新概念英语第一册语法知识点.pdf

新概念英语第一册语法总结新概念英语第一册语法总结时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、过去进行时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时时、过去完成时、过去将来时1.一般现在时一般现在时表示一般性、经常性的动作或一般性事实。含有含有 be 动词的句子动词的句子He is a teacher.The girl is very beautiful.Tim and Jack are students.变疑问句将 be 动词移到句首Is he a teacher?Is the girl very beautiful?Are Tim and Jack students?变否定句在 be 动词后面加 notHe is not a teacher.The girl is not very beautiful.Tim and Jack are not students.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,he is.No,he is not.Yes,she is.No,she is not.Yes,they are.No,they are not.含有一般动词的句子含有一般动词的句子第三人称单数及单数名词第三人称单数及单数名词He likes books.She likes him.The dog likes bones.变疑问句在句首加 does,动词变为原型Does he like books?Does she like him?Does the dog like bones?变否定句在主语及动词之间加 doesnt,动词变为原型He doesnt like books.She doesnt like him.The dog doesnt like bones.肯定回答及否定回答：Yes,he does.No,he doesnt.Yes,she does.No,she doesntYes,it does.No,it doesnt.注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加注意：第三人称单数形式一般在动词后面加 S。其他人称及复数名词其他人称及复数名词I want to have a bath.We have some meat.The students like smart teachers.变疑问句在句首加 doDo you want to have a bath?Do we have any meat?Do the students like smart teachers?变否定句在主语和动词之间加 dont.You dont want to have a bath.We dont have any meat.The students dont like smart teachers.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I do.No,I dont.Yes,we do.No,we dontYes,they do.No,they dont.2.现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。构成：主语be 动词动词的现在分词其它成分We are having lunch.He is reading a book.The dog is running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.变疑问句将 be 动词移到句首Are we having lunch?Is he reading a book?Is the dog running after a cat?Are the boys swimming across the river?变否定句在 be 动词后面加 notWe are not having lunch.He is not reading a book.The dog is not running after a cat.The boys are swimming across the river.特殊疑问句：what,which,how,where,who,etc.疑问词be 动词主语现在分词What are you doing?What is she doing?What is the dog doing?没有进行时的动词没有进行时的动词(必背必背)表示状态、思想、感情、感觉的动词不能表示正在进行的动作1.表示感觉、感官的词see,hear,like,love,want2.have,has 作为动词”拥有”的含义时，没有进行时3.一般过去时一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或事件，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如 yesterday,last night,the day before yesterday,three days ago.含有含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，am/is的变为的变为was，are的变为的变为were I was at the butchers.You were a student a year ago.The teacher was very beautiful ten years ago.变疑问句将 be 动词移动到句首Were you at the butchers?Were you a student a year ago?Was the teacher very beautiful ten years ago?变否定句在 be 动词后面加 not I was not at the butchers.You were not a student a year ago.The teacher was not very beautiful ten years ago.肯定回答否定回答Yes,I was.No,I was not.Yes,you were.No,you were not.Yes,he/she was.No,he/she was not.特殊疑问句：What did you do?不含有不含有be动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录动词的句子，将动词变为过去式，动词过去式构成见附录I finished my homework yesterday.The boy went to a restaurant.The Sawyers lived at King Streeta year ago.King Streeta year ago.变疑问句在句首加 did，动词变为原型Did you finish your homework yesterday?Did the boy go to a restaurant?Did the Sawyers live at King Streeta year ago?King Streeta year ago?变否定句在主语和动词之间加 did not，动词变为原型I did not finish my homework yesterday.The boy did not go to a restaurant.The Sawyers did not live at King Streeta year ago.King Streeta year ago.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I did.No,I didnt.Yes,he did.No,he didnt.Yes,they did.No,they did not.4.现在完成时现在完成时构成：主语+助动词 have/has+过去分词用法：1)表示过去发生且和现在有某种联系的动作，常和表示过去发生且和现在有某种联系的动作，常和 just,usually,already,since 等等时间副词连用时间副词连用I have just had lunch.(饱了，不用再吃了)He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）They have already had their holiday.