难了，他们讲究吃；老家人，点些没吃过的菜就可以；对过去的同学、同事，不能点得太便宜，那表明你把他看得很便宜。二是量不应该不足，可以有余、可以浪费，但不能空盘。三是如果有求于朋友，那么吃饭是不够的，通常应该有另外的表示。根据办的事不一样，表示的程度不一样。对于外国人，选最不值钱的东西就可以了：小盘子和小手帕就行；对中国的朋友，这些东西人家都不会要的。如果你送的礼物显得很小气，那么前面的东西就都白吃了。另外，对于我们中国人，朋友们在一起的时候，买单要积极主动，这是表现你诚心与否的重要时机。如果你是公司老板，更要主动买单，不要让教授或公务员买单。总的说来，表面的热情要有高度。过去是酒要喝到醉，要喝度数高的、价钱贵的酒。现在，劝酒的方式缓和多了。不再强迫喝，不喝醉，喝低度酒。现在的待客之道是：热情、主动、考虑健康。待客之道变得比较宽容合理了。,中国待客之道：,1.,热情,美国人：低成本,香港人：讲究吃,老家人：点些没吃过的菜；,同学、同事：不能点太便宜,2.,量要足,3.,出吃饭还要有别的表示,外国人：最不值钱的东西,-,小盘子、小手帕,中国人：贵的，要积极买单,过去：喝到醉，要喝度数高的、价钱贵的酒,现在：热情、主动、考虑健康,I was walking in the park with a friend recently,and his cell phone rang,interrupting our conversation.There we were,walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and poof!I became invisible,absent from the conversation.The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones.They were passing other people without looking at them,saying hello,noticing their babies or stopping to pet their puppies.Evidently,the untethered electronic voice is preferable to human contact.,听到这一段生动形象的描述之后，译员便可在头脑中勾画这样一副图景：自己正与一位朋友在公园中散步、闲谈。突然，谈话被朋友的手机打断。然后放眼四周，发现到处是只顾自己拿着手机讲话而无暇互相交流的人们。译员就这样通过现实化、形象化的方法将一篇复杂的描写转化成生活中一个再熟悉不过的镜头摄入了头脑。然后，译员再用译语将眼前的这幅图景按照自己的方式描述出来即可。这样不仅记忆深刻、全面，而且译员也不会陷入机械的“找词翻译”的误区。,那一年，在中美之间发生了一个非常重要的事件，主角就是克林顿。也许在美国你记住的是性丑闻。但是，在中国记住的是，他那一年访问了中国。在6月份他访问中国的时候，在人民大会堂和江泽民主席进行了一个开放的记者招待会，然后又在北京大学进行了一个开放的演讲，这两场活动的直播主持人都是我。,1.,那一年，在中美之间发生了一个非常重要的事件，主角就是克林顿。,2.,也许在美国你记住的是性丑闻。但是，,3.,在中国记住的是，他那一年访问了中国。,4.,在6月份他访问中国的时候，,5.,在人民大会堂和江泽民主席进行了一个开放的记者招待会，,6.,然后又在北京大学进行了一个开放的演讲，,7.,这两场活动的直播主持人都是我。,2.3 是对比关系，衔接词是但是,1 与 2 3 整体是顺承关系，无衔接词,3 与4 是承接关系,5 与6 是时间关系，衔接词是然后,5 6 整体和7 是总结关系，衔接词是都,4 和567整体是顺承关系,练习,listen and retell without note taking,listen to others retelling and give comment,如果让我回想的话，还是应该从我北大的这四年的生活说起。说实话，这四年对我的影响是非常大的。在我的印象中，1988年，也就是我入学的第二年，赶上了北大九十周年的校庆，一百周年的校庆没有赶上，非常遗憾。但是九十周年的校庆对我来说已经是非常深刻了。,语篇逻辑,医生提醒人们，随着人们生活水平的逐渐提高，人们的保健意识也随之增强了，许多人认为饭后吃点水果是现代生活的最佳搭配。无论是在餐厅、饭店，还是在家里就餐，许多人都喜欢饭后吃点水果爽口，其实这是一种错误的生活习惯，因为饭后马上吃水果会影响消化功能。医生解释说，由于食物进入胃以后，必须经过一到两个小时的消化过程，才能缓慢排出。如果人们在饭后立即吃进水果，就会被先期到达的食物阻滞在胃内，致使水果不能正常地在胃内消化，在胃内时间过长，从而引起腹胀、腹泻或便秘等症状。如果人们长期坚持这种生活习惯，将会导致消化功能紊乱，因此，人们最好在饭后一到两个小时再吃水果。,医生还提醒说，人们还要注意改正饭后饮茶和饭后散步的错误习惯。,饭后立即饮茶，茶水会冲淡胃液，影响胃内食物的正常消化。茶水中含有的单宁酸还会促使胃内的物质凝固，影响蛋白质的吸收，从而增加了胃的负担。对此，医生建议人们，在饭后一小时内最好不要饮茶，应待饭后一小时胃内食物消化得差不多时再饮用茶水，这样对消化功能和物质凝固也不会产生太大的影响。,“饭后百步走，活到九十九”，这种说法也是不科学的。人的胃在饭后是处于充盈状态的，即使是非常轻微的运动也会使胃受到震动，从而增加胃肠负担，影响消化功能。对此，医生建议，饭后适当休息三十分钟，待胃内的食物适当消化后，再活动较为适宜，这样也不会对消化系统产生太大的影响。,语篇分析,An emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good.There are two types of emotion:positive and negative.Positive emotions include love,liking,joy,delight,and hope.They are aroused by something that appeals to a person.Negative emotions make a person unhappy or dissatisfied.They include anger,fearn despair,sadness,and disgues.In growing up,a person learns to cope with the negative emotions in order to be happy.Emotions may be weak or strong.Some strong emotions are so unpleasant that a person will try any means to escape from them.In order to feel happy,the person may choose unusual ways to avoid the emotion.Strong emotions can make it hard to think and to solve problems.They may prevent a person froom learning or paying attention to what he is doing.For example,a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly.The worry drains valuable mental energy he needs for the examination.,1988年，那一年我20岁。这个时候我已经从边疆的小城市来到了北京，成为一名大学生。虽然今天在中国依然有很多人在抨击中国的高考制度，认为它有很多很多的缺陷，但必须承认正是高考的存在，让我们这样一个又一个非常普通的孩子，拥有了改变命运的机会。当然，这个时候美国已经不再是一个很遥远的国家，它变得很具体，它也不再是那个过去口号当中的“美帝国主义”，而是变成了生活中很多的细节。这个时候，我已经第一次尝试过可口可乐，而且喝完可口可乐之后会觉得中美两个国家真的是如此接近，因为它们几乎就跟中国的中药是一样的。,网页打开很慢的时候，网站运行要求额外安装插件的时候，网页运行到一半突然关闭的时候，你是不是会有点不耐烦？甚至有点想发火？这就是网怒。,据英国最近一项针对1600位网民所做的调查显示，网怒现象处于上升趋势，主要表现为易怒，甚至有攻击倾向。这里的攻击倾向倒不一定是针对身边的人，多半表现为砸键盘以及猛击鼠标。