Unit4astronomylearningaboutlanguage.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Unit 4,Astronomy:the science,of the stars,Learning about language,present presence,violent,confident,different,patient,violence,confidence,difference,patience,1 Use the correct prefix or suffix for each word.Write out the new word and explain the difference between the two.,Discovering useful words and expressions,certain,fair,paid,like,kind,unkind,uncertain,unfair,unpaid,unlike,culture,globe,universe,agriculture,mathematics,mathematical,cultural,global,universal,agricultural,art,physics,chemistry,biology,science,scientist,artist,physicist,chemist,biologist,1.At the beginning,the earth had no _.,A.dust B.atoms C.water D.matter,2.The development of a planet generally,depends on _ combining together.,A.atoms B.rocks C.gases D.water,C,A,2 Chooses the correct word to fill,in each of these blanks.,3.The _ of mammals happened after,the disappearance of the dinosaurs.,A.harmful B.system,C.spread D.method,4.Mammals _ when the animals that,were harmful to them disappeared.,A.prevented B.multiplied,C.depended D.existed,C,B,Is the moon a planet?This question is _ if students are to show that they understand the nature of _.,fundamental,astronomy,astronomy atom fundamental puzzle exist,prevent from as a result gave birth to,3 Complete the following passage,with the words and phrases below,in the correct form.,Some scientists think that the earth _ the moon because the moon circles our planet.Others believe that the moon _ before the earth was formed.They think that earlier in time it travelled through space as a small planet which was caught by the earths gravity._,it goes around our planet.,gave birth,to,existed,As a result,The evidence for this theory is that the,_ that make up the rocks on the moon,seem to be different from those on earth.,What is clear is that the moon is smaller,than the earth and this _ it _,escaping from the earth.Although its,origin may still be a _,the moon,can never be anything more than a,satellite of the earth.,atoms,prevents,from,puzzle,violent patient gentle angry rude relaxing kind shocked excited easy-going calm crazy,4 In pairs divide these adjectives,into two groups:emotional words,and calm words.,Emotional words,Calm words,violent angry rude shocked excited crazy,patient gentle relaxing kind easy-going calm,4.,To find your way,can be a problem.,What does the underlined part serve as in each sentence?,3.,Smoking,is bad for you.,2.,You,are a student.,5.“,How do you do,?”is a greeting.,6.,It,is certain that we shall be late.,subject,1.,Beijing,is our capital.,Read the sentences from the text and pay attention to the underlined parts.,1.,What it was to become,was uncertain until between,4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago,2.it was not clear,whether the shape would last or,not,.,3.,What is even more important,is that as the earth,cooled down,water began to appear on its surface.,4.,What many scientists believe,is that the continued,presence,5.,Why they suddenly disappeared,still remains a,mystery.,Noun clauses as the subject,Grammar,主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，其功同名词一样。,为了避免头重脚轻，,常用,it,作形式主语,而把真正主语,放在句子末尾。,How the book will sell,depends on its author.,That,he is the best student in the class,is obvious.,=It is obvious that he is the best student in the class.,主语从句,引导主语从句的关联词有三类：,1),从属连词,that,。,如,:,That,they were true,sisters was clear from the facial resemblance,between them.,很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。,2),从属连词,whether,。,如：,Whether,hell come here isnt clear.,他是否会来这里还不清楚。,3),连接代词,who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,连接副词,where,when,how,why,。,What she did is not yet known.,她干了什么尚不清楚。,How,this happened is not clear to anyone.,这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。