（不能再度假了）The boy has already read the book.（已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4)表示一种经历、经验：去过表示一种经历、经验：去过地方，做过地方，做过事情，经历过事情，经历过事情事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to表示去过，表示去过，have gone to 表示去了表示去了I have been to London.(人已经回来)He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5)表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用表示一种结果，一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型变化：句型变化：变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加 not.Have you lost your pen?I have not lost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I have.No,I have not.特殊疑问句：What have you done?What has he done?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用错：Ive left Beijing for 3 days.对：I left Beijing 3 days ago.I have been away from being for 3 days.5.一般将来时一般将来时表示将来将要发生的动作，经常和 tomorrow,next year,the day after tomorrow,the year after the next,in five hours time,etc.表示将来的词联用结构：主语+助动词 will+动词原形I will go to America tomorrow.The pilot will fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will move into his new house tomorrow morning.变疑问句将助动词移到句首Will you go to America tomorrow?Will the pilot fly to Japan the month after the next?Will Jack move into his new house tomorrow morning?变否定句在助动词后面加 notI will not go to America tomorrow.The pilot will not fly to Japan the month after the next.Jack will not move into his new house tomorrow morning肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I will.No,I will not.Yes,he/she will.No,he/she will not.Yes,he will.No,he will not.特殊疑问句：What will you do?6.过去完成时过去完成时用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词After she had finished her homework,she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before 引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用。变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had she finished her homework?变否定句在助动词后面加 notShe hadnt finished her homework.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,she had.No,she hadnt.特殊疑问句：What had she done?7.过去进行时过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作，经常用在 when,while,as 引导的状语从句中。结构：was/were+doingWhen my husband was going into the dining room this morning,he dropped some coins on the floor.While we were having dinner,my father was watching TV.8过去将来时过去将来时结构：would do（动词原型）She said she would go here the next morning.一般现在时:do,does/am,is,are现在进行时:am,is,are一般过去时:did现在完成时:have,has一般将来时:will,shall过去进行时:was,were过去完成时:had过去将来时:would特殊句型：特殊句型：there be 句型，句型，be going to 结构结构1.be going to 结构结构表示打算、准备、计划做某事结构：主语+be 动词+going to+动词原型I am going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is going to give the bookcase to his daughter.变疑问句将 be 动词移到句首Are you going to make a bookcase?Are they going to paint it?Is the father going to give the bookcase to his daughter?变否定句在 be 动词后面加 not I am not going to make a bookcase.They are going to paint it.The father is not going to give the bookcase to his daughter.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,I am.No,I am not.Yes,they are.No,they are not.Yes,he is.No,he is not.特殊疑问句What are you going to do?What are they going to do?What is the father going to do?2.There be 句型句型表示哪里有什么东西(某处有某物)There is单数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）单数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There is a book in this room.There is a pen on the tableThere are复数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）复数名词表示场所的词（一般为介词词组）There are two pens on the table.There are three schools there.变疑问句将 be 动词移到句首Is there a book in this room?Are there two pens on the table?变否定句在动词后面加 notThere is not a book in this room.There are not two pens on the table.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,there is.No,there is not.Yes,there are.No,there are not.