,引起网怒的首要原因是网页慢速下载时导致的烦躁情绪，其他原因还有：图片无法打开，某些网站需要安装制作软件才能运行，登陆某个网站前要求提交个人信息，以及不能提供任何帮助的帮助按钮。,研究显示，大部分网民等待网站打开的时间不会多于一分钟，如果他们等待时间太长便会选择访问其他站点。这说明网怒对网站的经营影响重大：网络上选择如此之多，如果最初选择的网站变现未能达到客户的期望，他们很快会离开这个网站而转用另外一个。,Girlsdontdoaswellatmathsandscienceasboys.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis.,Thefirstandmostimportantreasonisthattheyarentencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatbuildupinterestinmathsandscienceproblemsandthatbuildskillsforproblemsolvingorunderstandinghowthingswork.Girlsareencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatfosterlanguageandhumanrelationsskills.Asaresult,theycangrowupnotknowinghowanengineworksorhowtobuildamodelfromdirections.,Second,studieshaveshownthatteachersdontexpectgirlstobegoodatmaths.Evenfemalemathsandscienceteacherspaymoreattentiontoboysinclassandcallonboysmoreoften.Becauseteachersdontexpectgirlstoexcel,theydonttryveryhard,andsoongirlsarefarbehindboysinthesestudies.,Finally,girlsdonthavemanyrolemodelstolookupto.Notverymanymathsandscienceteachersarewomen,especiallyinthelatergrades.Whenthemediapicturemathematiciansandscientists,theyusuallypicturemen.Asaresult,girlsarentinspiredtochoosethesefieldsascareers.,nsummary,severalfactorsworktogetherinthehome,inschools,andinsocietyatlargetosendasubtlemessagetogirls.Girlsalmostalwaysgetthemessage;asaresult,fewgirlsexcelatmathsandscience.,复述训练：,I have just moved to a house in BridgeStreet.Yesterday a beggar knocked at mydoor.He asked me for a meal and a glassof beer.In return for this,the beggarstood on his head and sang songs.I gavehim a meal.He ate the food and drankthe beer.Then he put a piece of cheesein his pocket and went away.Later aneighbor told me about him.Everybodyknows him.His name is Percy Buttons.He calls at every house in the street oncea month and always asks for a meal and aglass of beer.,The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa.A few hours earlier,someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.When the plane arrived,some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.While two detectives were keeping guard at the door,two others opened the parcel.To their surprise,the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!,Fishing is my favorite sport.I often fish for hours without catching anything.But this does not worry me.Some fishermen are unlucky.Instead of catching fish,they catch old boots and rubbish.I am even less lucky.I never catch anything-not even old boots.After having spent whole mornings on the river,I always go home with an empty bag.You must give up fishing!my friends say.Its a waste of time.But they dont realize one important thing.Im not really interested in fishing.I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!,My daughter,Jane,never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland.Last year,we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle.She threw the bottle into the sea.She never thought of it again,but ten months later,she received a letter from a girl in Holland.Both girls write to each other regularly now.However,they have decided to use the post office.Letters will cost a little more,but they will certainly travel faster.,I had a letter from my sister yesterday.She lives in Nigeria.In her letter,she said that she would come to England next year.If she comes,she will get a surprise.We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country.Work on it had begun before my sister left.The house was completed five months ago.In my letter,I told her that she could stay with us.The house has many large rooms and there is a lovely garden.It is a very modern house,so it looks strange to some people.It must be the only modern house in the district.,Airplanes are slowly driving me mad.I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day.The airport was built years ago,but for some reason it could not be used then.Last year,however,it came into use.Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.I am one of the few people left.Sometimes I think this house will be knocked down by a passing plane.I have been offered a large sum of money to go away,but I am determined to stay here.Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.,retel in the target language,一组专业人员向一群四到八岁的孩子问了这样一个问题：“爱是什么意思？”,结果答案的广度和深度却出乎所有人意料之外。看看你是怎么想的：,当有人爱上你，他说你名字的方式是不一样的。你就知道你的名字在他嘴里说出来感觉棒极了。,比利,-,四岁,爱就是当你出去吃饭时，你把自己大部分薯条给某个人，而却并不在意他是不是也给你。,克里希,-,六岁,爱就是在你累的时候让你笑起来的东西。,特里,-,四岁,我知道我姐姐爱我，因为她把她所有的旧衣服都给了我，而她却不得不出去买新的。,(,劳伦,-,四岁,),A group of professional people posed this question to a group of 4 to 8 year-olds,What does love mean?,The answers they got were broader and deeper than anyone could have imagined.See what you think:,When someone loves you,the way they say your name is different.,You just know that your name is safe in their mouth.,Billy-age 4,Love is when you go out to eat and give somebody most of your French fries without making them give you any of theirs.,Chrissy-age 6,Love is what makes you smile when youre tired.,Terri-age 4,I know my older sister loves me because she gives me all her old clothes and has to go out and buy new ones.,Lauren-age 4,我的母亲,56,岁那年因癌症去世，在此之前，她与病魔斗争了将近十年。她一直坚持到看到我最大的孩子出生，还曾拥他们入怀。然而，年龄更小的孩子们却从未有机会认识自己的外婆，感受她的慈爱和蔼。,我们经常说起“妈妈的妈妈”，我试着向孩子们解释这种夺走了外婆的疾病。他们曾经问道，是否同样的事情也会发生在我的身上；我一直告诉他们不用担心。然而事实上，我是,BRCA1,基因携带者，这种基因存在着缺陷，会导致罹患乳腺癌和卵巢癌的风险大幅提高。,My mother fought cancer for almost a decade and died at 56.She held out long enough to meet the first of her grandchildren and to hold them in her arms.But my other children will never have the chance to know her and experience how loving and gracious she was.,We often speak of Mommys mommy,and I find myself trying to explain the illness that took her away from us.They have asked if the same could happen to me.I have always told them not to worry,but the truth is I carry a faulty gene,BRCA1,which sharply increases my risk of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer.,我很幸运，我的伴侣布拉德,皮特在此期间给予我无尽的爱与支持。因此，我想对那些妻子或女友有过这样经历的男士们说：请记住，在她人生的转折点，你扮演着极其重要的角色。我在粉色莲花乳房健康中心接受治疗期间，布拉德始终伴随左右。我们同甘共苦，苦中作乐。我们深知这个抉择对我们的家庭有益，也会让我们更加亲密。事实证明的确如此。,我希望所有读到这篇文章的女性都能够明白，你有权做出选择。我想鼓励所有的女性，特别是那些有乳腺癌或卵巢癌家族病史的女性，去积极搜集信息，寻找能够帮助你渡过这个难关的医学专家，在充分知情的前提下，做出自己的选择。,I am fortunate to have a partner,Brad Pitt,who is so loving and supportive.So to anyone who has a wife or girlfriend going through this,know that you are a very important part of the transition.Brad was at the Pink Lotus Breast Center,where I was treated,for every minute of the surgeries.We managed to find moments to laugh together.We knew this was the right thing to do for our family and that it would bring us closer.And it has.,For any woman reading this,I hope it helps you to know you have options.I want to encourage every woman,especially if you have a family history of breast or ovarian cancer,to seek out the information and medical experts who can help you through this aspect of your life,and to make your own informed choices.,Huangshan University is located in Huangshan,Anhui province,a picturesque region famous for tourist attractions,including two UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage sites,the Huangshan Mountains and the ancient villages of Xidi and Hongcun.The Huangshan Mountains and the rich regional Huizhou culture make this land wondrous.Tourism management,environmental science,and Huizhou culture research are the schools three major disciplines.These programs benefit from the domestic resources and the advantages of being in a culturally rich region.,The cooperation is a natural step for both companies as they bot