英语科技论文摘要写作市公开课一等奖百校联赛特等奖课件.pptx

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语科技论文摘要写作,科技论文框架,标题,书写格式,注意事项,摘要,长短,内容,特点,注意事项,句子结构,惯用句型,第1页,科技论文标准框架,标题,Title,作者,Authors and their companies,摘要,Abstract,关键词,Key words,引言,Introduction,试验,Experiments,结果与讨论,Results and analysis,结论,Conclusion,致谢,Acknowledgment,参考文件,Reference,第2页,标题（,TITLE,）,书写格式,:,1.,开头第一个字母大写，专有名词大写，其余全部小写。,Overview of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in slurry reactors,Steam reforming of hydrocarbon fuels,第3页,2.,开头及每个实词开头字母大写，,5,个字母介词、连词第一个字母大写,Marco-kinetics of Vinyl Acetate Synthesis over a New Type Hollow Cylindrical Catalyst,Petrochemical Coke Combustion and Catalytic Reaction Mechanism,第4页,3.,全部字母大写,RUNAWAY PHENOMENON FOR PARALLEL REACTIONS IN FIXED BED CATALYTIC REACTORS,PHASE EQUILIBRIA BETWEEN FLUOROTHENE,（聚三氟氯乙烯）,AND ORGANIC SOLVENTS,第5页,第,1,、,2,种形式最惯用，普遍用于各种刊物和文摘杂志。,普通主张采取第,1,种形式，可读性较强。,第,3,种形式普通用于计算机检索系统，比较难读。,第6页,普通标题多带有,“,研究,”,、,“,试验,”,、,“,初探,”,、,“,初报,”,、,“,效果,”,、,“,影响,”,等等。,e.g.,Study of,Study on,Experiments of,Experimental study of,Effect of on,An preliminary report of,第7页,注意事项：,1.,标题不宜太长，也不宜太短,标题太长易显繁琐，不易引发读者兴趣，太短则易流于笼统、空泛甚至含糊。,普通不超出,20,个词，控制在,12,个词左右为宜。,英美科技期刊要求题目不超出,12,个词或,100,个字符（包含间隔在内）。,第8页,Solubility Studies(,太笼统）,Solubility of Fluorothene,（含糊）,A Study of the Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Some Solvents Such as Dibuty/Phthalate and Chlorotrifluoroethylene at Elevated Temperature,(,冗长、繁琐）,Phase Equilibria Between Fluorothene and Organic Solvents,（简明、详细）,p,hthalate,邻苯二甲酸酯,chlorotrifluoroethylene,三氟氯乙烯,第9页,假如一个短标题不足以概括文章内容，可考虑增加副标题，二者之间用冒号分开。,假如是系列文章，可采取多报形式。,e.g.,Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia synthesis catalyst.,I.Determination of shape factor,Study on engineering parameters of A301 ammonia synthesis catalyst.,II.Experimental measurement of fix-bed heat-transfer parameters,第10页,2.,采取名词短语作标题。,不使用句子或不定式短语，普通也不使用介词短语，不出现从句。,An exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate,（繁琐）,Introduce the exploration and study of the production methods of industrial cupric sulfate,（祈使句）,Methods of producing of industrial cupric sulfate,第11页,3.,标题必须包含主要关键词。,标题主要目标,吸引可能读者,帮助检索,所以标题一定要包含一些关键词，应该尽可能多提供计算机题目检索所需要信息。,第12页,4.,标题中开头冠词能够省去,(The),application of microprocessors on processing of chemical heat-treatment,5.,标题中全部术语都应该拼写，而不要用俗语、符号、公式、略语以及缩写词；,在可能情况下，能够用词汇，就不要用带有上标、下标或其它符号表示式；,不要引用企业名称、特定商标，或者化学品、药品、材料及仪器品牌。,第13页,6.,防止使用以下写法（,19,世纪或更早标题中常出现）,：,Some Thoughts on,A Few Observations on,Some Studies on,第14页,摘要（,ABSTRACT,）,一篇论文或专著摘要，不论是自写还是他写，统称为,abstract,，尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用,abstract,这个术语，在论文题目下也一律用这个词。,summary,现在更多是用于对文章主要内容作再一次扼要陈说，放在文章结尾，目标是为已经读过正文读者归纳出方向性结论，所以也可称为小结。,第15页,摘要长短,摘要普通不宜过长，多在,100,150,词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度,1,5,。,华东理工大学要求：,学士学位论文摘要最少,500,印刷符号，硕士学位论文摘要,250,词，博士学位论文摘要,500,词。,第16页,摘要写作内容,The Abstract should,(1)state the principal,objective and scope,of the investigation,(2)describe the,methods,employed,(3)summarize the,results,，,(4)state the principal,conclusions,.,The abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.,第17页,研究目标和范围,研究方法,研究结果,作者对研究主要结论,第18页,四段式,现在有些杂志明确地提出,“,结构化摘要,”,，整篇摘要分为四段，其标题为：,Background,（,or Objective,）,Methods,Results,Conclusion,。,优点,:,精练,有利于检索、编排,使摘要写作规范化,更方便,确保其内容完整无缺,第19页,这种格式要求很有可能成为一个普遍规范,.,即使有些杂志并不要求写出如此完整格式，,在撰写摘要时，不妨以此为准绳。,第20页,摘要,写作特点,谓语动词很简单而句子其余成份十分复杂。,使用不提及人陈说句。,经常以第三人称作为主语。以一个主题句开头，能够用主动态，主语为,“,作者、本文、本文目标,”,等。也可用被动态，句尾普通不加,“,in this paper,”,时态可用普通现在时、普通过去时、现在完成时。,第21页,摘要写作注意事项,首先写正确句子,语法一定要正确。,深入写地道句子,熟悉惯用固定句型，注意积累句型。,用,“,稳重,”,规范词汇,从词汇方面突出科技英语正式、庄重语体特征。,必须浓缩或改写原文句子。,第22页,同时摘要写作还应该注意,简明扼要,（,conciseness,）,:,去除文件中次要材料或辅助细节。,客观公正,（,objectivity,）,:,摘要中不应有原文中没有信息资料。,全方面完整,（,completeness,）,:,要包含主题思想，主要资料，结论或提议。