一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句、选择疑问句、否定疑问句一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句、选择疑问句、否定疑问句一般疑问句:助动词/be 动词+主语Are you a teacher?Do you want to have a cup of tea?特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句What is your name?选择疑问句:orDo you want beef or lamb?反意疑问句:肯定陈述句+否定疑问部分，否定陈述部分+肯定疑问部分You dont need that pen,do you?You need that pen,dont you?否定疑问句:一般疑问句+否定词(表达肯定的意思)Arent you lucky?Dont you want have a rest?限定词：限定词：some,any,many,much some,any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some 用于肯定句，any 用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用 some.many 修饰可数名词，much 修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很多一般不用 many,much,而用 a lot of/lots of,在否定句中表示很多用 many,much.I have a lot of money.I dont have much money.名词：分类、复数形式、名词所有格名词：分类、复数形式、名词所有格名词分为可数名词和不可数名词名词分为可数名词和不可数名词不可数名词不可数名词无法分开的东西：water,tea,bread,milk,rice（米）抽象的东西：love,beauty,coldness（寒冷）不可数名词有以下特点：不能用 a,an 修饰不能加 s和单数 be 动词或动词搭配可数名词：可数名词：单数可数名词要用冠词修饰，复数可数名词要在名词后面加 s,名词复数共有以下几种变化：规则变化的名词复数形式规则 1一般情况+se.g.shellshells bookbooks规则 2以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾+ese.g.foxfoxeschurchchurches,busbuses,watchwatches规则 3以 o 结尾+s 或+ese.g.potatopotatoes,NegroNegroes,heroheroes,tomatotomatoes，（口诀：黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿），剩下一般加s,radioradios规则 4以 f,fe 结尾的，变 f,fe 为 vese.g.lifeliveshalfhalves,shelfshelves,citycities,wifewives规则 5以辅音字母+y 结尾,变 y 为 i+ese.g.skyskiesflyflies不规则变化的名词复数形式单数manwomanfootgoosetooth复数menwomenfeetgeeseteeth单数childsheepdeermousefish复数childrensheepdeermicefish副词：用法、形容词变副词的变化副词：用法、形容词变副词的变化副词可以修饰形容词、动词、副词或整个句子。如：The book is very good.He runs fast.She came here quite early.Certainly I will go with you.形容词变副词的变化：1直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully,slow-slowly,2以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词，把 y 变 i,加-ly,happy-happily,lucky-luckily3有些词形容词和副词的形式相同，不需要做任何变化fast,hard,late4有些词加上-ly 后意思与原词相差很远：near-nearly,high-highly,late-lately,情态动词：情态动词：can,must,may,might,need1情态动词情态动词 can（能够）（能够）,must（必须）（必须）,may（可以）（可以）结构：主语+can/must/may+动词原型He can make the tea.Sally can air the room.We can speak English.变疑问句将情态动词移到句首Can he make the tea?Can Sally air the room?Can we speak English?变否定句在情态动词后面加 notHe cannot make the tea.Sally cannot air the room.We cannot speak English.肯定回答及否定回答Yes,he can.No,he cannot.Yes,she can.No,she cannot.Yes,we can.No,we cannot.特殊疑问句：What can you do?注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加注意：情态动词的句子没有第三人称单数的变化，不要在情态动词或动词后面加 S。2Must/have to 的区别的区别must 表示必须，是主观上觉得应该做，must 只能用在表示现在和将来的句子里，have to 是不得不，是由于客观条件逼迫的必要要做，have to do 可以用在任何时态3must,may,might 表示猜测表示猜测must do 表示对现在事实的猜测must have done 表示对过去事实的猜测must have been doing 表示对过去正在进行的事实的猜测may/might do,may/might have done 表示没有任何事实依据的猜测，might 的可能性更小。cant/couldnt 表示不可能4need 用法用法表示“需要”时为实意动词，后面可以加名词，也可以加不定式：I need a pen.Do you need any beer?No,I dont.I need to have a rest.Need doing=need to be done，表示被动The flowers need watering.Need 在否定时做情态动词使用You neednt go so early.=You dont need to go so early.Must I clean the desk right now?No,you neednt.不定代词及不定副词：不定代词及不定副词：Some any no every thing somethinganythingnothingeverythingone someoneanyoneanythingeveryonewhere somewhereanywhereanywhereeverywherebody somebodyanybodynobodyeverybodyI looked for my book everywhere,but I cant find it anywhere.If you want go somewhere,if you want to be someone,you must wake up.Help!Somebody?Anybody?You are really something.Since everybody is here,lets begin our class.Where did you go?I went nowhere.Nobody is at home.I have nothing left.感叹句感叹句What+名词+主语+谓语What a beautiful girl she is!How+形容词+主语+谓语How beautiful the girl is!祈使句祈使句第二人称祈使句的否定，加 dont let+其他人称代词反意疑问祈使句（第二人称）祈使句（第二人称）祈使句表示请求，命令，建议，邀请等，谓语动词一律用原型，句子中通常不用主语，句末用惊叹好或者句号，用降调。