,Whoever,comes is welcome.,不论谁来都欢迎。,主语从句三要素,he became a great scientist,is,known to us all.,Is,what you told me really true?,谓语动词一般用单数,从句用陈述语序,不能省略关联词,Notice:,What we need most,are,books.,How,在主语从句中,谓语一般用单数。,无论他说什么都不重要。,Whatever he,says,is of no importance,无论谁说这话都不对。,Whoever,says,that is wrong,但谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可,一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定。,What I need,is,money.,What I need,are,books.,what,与,that,在引导主语从句时的区别,what,引导主语从句时在从句中充当,句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而,that,则不然。,1),What,you said yesterday,is right.,2),That,she is still alive,is a consolation.,Whatever and whoever,Whatever=anything that,Whoever=anyone who,不管是谁犯了法,他都应该受到惩罚。,Whoever,breaks the law should be,punished.=,Anyone,who,breaks the law,should be punished.,whether,之后可以直接跟,or not,而,if,则不能。,I dont care,whether or,not,your car breaks,down.,I dont know,whether,or,not,hes coming.,但是不可以说：,I dont care if or not your car breaks down.,whether,与,if,whether,引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构,(,选择问句的后一部分除外,);,而,if,则可以跟,否定结构,如,:,I dont care,if,she doesnt come.,I dont care,if,it doesnt rain.,但是,在某些动词或形容词之后,则可以用,whether,引导一个否定结构的句子,这种,结构往往表示肯定的含义,如：,I wonder,whether,he doesnt think too,much of himself.,=I think he does think too much of himself.,在个别动词之后,如,discuss,等,只跟用,whether,引导的宾语从句,如,:,They discussed,whether,they should,close the shop.,We discussed,whether,Mary could join us.,whether,可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而,if,则不能,如：,Im not interested in,whether,theyll,go or not.,whether,可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而,if,则不能,如,:,I didnt know,whether,to laugh or to cry.,She hasnt decided,whether,to go or not.,引导主语从句,(,包括从句在句首的位置,),应当,用,whether,不用,if,如：,Whether,it is true remains a problem.,Whether,he will come,I am not sure.,引导表语从句用,whether,不用,if,如,:,The question is,whether,you should accept it.,The question is,whether,he will speak at,the meeting.,引导同位语从句用,whether,不用,if,如,:,The question,whether,hell attend the,meeting is essential.,I am in doubt,whether,I should agree to,the plan.,(NMET1996),1._wellgocamping,tomorrowdependsontheweather.,2.I have just discuss _ we should,give him enough help.,3.They had no idea _ or notthey,could achieve their goals.,Whether,whether,whether,不可省略的连词：,1.,引导主语,同位语,表语从句的连词不可省略。,2.it,作形式宾语的宾语从句,3.,并列宾语从句中,后面的从句引导词。,That,she was chosen made us very happy.,We heard the news,that,our team had won.,The reason is,that,he is too careless.,I think it necessary,that,you should read aloud.,He told,(that),his father had died and that he had,to make a living by himself.,That,的省略的问题,用,it,作形式主语的结构,(1),(1)It is,名词 从句,It is a fact that,事实是,It is an honor that ,非常荣幸,It is common knowledge that ,是常识,(2)It is,形容词 从句,It is natural that,很自然,It is strange that,奇怪的是,用,it,作形式主语的结构,(2),(3)It is,不及物动词 从句,It seems that,似乎,It happened that,碰巧,It appears that,似乎,(4)It,过去分词 从句,It is reported that,据报道,It has been proved that,已证实,It is said that,据说,1.,连接词有：,that whether,和,lf,2.,连接代词有：,who whom whose which what,等,3.,连接副词有：,when where why how,等,另外,whatever whoever whichever,等也可以引导,主语和宾语两种从句,。,名词性从句可以表示：,事实和问题,。,名词性从句中的“,that”,没有词义，也不作任何成分。,【即学即练】,_ he referred to in his article was,unknown to the general reader.,A.That B.What C.Whether D.Where,2,._,I have will be yours sooner or later.,A.No matter what,B.No matter whatever,C.Whatever,D.That,B,C,3._ we will hold the sports meet in time,depends on _ it will be fine.,A.If;if B.If;whether,C.Whether;if D.Whether;whether,4._ worries us a lot that so many,students drop out of school in the poor,mountainous areas.,A.It,B.That,C.One D.What,D,A,5._ wants to run a business in this,district must get a permit from the,government first.,A.Who,B.Whoever,C.No matter who D.Those who,B,真题详解,1.