Unit-11--Scientific-achievements.doc

Unit 11 Scientific achievements

⊕考纲要求：
◆ 考纲规定的考试范围:
1. 重点单词与短语engineering；solar；significant；mankind；likely；economic；zone；hi-tech；private；overseas；technological；grasp；master；perfect；arrange；rely；failure；locate；valley；brand；luggage；achieve；breakthrough；set foot in；rely on；put forward
句型
Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is 1ikely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing. It is likely that 从句
Not all the new companies can succeed, 部分否定的常见结构
As Yufang puts it:“we are not making that much money yet,…” As Yufang puts it的用法
语法：构词法（Ⅰ）
◆ 复习本章要达到的目标
1. 掌握engineering；solar；significant；mankind；likely；economic；zone；hi-tech；private；overseas；technological；grasp；master；perfect；arrange；rely；failure；locate；valley；brand；luggage；achieve；breakthrough；set foot in；rely on；put forward等重点单词及短语的用法。
2. 掌握“It is likely that 从句”的用法；部分否定的四种常见结构；As Yufang puts it的用法
⊕教材知识归纳
◆知识归纳
1. Solar energy
energy
(1)活力,干劲
They are working with energy.
他们正在干劲十足地工作。
(2)精力,能力
Why are you always full of energy?
你为什么总是精力充沛呢？
They devoted all their energies to the job.
他们把自己的全部精力投入这项工作。
(3)能，能量atomic energy原子能
注意power force strength 的区别：
(1)power 指 "身体上、精神上或心理上的力量, 不管是表现出来的还是潜在的"
It's beyond his power. 这是他力所不及的。
The president has the power to veto bills.
总统有权否决议案。
She lost her power of speech.
她失去了说话的能力。
(2)force 指"武力,暴力;, 势力;威力; 复数形式可以指军队。"
The robber used force to get into the house.
强盗使用暴力强行进入住宅。
(3) strength体力；是内部的力，是在身体组织内存在的体力。表示精神力量时, 指"持久、坚定、无畏、坚韧等"
I haven't the strength to lift the table. 我没有力气抬这张桌子。

2. You and your team are working on a cure for AIDS.
work on／work at 的区别
(1)work on表示“从事”、“创作”、“进行”，后面接名词、代词或V-ing，强调做具体的事；还可表示“继续工作”、“努力说服”，既可作及物动词短语用，又可作不及物动词短语用。
Miss Liu is working on a new book．刘老师正在写一部新书。
We'll work on till midnight．我们将继续工作到午夜。
(2)work at表示“致力于”、“从事于”、“研究”、“学习”，后面接名词、代词或V-ing，强调把时间和精力等用在某一方面的事情上，侧重于说明所从事的工作性质。
Mr.Zhang is working at a new invention．张先生正从事于一项新的发明。
He has worked at this subject for many years．他研究这门学科已经好多年了。
3. I'd like...
本句型是should like或would like的缩略式，常用来表示“愿意”，尤其是礼貌地提出邀请或愿意提供帮助时。like后可接名词或带to的动词不定式，但不接动词-ing形式。主要有以下几种结构：
(1) would like to do sth愿意做某事
-- Would you like to go for a swim with me tomorrow ?
明天你愿意和我一起去游泳吗?
Yes, I'd love to. (to不能省略掉)
是的，我愿意去。
(2would like (sb.) to do sth.
I would like you to do it at once.
我想要你立刻去做这件事。
(3) would like sth. 要什么东西
Would you like some more soup?
你想再喝一些汤吗？
4. Whatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is 1ikely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing.
Likely的两种结构：
(1)be likely to do sth. 很可能(发生某种情况)
John is likely to be in London this autumn.
今年秋天约翰可能在伦敦。
(2)It is likely that + 从句
It is likely that we’ll finish the job ahead of time.
很可能我们提前完成工作。
likely，probable与possible:
(1) possible表示客观上潜在的可能性，也许实际发生的可能性并不大。possible一般不用表示人的词作主语，但若真的要用表示人的词作主语，possible后接不定式，这个不定式动作的逻辑宾语应是句子的主语，但此时的possible已经转意为“容易的”。常用结构有：
①It is possible（for sb）to do sth.
