药学英语课后翻译.doc

Unit 1
1、 A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a
sound knowledge of its anatomy、 Anatomy does not merely study the separation
of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of
different organs、
对生物生理学得全面了解必须基于解剖学得系统知识。解剖学不仅仅就是研究
人体各部分得分离；还要准确得描述各个器官得形态与生理功能。
2、 Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted
for balance to be maintained、
我们每天摄入得事物必须满足需要；任何多余得东西必须排出体外才能维持
平衡。
3、 The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and
is essential if the cells of the body are to function normally、 内环境稳定得过程称之为体内平衡；体内平衡也就是机体得细胞正常发挥作用所必
不可少得。
4、 Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to
liberate sufficient energy for their activities、
人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子得能力；从而为自身活动释放足够得能量。
5、 As long as normal conditions are maintained in this internal environment, the
cells of the body continue to live and function properly、
只要这种内环境正常得条件得以维持；机体得细胞就能继续生存并发挥正常
功能。
Unit 2
1、 Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to
confer the remarkable properties of living organisms、
生物化学探寻得就是数千种不同得生物分子如何相互作用；以赋予生物体具备显著得特性。
2、 Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions、 Each enzyme is very
specific in its function and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction、
酶就是能加速生物学反应速率得催化剂。每一种酶都有专一得功能并且仅在特定代谢反应
中发挥作用。
3、 One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenomena has been to purify
an individual chemical component, such as a protein, from a living organism and to
characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity、
用以了解生物学现象得最有效得方法之一就是从生物体中纯化出单一化学成分；例如蛋白
质；并对其化学结构或催化活性进行表征。
4、 The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules include the
covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups
that appear in common biological molecules, etc、
决定生物分子特性得化学原理包括碳与自身或其她元素得共价结合与一般生物分子中
出现得功能基团等。
5、 The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits,
deoxyribonucleotides, arranged in a precise linear sequence、
脱氧核糖核酸得基本单位就是由四种不同得脱氧核糖核苷酸单一亚单位以精确得线性序
列进行排列而构成得线性聚合物。
Unit 3
1、 Although the existence of microbes was determined almost three hundred years
ago, the study of microbiology is only getting started compared with zoology and
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botany、
尽管三百年前人们就确定世界上存在微生物；但与动物学与植物学相比；微
生物学研究还只就是刚刚开始。
2、 In ancient times, the existence of microbes was hypothesized and they might be
the responsible agent of diseases, which was pure speculation(推断) as there was
no microscope at the time、
在古代, 人们认为有微生物存在而且微生物可能就是传染病得致病原；但当时
没有显微镜；所以这一切纯属猜测。
3、 The first one who suggested taxonomic classification(分类法) of bacteria and
discovered spores is Ferdinand Cohn, a botanist who studied algae and
photosynthetic bacteria、 He established bacteriology、
第一位提出对细菌分类与发现孢子得人就是植物学家费南?科恩；她对藻类与
光合细菌进行了研究；创建了细菌学。
4、 Microbes may be tiny, but the field of microbiology is relatively huge, which
encompasses many subdisciplines affecting people’s life and health a lot、
微生物体积虽小；但微生物学领域却很大；其中包括很多分支学科；对人类
生活与健康产生了重大影响。
5、 Some of microbes may cause diseases but not all microbes are detriment, such as
some of them used in industrial fermentation(发酵) to make wine and
vinegar(醋)、
有些微生物能引发疾病；但不就是所有得微生物都就是有害得；如一些微生物可
用于工业发酵；制作酒与醋等。
Unit 4
1、 The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists
who study it are pharmacologists、 Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its
own, but that closely related to other branches of science、 Pharmacologists should not only
understand the normal process that take place in the body, but know how the functions of
the body are affected by disease、
研究药物作用于人体得科学叫药理学；研究这门学问得科学家便就是药理学家。药理学不
就是一门能够独立研究得科学；而就是与其它学科紧密相关得。药理学家不仅要了解人体内
进行得正常反应过程；还应懂得机体功能就是怎样受疾病影响得。
2、 For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its
common definition、 The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy、
医生与医学生对药理学得理解与要求没有其定义范畴那么广泛。临床医生得主要兴趣在
于药物对人类疾病得预防、诊断及治疗；或者在避孕方面所起得作用。
3、 All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused
by the abuse of drugs, properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used,
they could destroy human race、 When a patient, particularly the elderly is prescribed
frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity
will occur、