肯定句：动词原型Come here,please.Go downstairs,please.Stand up.Sit down.Be quiet.Be careful.祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或者句尾Come in,Amy.Sit down here,Tom.Mary,give me a book please.否定：Dont+动词原型Dont come here.Dont sit down.Dont stand up.Dont give me it.let sb.do Let me pass.Let us have a rest.Lets have a rest.反意疑问Lets have a walk along the river,shall we?Let us go out for a drink,will you?倒装句：倒装句：so/neither 的倒装的倒装He can swim.So can I.I didnt go to class.Neither did I.结构：结构：so/neither+be+主语so/neither+助动词+主语so/neither+情态动词+主语直接引语直接引语/间接引语间接引语如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态、人称、时间地点及指示词时态变化：时态变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时be going towas/were going to/wouldcancouldmaymight时间地点及指示词的变化：时间地点及指示词的变化：herethere,tomorrowthe next day,the following day,thisthat人称变化：根据句意改变人称。人称变化：根据句意改变人称。直接宾语直接宾语/间接宾语间接宾语主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象，间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或事务，也可以说间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或者是为谁做的。所以间接宾语要用名词或者宾格代词来担当。He gives me a book.me 间接宾语,a book 直接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语的位置调换时要加一个介词 to 或 for主语及物动词直接宾语介词主语及物动词直接宾语介词+间接宾语间接宾语Give me a book.Give the book to me.Send his a letter.Send a letter to him.Show him the new dress.Show the new dress to him从句：宾语从句、定语从句（限定性）、表语从句、状语从句（从句：宾语从句、定语从句（限定性）、表语从句、状语从句（if）宾语从句：如果宾语从句的主句中的动词为过去时，那么宾语从句中的时态要和主句统一；如果宾语从句为疑问词引导，那么语序要用陈述语序，即主语在前，动词在后。定语从句：表语从句：状语从句（if 引导的真实条件句）：主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时What will you do if you win a lot of money?If it rains tomorrow,I will stay at home.动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法动词不定式做宾语及宾语补语的用法结构：结构：to do用法：用法：可以做除谓语以外的所有成分，语法上称之为非谓语动词。做宾语：做宾语：在一些动词后常用不定式做宾语，例如：want,like,ask,try做宾补：做宾补：want sb.to do,ask sb.to do,like sb.to do附录：附录：代词及 be 动词名词复数动词的第三人称单数形式动词现在分词动词过去式过去式的读音形容词的比较级形容词和副词的最高级代词及代词及 be 动词动词第一人称第二人称第三人称代词及代词及 be 动词动词单数复数单数复数单数复数主格I we you you she/he/it they 宾格me us you you her/him/it them 代词所有格my our your your her/his/its their 名词性代词mine ours yours yours hers/his/its theirs be 动词现在时Am are are are is are be 动词过去时was were were were was were 名词的复数名词的复数规则变化的名词复数形式规则 1 一般情况+s e.g.shellshellstoytoys 规则 2 以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾+es e.g.foxfoxeschurchchurches 规则 3 以 o 结尾 s 或+es e.g.radioradiospotatopotatoes 规则 4 以 f,fe 结尾的，变 f,fe 为 ves e.g.lifeliveshalfhalves 规则 5 以辅音字母+y 结尾,变 y 为 i+es e.g.skyskiesstudystudies 动词的第三人称单数形式动词的第三人称单数形式规则 1 一般情况+s e.g.likelikes,look-looks 规则 2 以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾+es e.g.dodoes,catch-catches 规则 5 以辅音字母+y 结尾,变 y 为 i+es e.g.carrycarries,fly-flies 动词现在分词动词现在分词规则一一般动词加-ing e.g.looklooking,readreading,playplaying 规则二以不发音的字母结尾的单词去 e 加-ing e.g.makemaking,taketaking,arrivearriving 规则三重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ing e.g.runrunning,sitsitting,getgetting,swimswimming,stop-stopping 动词过去式动词过去式规则动词变化规则一一般动词加-ed e.g.looklooked,watchwatched,play-played 规则二以 e 结尾的加-d e.g.makemaked,arrive-arrived 规则三以辅音字母加结尾的变 y 为 i 加-ed crycried,carry-carried 规则四重读闭音节词结尾，即单词中只有一个元音字母，其后紧跟一个辅音字母的词，双写辅音字母再加-ed stopstopped,过去式的读音过去式的读音在清辅音后面（除外）读/t/e.g.walked,jumped 在浊辅音和元音后读/d/e.g.washed,watched 在/t/，/d/后读/id/e.g.waited,hated 形容词和副词的比较级形容词和副词的比较级规则一一般加-er e.g.highhigher 规则二以结尾加-r nicenicer 规则三以辅音字母加 y 结尾，变 y 为 i 再加-er busybusier,比较级规则四重读闭音节结尾，双写辅音字母再加-er fatfatter,形容词和副词的最高级形容词和副词的最高级规则一一般加-est e.g.highhighest 规则二以结尾加-st nicenicet 规则三以辅音字母加 y 结尾，变 y 为 i 再加-est busybusiest 最高级规则四重读闭音节结尾，双写辅音字母再加-est fatfattest 常见缩写常见缩写is=sI am=Imare=re is not=isnt/iznt/are not=arent/a:nt/do not=dont does not=doesnt was=s did not=didnt can not=cant have=ve has=s have not=havent has not=hasnt will=ll