② It is possible that从句。
It is possible for us to get from Beijing to Tianjin in less than an hour.
我们有可能用不到1小时的时间就可从北京到达天津。
It is possible that I might be of some use in that part of work.
在做工作的那一部分时，我可能帮得上忙。
(2) probable表示有几分根据的推测，比possible表示的可能性大。换句话说，probable的“有可能”，是指有实际的依据或逻辑上合乎情理。一般不用表人的词作主语。常用结构有：
①Sth. is probable.
②It is probable that从句。
It is possible that it will rain, but with such a blue sky it doesn”t seem probable.
下雨的可能是有的，但天空一片蔚蓝，可能性似乎不大。
His success is not impossible but hardly probable.
他的成功并非是不可能的，但是希望极小。
(3)likely强调表面上看来有可能，与probable意思接近，有时可以互换，但likely常暗示从表面迹象来判断；probable则经过权衡正反两方面的理由后而相信某事是真实的或大概会发生。常用结构有：
①主语（人或物）is likely to do sth.
②It is likely that从句。
I’m hardly likely to finish it within a week.
我不可能在一周内把它干完。
It is very likely that he will not agree.
他很可能不同意。
5. Zhongguancun was set up as a special economic zone in the late 1990s and…
set up 的用法
①竖立,立起
A monument was set up in honour of those who laid down their life for their country.
为了纪念那些为祖国献身的勇士们一个纪念碑被竖起来。
②建立，成立
Edison set up a chemical lab of his own at the age of ten. 爱迪生10岁就建立了他自己的化学实验室。
③使(自己或他人)从事某职业 (as)
He has set himself up as a guide. 他开始做导游。
相关归纳：
(1)set off
①出发,动身
They set off in search of the lost child.
他们出发寻找失踪的孩子。
②使爆炸；燃放
On festivals people set off fireworks.
节假日的时候人们燃放焰火。
The slightest spark can set off the explosives stored here.
一点点火星就能够使储存在这里的火药爆炸。
(2)set out出发,动身
开始；着手做 (set out to do sth.)
He set out to paint the whole house but finished only the front part.
他开始着手粉刷整幢房子,可是只完成了前面的部分。
(3)set about着手(开始)做 (set about doing sth.)
He set about learning Chinese at age ten.
他在十岁时开始学中文。
She set about her housework straight after breakfast.
她早饭后立即着手料理家务。
(4)set aside留出,拨出
He set aside a little money each week.
他每周都留出一些钱备用。
(5)be set in
the novel was set in the 1990’s in South China.
他的小说的背景设置在20世纪90年代的华南。
(6)set foot in（on） 踏进，造访，进入
She swore she would never set foot in his house ever again.
她发誓不再进入他的房子。
The science park is also home to a growing number of overseas Chinese who have grasped the opportunity to develop their ideas at home.
grasp 的用法：
vt.
①抓牢;握紧;抱住
The little girl grasped her mother's arm.
小女孩抓住了她母亲的手臂。
②领会,理解
I don't grasp your meaning.
我不懂你的意思。
③急切地抓住(机会等)
You’d better grasp the chance to practice your English.
你最好抓住练习你英语的机会。
vi. 抓
He will grasp at anything that might help him achieve fame.
他会抢着做任何有助于他成名的事情。
n.
①抓,紧握;抱
He held my hand in a friendly grasp.
他友好地紧紧握着我的手。
②理解,领会
His ideas are beyond my grasp.
他的想法我不能理解。
③能力所及的限度;范围
Victory seemed within the team's grasp.
看来这个队胜利垂手可得。
④控制;支配;控制力
She is in the grasp of a wicked man.
她受到一个恶人的控制
6. When I got my master’s degree, I wanted to return home …
master 的用法：
n. 主人;雇主; 男教师; 能手,名家,大师; (常大写)硕士;硕士学位
The dog ran to its master.