-Are you still thinking about,yesterdays game?,-Oh,thats _.,A.what makes me feel excited,B.whatever I feel excited about,C.how I feel about it,D.when I feel excited,A,解析,:,这是由,what,引导的一个表语从句,在从句,中充当主语,这句话的意思为,:,那是使我感到兴奋,的事。故答案为,A,。,2.-I drove to Zhuhai for the air,show last week.,-Is that _ you had a few days off?,A.why B.when,C.what D.where,解析,:,这是一个由,why,引导的表语从句,表示原因。这句话的意思是“这就是,你离开的原因吗,?”,故答案为,A,。,A,3.Perseverance is a kind of quality and,thats _ it takes to do anything well.,A.what B.that C.which D.why,解析,:what,在表语从句中作,takes,的宾语,构成,It takes sth.to do sth.,的句型。,答案为,A,。,A,4.When you answer questions in a job,interview,please remember the,golden rule:Always give the monkey,exactly _ he wants.,A.what B.which C.when D.that,解析,:,这是一个宾语从句,wants,后面缺少,宾语,Always give the monkey exactly,what he wants.,是一句谚语,意思是永远,给予他人他确实想要的东西。故答案为,A,。,A,It doesnt matter _ you turn right or left at the crossing both roads lead to the park.,（,2012,天津）,A.whether B.how,C.if D.when,答案：,A,。,解析：考查,whether,引导主语从句，,it,作形式主语。引导主语从句时，只 能用,whether,，不能用,if,。,真题解析,It suddenly occurred to him _ he had left his keys in the office.,（,2012,江西）,A.whether B.where,C.which D.that,答案：,D,解析：此句是,occur to sb.,表示“想到、想起”的典型句式，,that,这里是做引导主语从句的连接词。,As many as five courses are provided,and you are free to choose _ suits you best.,（,2012,陕西）,A.whatever B whichever,C.whenever D.wherever,答案：,B,解析：考查名词性从句。所填词引导的从句做动词,choose,的 宾语，引导词在从句中做主语。选,B,，其余选项与句意不符。,It is still under discussion _ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.(2011,重庆,),A.whether B.when,C.which D.where,解析：根据句意：旧车站是否被一个现代化旅馆代替还在讨论之中。后面出现了,or not,，故选,whether,。,A,_ Barbara Jones offers to her fans,is honesty and happiness.(2011,北京,),A.Which B.What,C.That D.Whom,解析：,What,引导的是主语从句，在从句中充当,offers,的宾语。句意为：芭芭拉琼斯为她的粉丝所提供的是诚实和快乐。,B,Before a problem can be solved,it must be obvious _ the problem itself is.(2011,湖南,),A.what B.that,C.which D.why,解析：分析句子结构可知，本句为,before,引导的时间状语从句，在从句中,it,为形式主语，真正的主语为“,_ the problem itself is”,，在此主语从句中又缺少表语，即用,what,引导。,A,_ some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.,（,2010,北京）,A.Whether B.What,C.That D.How,解析：从句中缺宾语，只能用,what,来引导，,C,项中的,That,引导主语从句不做成分。,B,How about camping this weekend,just for a change?,OK,you want.,（,2010,浙江）,A,whichever B,however,C,whatever D,whoever,解析：句意：“这个周末野营怎么样，来点新鲜的？”“好啊，按你的意思吧！”根据语境分析出后者支持前面的提出的观点。,C,It is uncertain,side effect the medicine will bring about,although about two thousand patients have taken it.(2010,浙江,),A,that B,what,C,how D,whether,解析：根据句意：尽管大约有两千名病人服用过这种药物，但是，它会带来什么样的副作用还不确定。,side effect,意思是“副作用”，还原主语从句中的主干是,the medicine will bring about _ side effect,。故选择,what,，形容词“什么样的”，起修饰作用。,B,高考链接,It is obvious to the students _ they should get,well prepared for their future.(2009,天津,),A.as B.which C.whether D.that,2._ parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.(2007,陕西,)A.That B.Which C.What D.As,3.It is none of your business _ other people think about you.Believe yourself.(2007,福建,),A.how B.what C.which D.when,4._ matters most in learning English is enough practice.(2007,全国卷,II),A.What B.Why C.Where D.Which,D,C,B,A,1._ you dont like him is none of my business.A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether2._ he said at the meeting astonished,everybody present.A.What B.That C.Which D.Whether3.On my way home in the street,I saw a lady _,I thought was your aunt.A.who B.what C.which D.whom4.The Foreign Minister said,“_ is our hope,that the two sides will work to-wards peace.”A.This B.That C.There D.It 5.We cannot explain _ quite a number of insects,birds and other animals are dying out.A.that B.as C.why D.when,Choose the best answers.,C,A,A,D,C,6.Does _ matter if he cant finish the job on time?,A.this B.that C.he D.it,7._ the sports meet will be held depends,on the weather.,A.When ever B.If C.Whether D.That,8._ beat Xiao Wang black and blue is not,known.,A.Whom B.Whoever C.Who D.What,9._ we cant get seems better than _ we have.,A.What;what B.What;that,C.That;that D.That;what,D,C,C,A,10._ makes mistakes must correct them.A.What B.That C.Whoever D.Whatever,11.