,第23页,摘要句子结构,1.,研究目标和范围（主题句）,谓语动词：惯用表示研究、讨论、提供、描述、取得等意义动词，如,：,be described,be obtained,be outlined,be given,be presented,be proposed,第24页,动词时态：惯用三种时态,普通现在时、普通过去时、现在完成时,普通现在时：,Water requirements for construction and operation of a 950 MW nuclear power plant,are estimated,.,第25页,普通过去时：,Baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic fluidized bed reactor,were examined experimentally.,现在完成时：,A comparison of air pollution levels with that of other European countries,has been made,.,第26页,动词语态：多用被动语态,A new computer aided design method,is presented,(in this paper,普通不用,）,.,This paper,presents,a new computer aided design method.,惯用第一个句型,第27页,Selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air,were studied,over a commercial,fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide catalyst.,This article,studies,the selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air over a commercial,fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide catalyst.,第28页,主题句惯用句型,the principle of is outlined,the apparatus for is described,the use of is addressed,the mechanism of is examined,the analysis of was carried out,the dependence ofwas established,an account ofis given,automation of is discussed,第29页,2.,研究方法,谓语动词时态：,标准方法、标准设备,普通现在时,非标准方法、自建设备,普通过去时,谓语动词语态：,方法、步骤,被动语态,设备,主动语态,第30页,The powdered rapeseed,was extracted,simultaneously by two immiscible solvents with different polarity.,Kinetic parameters,were estimated,using a multiresponse,nonlinear regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects.,第31页,The circulating fluidized bed reactor or riser,was,102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height.,The test section,was,a horizontal double tube heat exchanger of 2,000mm in length with an entrance section of 800mm in length.,第32页,3.,研究结果,谓语动词时态,在叙述研究结果或对结果作总结时，因为所述内容是过去事件事实，所以通常采取,普通过去时态,。,表示研究过程中得到含有普遍性结果，可用,普通现在时,。,由数学模型和理论推到得到结果，往往用,普通现在时,。,第33页,谓语动词语态：,能够采取被动语态或主动语态,取决于句子强调内容及主语部分长度。,因为结果部分焦点是结果本身，所以在介绍研究结果时，最好把名词短语作为主语，此时句子采取被动语态。,名词短语作为主语很长时，会使整个句子出现不平衡、不自然结构，此时宜采取主动语态。,第34页,Axial dispersion coefficients,E,were found,to be 10-20 times higher than the values in systems with uniform densities.,E,decreased,with increasing agitation to 30%of the value with no agitation.,The results obtained,demonstrate,that the above equation holds for all cases.,第35页,The measured temperatures along the heat pipe,were,all highly consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model.,It is found that,the enhancement factor increased after more heat flux was added.,The results showed,that,the power throughput of the condenser increased much slower than that of the evaporator.,第36页,4.,主要结论,指出研究结果实际应用（普通现在时，情态动词,may,might,),Different of these properties between liquid and vapor phase,may be useful,for various control means such as oil level or liquid level controls,measurements of oil contents.,第37页,The results of this study,may lead to,the development of effective methods for measuring the air velocity in various shapes of ducts.,The technique presented here,should be useful,in producing ethanol from corn kernels,.,用,should,，表示作者对自己研究应用价值相当必定。,第38页,对深入研究方向或新研究题目做出提议（普通现在时，情态动词,Would,、,could,或,should,）,Another interesting topic,would be,to examine how learning outcomes are related to concept attainment,（心理学术语：概念取得）,.,Future research,could explore,the possibility to apply in chaos theory analysis.,第39页,A further experiment,should be conducted,with a more sophisticated measuring system.,Further research,should focus on,doubling or tripling the conversion efficiency of commercial plants,reducing costs further,and resolving issues related to biomass residual ash.,用,should,，表示比较强烈提议。