那狗向它主人跑去。
The young writer learned a great deal from the works by masters in literature.
vt. 精通,掌握
Russian is a difficult language to master.
俄语是门难以精通的语言。
注意：学位的表示方法：
receive a Master’s/ bachelor’s/doctor’s degree in sth. 获得硕士、学士、博士学位。
7. …they helped arrange for his return.
arrange 的用法：
vt.
(1)整理;布置
She arranged the flowers in a vase.
她把花瓶里的花插好。
(2)安排;筹备
It was arranged that they should leave the following spring.
已安排他们于第二年春天离开。
I will arrange everything.
我会安排一切的。
vi. 作安排,作准备(arrange for sb. to do sth.安排某人做某事 )
Bill arranged for this man to come whenever needed.
比尔安排这人随叫随到。
8. I knew it was perfect for me.
perfect 的用法：
(1)完美的;理想的
Her acting is really perfect.
她的演技真到了炉火纯青的境界。
(2)精通的;娴熟的
Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧。
(3)对...最适当的(+for)
The weather is perfect for a garden party.
这是举行露天招待会的理想天气。
(4)完全的,十足的[B]
I have perfect trust in his judgment.
我完全相信他的判断。
vt.
1. 使完美;做完
She went to France to perfect her French.
她为提高法语水平曾去法国。
9. In 1995, the Chinese government put forward a plan for “rejuvenating the nation by relying on science and education”
put forward；提出；把...向前拨
He put forward a very good suggestion at the meeting.
他在会上提出了一个很好的建议。
You ought to put your watch forward ten minutes.
你应该把表朝前拨快十分钟。
相关归纳：
(1) put off 推迟;拖延;
Don't put off till tomorrow what can be done today.
今天可做的事不要拖到明天再做。
(2Put on上演,演出;穿上,戴上; 假装;夸大
She took off the old dress and put on a new one.
她脱下旧连衣裙,穿上一件新的。
(3)Put down放下; 写下;扑灭；批评;奚落;
Put the typewriter down here.
把打字机放在这儿。
Will you put down your address here?
把你的地址写在这儿好吗?
The firefighters managed to put down the rebellion.
消防队员成功地扑灭了反叛。
She always put down her boyfriend, but he didn't seem to mind.
她总爱奚落她的男朋友,但是他好像并不介意。
(4)Put out伸出; 熄灭; 使不方便,打扰
It's dangerous to put out your hand now.
现在你把手伸出去是危险的。
Put out the fire before going to bed.
睡觉之前先熄掉炉火。
Her parents felt put out when she brought some classmates to stay over.
她带一些同学回家过夜,她父母觉得不方便。
We felt put out by the guest's incessant requests.
客人不断的要求令我们觉得受打扰。
(5)put up 搭建；供给...住宿
They put up a tent by the fire.
他们在火堆旁搭起了一个帐篷。
We can put all of you up for the night.
我们可以安排你们所有人过夜。
(6)put aside 放在一旁；搁置；储蓄
He put aside his books. 他把他的书放在一旁。
I put aside 200 dollars every month.
我每月储蓄200美圆。
(7)put away 收起来；（为将来而）储蓄
I put away a little money away every month.
我每个月储存一点钱。
Let me just put these files away. 让我把这些文件收拾好。
(8)put through 顺利完成，接通电话
The project has been put through successfully.
那项计划已经大功告成。
Please put me through to Mr Brown. 请接布郎先生。
rely on 的用法
(1)依赖,依靠
You can't rely on the weather.
这天气可靠不住。
(2)信任
You may rely on me to help you.
你可以信赖我会帮助你的。
(3)rely on it that 从句
You can rely on it that he will help you.
你可以信赖他会帮助你的。
10. Not all the new companies can succeed,
部分否定的四种常见结构：
（1）Not +代词all/both等或形容词all/both/every +n+肯定的谓语+宾语：
Not all men can be masters. (= All men cannot be masters.)
并非人人都能当头头。
Not everyone likes this book.