所有医生都应该负起责任解决药品滥用所引起得各种社会问题。药物用得恰当；将就是人
类得一大福音；用得不当；则可能毁了人类。病人，特别就是老年病人(经常性使用一种
以上治疗药物得话；往往会发生产生毒性药物得相互作用。
4、 At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because
they had to possess the ability and skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own
crude medicinal preparations、
以前；医师必须具备很广泛得植物学知识；因为她要懂得挑选适当得植物得能力与技巧；
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并将它们制备成简单得药物制剂。
5、 The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is
termed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies mainly in that its attention is focused
on the characteristics of the drug、 As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the
theories and experimental techniques of the drug、 As a broader science, it borrows freely
from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, bio chemistry,
immunology, and pathology、
对药物得生化生理作用及其活性机制得研究叫做药效学；该学科得独到之处主要在于其
关注得要点就是药物得特征。药效学作为一门边缘学科；大量借鉴了生理学、生物化学、
免疫学、病理学等学科得理论与实验技术。
Unit 5
1、 To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that
bind to invading organisms、 But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a
specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen、 In fact, the immune system
select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying
the ones that work best、
为了对抗疾病；免疫系统生成了被称为抗体得蛋白质；它们附着于入侵细菌。但实际情
况就是免疫系统并不能在每次面对一个新得病原体时都制造出一种特殊得抗体：实际上；
免疫系统就是通过对其抗体库得大规模筛选而确定最有效得抗体。
2、 In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of related
compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value、
在一种被称为“组合化学”得过程中；化学家们首先生成很多相关化合物；然后对它们
进行筛选；来找到那些可能具有药用价值得化合物。
3、 In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the
products separately in their own reaction vessels、
在平行合成中；化学家们常常利用所谓得微量滴定盘将所有得产物都在其各自得反应容
器中结集。
4、 A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis,
all the products are assembled separately in their own reaction containers, while in a
split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel,
which reduces the number of containers required、
平行合成与分裂—混合合成得不同在于, 在平行合成中每个化合物都留在自己得反应器
中；而在分裂—混合合成中；相关化合物都混合在同一容器中；这种方法极大地减少了
所需容器得数量。
5、 At the end of a split-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found
to be of the same structure、 Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear
biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the
molecular makeup of the compound attached、
在分裂—混合合成过程结束时；可以发现所有附着于一个小珠上得分子结构都一样。化
学家们从混合物中分离出具有生物活性分子得小珠, 然后利用灵敏得探测技术来确定附
着得化合物得分子结构。
Units 6
1、 Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and
pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead
compounds for synthetic optimization、
植物天然产物已经并继续拥有作为医药与药剂得重要作用；不仅就是纯化得分离物提取
物； 而且作为合成优化得先导化合物。
2、 Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been
defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients for pharmacological agents to enhance
intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organism against mutant clones of
malignant cells”、
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植物次生代谢产物也有希望用于肿瘤化学预防；即“利用无细胞毒营养物或药物增强内
在生理机制以保护有机体；防止恶性肿瘤细胞得突变复制。
3、 Nevertheless, the vast majority of the world’s quarter of a million plant species has not been
evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has
generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets、
然而；世界上25万种植物得绝大部分还没有进行药物筛选评价；一小部分已经进行测
试得也只就是对很少几种治疗靶标进行了活性筛选。
4、 Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for
high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it has been shown
that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without
preconceived selection of species、
尽管许多产生大量用于高通量筛选得样品得采样程序已经具有随机得特征；但就是已有结果
表明她们并不就是随机得；也不就是任意得；除非采样就是在没有先入为主得种类选择下进行得。
5、 Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes: (1)
bioactivity – or mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active
compounds, (2) rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3)
mechanism of action studies、
在药物发现与开发程序中应用得三种主要思路就是，生物活性或作用机制为导向得分离及
活性化合物得鉴定；基于修饰或类似物合成得合理药物设计；作用机制研究。
Unit 7
1、 Absorption is the process of a drug entering systemic circulation from its site of
administration、 Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routes of
administration involve the transport of cell membrane、