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning,grey.A.while B.that C.if D.for,12.When and why he came here _ yet.A.is not known B.are not known C.has not known D.have not known,13._ is no reason for dismissing her.A.Because she was a few minutes late B.Owing to a few minutes,C.The fact that she was a few minutes late D.Being a few minutes late,C,B,A,C,1.A:That light travels in straight lines is known to all.B:_ _ _ _ that light travels in,straight lines.2.A:When the plane is to take off has not been,announced.B:_ _ _ _ _ when the plane,is to take off.3.A:It is a mystery to me which of them won the gold,medal.B:Which of them won the gold medal _ _,_ to me.4.A:He hasnt told us the reason for his being late,again.B:_ _ _ _ _ has not been,told.,Its known to all,It has not been announced,is a,mystery,Why he was late again,1.Go and get your coat.Its _ you left it.,A.there B.where,C.there were D.where there,2.The problem is _ he has enough time.,A.if B.whether C./D.that,3.He made a promise _ he would,help me.,A.what B.when C.that D.which,B,B,C,单项选择,4.I remember _ this used to be,a quiet village.,A.how B.when,C.where D.what,5.It is generally considered unwise,to give a child _ he or she wants.,A.however B.whatever,C.whichever D.wherever,B,B,6.,Can you make sure _,_,_ the gold rings?,A.,where she had put B.where had she put,C.where she has put D.where has she put,7.,The reason that has been such a success _,he never gives up.,A.is B.is because C.is that D.is what,8._,breaks the law should be punished.,A,.,Whoever,B,.No matter who,C,.anyone.,D,.who,C,C,A,9.,That is _,_,_ I had to take the risk of being,washed away.,A.why B.reason why C.how D.what,10,.Do _,_,you think is right _ difficulties you,may have.,A.what;however B.that;whatever,C.whatever;whoever D.what;whatever,11,.,The workers considered it important _,_,_ the,boss would agree to give them a rise.,A.whether B.how C.where D.which,A,D,A,12.,Along with the letter was his promise _ he,w,ould,visit me this coming Christmas.,A.,which B.that C.what D.whether,13.,Difficulty lies _,_,_ we have no money.,A.that,B.in that,C.,in the fact,D.in the fact that,14.,I dont think the question of _,_,they are,old or young is important.,A.which,B.whether C.how D.why,B,D,B,15.,The news _ Lincoln was murdered filled,the American peoples hearts with deep sorrow.,A.which,B.when,C.that,D.how,1,6,._ he said at the meeting astonished,everyone present.,A.What B.That C.The fact D.The matter,1,7,.I dont trust his promise _,_,he will buy me,a new car.,A.which,B.what,C.when,D.that,C,A,D,18.,She received the message _,_,_ he would,come by plane.,A.that B.which C.what D.when,1,9,.Energy is _,_,makes things work.,A.what B.something C.anything D.that,20,.,Our city has changed a lot,and now it is quite,different from _,_,a few years ago.,A.what it used to be B.that it used to be,C.,which it used to be D.what was it,A,A,A,21.,We all know the truth _,_,_ there are air,water and sunlight,there are living things.,A.wherever B.where,C.that,D.that wherever,2,2.,The true value of life is not in _,_,_,but_.,A.how you get;,that you give,B.,which you get;,what you give,C.,what you get;,what you give,D.what do you get;,what do you give,2,3,.,_,_,_ is a fact that English is being accepted,as an international language.,A.There B.This C.That D.It,D,C,D,Discovering useful structures,1.His discovery has not yet been proved.,What _.,2.Do the other astronomers accept his ideas?It,remains a question.Whether _,_.,3.The first appearance of life on earth is still a,mystery to scientists.How _,_.,has not yet been proved is his discovery,accepts his ideas remains a question,is still a mystery to scientists,Ex.2,other astronomers,life first appeared on earth,4.Why is the earth becoming warmer?It is an,important topic