并非人人都喜欢这本书。
（2）代词all/both等或形容词all/both/every + n +否定的谓语+宾语
Both (the) windows are not open.
两扇窗子并不都开着。
All that glitters is not gold.
并非所有发光的都是金子。
（3）一般意义的主语+否定的谓语+宾语（宾语为：代词all/both等或形容词all/both/every）
I don't want both the books.
我不是两本书都要。
I agree with most of what you said, but I don’t agree with everything you said.
我同意你说的大多数话，但是我并不同意你说的所有话。
（4）not + 副词（everywhere, always, necessarily, entirely, altogether, completely 和quite等）
This flower is not seen everywhere.
这花并不是随处可见的。
He is not always so sad.
他并不是一直都这样悲伤。
The businessman is never to be entirely trusted.
不可以完全信任商人。
He felt not altogether satisfied.
他并不完全满意。
I don't agree completely.
我并不完全同意。
What he did was not quite proper.
他做的不十分妥当。
全部否定
句子中以no, nobody, nothing, none, neither (not....either),never等来表示者,为全部否定的否定句.
(1)None of us is perfect.
没有人是完美的.
(2)I don't know either of his parents.
他父母我都不认识.
=I know neither of his parents.
(3)He has never been to the U.S.A before.
他从未去过美国.
双重否定
在一个句子中,同时出现两个否定词,表示肯定的句子.此类用法比用肯定句来表达时,语气较弱.
(1)I'm not saying that you are not equal to that job.
我并不是说你不适合那份工作.
(2)There is no smoke without fire.
无风不起浪.
(3)There is no one but loves his own child.=Everyone loves his own child.
没有人不爱自己的孩子.
其他惯用法
(1)not...until表示直到...才...的意思
We don't realize the importance of health until we lose it.
当我们失去健康时,才知其宝贵.
(2)cannot...too表愈...愈好;再...也不为过的意思
I can't emphasize that point too much.
I cannot overemphasize that point.
对那一点我再强调也不为过.
(3)There is no Ving...=It's impossible to V...
There is no knowing her secret.=It's impossible to know her secret.
他的秘密无法探知.
(4)It's no use +Ving...=It's useless to+V...
It's no use crying over spilt milk.=It's useless to cry over spilt milk.
覆水难收.
(5)never too...to表肯定的意思
One is never too old to learn.
活到老,学到老.
(6)not so much...as...表与其...不如...
He is not so much a dancer as an artist.
He is less a dancer than an artist.
He is more an artist than a dancer.
与其说他是舞蹈家,不如说他是艺术家.
(7)He seldom if ever makes a blunder.
他难得犯错,即使有也很少犯大错.
(8)He is the last man that I want to see.
他是我最不愿意见到的人.
注意：:the last man在此句中有否定含义,不可译成最后一人.
11. As Yufang puts it:“we are not making that much money yet,…”
put it叙述，表达
As Lucretius put it,“what is food to one man may be fierce to others.”
正如罗切斯所说：“对于一个人可能是美食的东西，对于其他人可能是毒药。”
I want to say I love her, but I don’t know how to put it.
我想说我爱她，但我不知道要怎么开口。
To put it briefly, I don’t like you.
简单地说，我不喜欢你。
Let me put it in another way.
让我换个方式来说明。
12. …support it with strong arguments.
support 的用法：
vt.
(1)支撑,支托,扶持
The old man entered the room supported by his grandson.
老人由孙子扶着进了房间。
(2)支持,拥护,赞成;资助
They supported the Democratic Party.
他们支持民主党。
(3)抚养,赡养
He has a large family to support.
他要抚养一大家人。
(4)为...提供证据,证实
Can you give some examples to support your assumption?
你能举几个例子来证实你的假设吗?