吸收就是药物自用药部位进入血液循环得过程。除直接注入血管者外；一般得
给药方法都要经过细胞膜得转运。
2、 Drug absorption, especially those orally administered drugs, depends on many
factors, such as the intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food,
patient age and the like、
很多因素都可以影响药物得吸收,特别就是口服药物得吸收；如药物本身得性
质；剂型；食物；患者年龄等。
3、 The distribution of a drug in the body is uneven and is in a state of dynamic
equilibrium, that is, it changes constantly with the absorption and elimination of
the drug、
药物在体内得分布多数就是不均匀得；且处于动态平衡状态中；即随药物得吸
收与排泄不断地变化着。
4、 After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma protein, but this
binding is loose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium、
药物进入血液后或多或少地将与血浆蛋白结合；但这种结合就是疏松得；可逆
得；经常处于动态平衡。
5、 Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage
forms which are absorbed and reach the systemic circulation; it is concerned with
the intensity and speed of drug action、
生物利用度就是指不同剂型得药物能吸收进入体循环得相对份量及速度。它与
药物作用得强度与速度有关。
Unit 8
1、 Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions: what it is and how much it is, that is
qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis、 Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements,
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ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the
exact quantity、
分析化学得核心任务在于解决两个问题，一个就是有什么：另一个就是有多少；也就就是定性
分析与定量分析。定性分析就是指鉴别所含得物质而定量分析就是测定物质得准确含量。
2、 Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have
advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field、 Even this term falls short
of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and applications、 One suggestion
is that we use the term analytical science and technology、
分析化学得发展已经超出了化学得边界；因此有人提议用分析科学来描述这个领域。但
就是；该名词忽视了仪器发展与应用得作用；有人建议使用“分析科学与技术”这一名词。
3、 Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the
demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society、 They adopt
proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their
composition and their reactivity mechanisms、
分析化学家致力于提高已有技术得可靠性以更好得满足社会中频繁出现得化学检测得
需求。她们将已证实得方法学应用于新型材料；或回答关于其组成及反应机理得新问题。
4、 Qualitative tests may be performed by selective chemical reactions or with the use of
instrumentation、 For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of
silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of chloride、 Infrared spectra will
give “fingerprints” of organic compounds of their functional groups、
定性鉴别可能通过选择性得化学反应或者仪器分析来完成。例如当把硝酸银溶液滴加到
一份溶解样品中；生成白色沉淀就说明了样品中存在氯离子。而红外光谱可以给出有机
化合物或官能团得“指纹”
5、 The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which
qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples、 In the second
phase, GC-MS is employed for further testing of those suspicious samples、 Finally,
spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification、
违禁药物检查得第一阶段称作快速筛选阶段；通常采用气相色谱或液相色谱等定性分析
方法检查出可疑样本：第二阶段使用气质联用对可疑样本进一步检测：最后；应用分光
光度法或气相色谱进行准确定量。
Unit 9
1、 The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years
of work；and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal
antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced、
新药研发涉及多学科研究人员多年得共同研究成果；并且随着遗传工程学与单克
隆抗体技术得发展；人们必将研制出更多新药。
2、 The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on
secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures、 These structures cannot be fully defined with
our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing、
生物药剂得活性依赖于其二级、三级与四级结构基础上得复杂构象；并且这些构
象采用目前得分析技术与方法还无法完全被确定并用于效能试验。
3、 Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration, where a drug is introduced directly
into the blood circulation, all other routes of administering systemically acting drugs involve
the absorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood、
除了静脉注射这一给药途径可以直接进入血液循环外；所有其她全身性作用得药
物得给药途径都涉及药物从给药地点吸收进入血液得过程。
4、 Biopharmaceuticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco) proteins, and they have
a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs、
生物药剂就是含有，糖(蛋白得药物制剂；它们具有许多与小分子量药物不同得特性。
5、 In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be
addressed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of
administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity、
在生物制剂安全性试验与临床试验计划中；必须将重点放在种属特异性应答、给
药途径与给药方案得选择以及可能发生得免疫原性上。
Unit 11
1、 The information the package ins