◆ 概念提示
重点/热点1：Zhongguancun has had a positive effect on business as well as science.
also；as well；as well as；either, too
(1)also用于肯定句，常放在句中，位于系动词或助动词之后，谓语动词之前。
John also plays the piano．约翰也弹钢琴。
His wife went abroad last year and he will also go abroad．他妻子去年出国，他也要出国。
(2)as well用于肯定句，一般放在句末。
He speaks French，and English as well．他既能说法语，也能说英语。
(3)too和as well一样，用于肯定句中，一般放在句末，但too可以紧接在主语后面，在“简略答语”里用于宾格代词之后。
I，too，will help you．我也要帮助你。
—I want to eat an apple．我想吃个苹果。
—Me too．我也想吃。
(4)either用于否定句中，一般放在句末，肯定句变否定句时，其中的also和too等要改成either。
I don't watch TV，either．我也没看电视。
He won't go，either．他也不会去。
（5）as well as是并列连词，意为“不仅……，而且……”。“既……，又……”。
He gave me help as well as advice.
她给了我帮助，还向我提了建议。
易混易错点1： likely；maybe; perhaps；possibly；probably; may be
(1)likely 或许,通常与most very连用.
(2)probably很可能地、大概地”，相当于likely。但likely比probably语气强，而且likely还可以作形容词，用于be likely to do和be likely that clause句型中，而probably则不行。
(3)possibly 或许,常和can, may等情态动词连用, 比probably的语气弱得多.  
(4)may be 其中may是情态动词, 而be是实义动词. 这个词组可做谓语, 仅能够修饰句子或是动词什么的.
(5)maybe或许, 比perhaps普通, 但不够庄重.
(6)perhaps 也许, 是也许如此也许不如此的意思, 大体和possibly 同义. 而possible是个形容词,与以上的词不具有可比性.
We will most likely be late.
我们很有可能会迟到。
Maybe it was useful for some people.
也许那对一些人有益。
Perhaps we'll pay a visit to Nanjing next week.
下周我们可能去南京参观。
He will possibly agree with what I said.
他可能会同意我的观点。
You can't possibly walk 20 miles in an hour.
你一小时无论如何也走不了20英里。
They are probably at home now.
们现在很可能在家。
⊕讲题组
◆课内题例与课后题：
课内题例
1. It's quite ____ that a decision will be made before the end of the year.
A. possibly B. probably
C. likely D. maybe
变式1. Tom is very clever and works hard. He will succeed in passing the exam______.
A. possibly B. probably
C. perhaps D. maybe
解析：考查一组形容词与副词的搭配与辨析。A、B、D三项都是副词，不能用于It's
+ adj. + that-clause中。答案：C
变式1. probably“很可能地、大概地”，可能性最大，相当于likely。答案：B
2. You can take anything from the shelf and read, but please ______ the books when you’ve finished with them.
A. put on B. put down
C. put back D. put off
变式1. Before the war broke out, many people ______ in safe places possessions they couldn’t take with them.
A. threw away B. put away
C. gave D. carried away
变式2. Most people didn’t accept the theory when it was first _____.
A. set about　　 B. set off　　　　 C. put forward　　 D. put out
解析：2. 本题考查由put构成的词组,put back放回去;put on穿上，挂起来；put down放下，记下；put off表示延期，使（乘客）下车等。答案：C
变式1. 本题考查动词短语。战争爆发前，人们会把带不走的财产放在安全的地方。故此处填“把……收起来放好”，put away正是此意。throw away扔掉，放弃；gave away放弃、储蓄；carry away带走。这三项均不符合语境。答案：B
变式2. put forward 提出；本句意思是“这个理论当初提出时，多数人不能接受”。 答案 C
3. It’s ten years since the scientist ____ on his life’s work of discovering the valuable chemical.
A. made for　　　　 B. set out　　　　 C. took off　　　　 D. turned up
变式1. after the discussion, we set about _____ the problem.
A. settling B. to settle C. settle D. settled
解析：分析 B 表示开始着手做某事。答案 B
变式1. set about doing sth. 表示开始着手做某事。答案 A
4. I haven't seen of her films, but judging from the one I have seen I think she's a promising actress.
A. any B. both C. none D. either
变式1. Some friends tried to settle the quarrel between Mr. and Mrs. Brown without hurting the feeling of , but faile