,第40页,指出研究方法限制及可能产生影响,The method presented here,is,accurate,but cannot be implemented in real time applications.,The proposed model,is based on,three simplifying assumptions.,Tests with other kinds of lubricates,might yield,different results.,第41页,摘要类型,按对原文压缩程度，摘要普通分为三类：,指示性或说明性摘要,（,indicative or descriptive abstract,）,资料性或报道性摘要,（,informative abstract,）,报道指示性摘要）,（,informative-indicative abstract,）,第42页,指示性摘要,指示性摘要,（,indicative or descriptive abstract,），,也称说明性摘要，只向读者指出文件主要内容是什么，主要概括论文包括范围、研究方向和研究目标，方便读者决定是否有必要阅读全文。所以，,说明性摘要篇幅较短，普通词数在,50,词以内。,这类摘要主是泛泛叙述，不包括实责问题，所以,普通在科研论文中不予使用,，,只登载在文件索引这类期刊中，也可用于讨论性文章、综述性文章、图书或一些会议论文集,。,第43页,Descriptive abstract,1.Tell readers what information the report,article,or paper contains;,2.Include the purpose,methods,and scope of the report,article,or paper;,3.Do not provide results,conclusions,or recommendations;,4.Are always very short,usually under 50 words;,5.Introduce the subject to readers,who must then read the report,article,or paper to find out the authors results,conclusions,or recommendations.,第44页,Sample 1,This paper presents an analysis of principles of magnetic refrigeration with application to air conditioning.A comparison with conventional evaporation-condensation gas cycle device is presented.Conclusion concerning the applicability of magnetic refrigeration to air conditioning are made.,Cooling water requirements in the petroleum refining,oil shale retorting,coal liquefaction,and coal gasification industries are described.,第45页,资料性摘要,资料性摘要（,informative abstract,）,是原文内容关键点总结，尽可能多而完整地报道原文件中详细内容，包括论文主题范围、研究对象（装置、流程、工艺、材料等）及原理、所使用研究伎俩和方法、主要研究结果和结论、以及提议等方面内容，并列出主要数据、公式、图表。,反应论文基本面貌，普通情况下能够代替阅读论文全文。,这类摘要适合用于研究或试验汇报、研究论文及专题论文。这类文摘篇幅稍长，但不应超出正文,10,。普通为,100,250,词，多者可达,500,词,1000,词。,第46页,Informative Abstract,Communicate specific information from the report,article,or paper;,Include the purpose,methods,and scope of the report,article,or paper;,Provide the report,article,or papers results,conclusions,and recommendations;,Are short.Usually informative abstract are 10%or less of the length of the original piece;,Allow readers to decide whether they want to read the report,article,or paper.,第47页,Sample 2,Field experience with several industrial reciprocating plate liquid-liquid extraction columns indicated that large density gradients in the continuous phase resulted in excessive backmixing.Since there are no published data on the effect of higher density in the upper section compared to lower density in the bottom section of the column,experiments were performed with the calcium chloride brine-water system in a 76.2 mm diameter reciprocating plate column.,第48页,Axial dispersion coefficients,E,were found to be 10-20 times higher than the values in systems with uniform densities.E decreased with increasing agitation to 30%of the value with no agitation.The effect of increasing flow rate of water up the column was to increase both E and the Peclet number.E was correlated with the density difference between any point in the column and tap water.Another correlation was obtained showing the effects of buoyant and mechanical energy input on axial dispersion,第49页,Sample 3,Selective oxidation kinetics of n-butane to maleic anhydride in air were studied over a commercial,fixed-bed vanadium-phosphor oxide catalyst.The temperature range was 573-653 K with butane concentrations up to 3 mol%in the feed,which is within flammability limits but below ignition temperatures.,The rate data were modeled using power low kinetics with product inhibition and included total oxidation and decomposition reactions.Kinetic parameters were estimated using a multiresponse,nonlinear regression algorithm showing intercorrelation effects.The kinetics were combined with,independent,第50页,measurements of catalyst diffusivity and reactor heat transfer using a one-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model.Model predictions and observed temperatures and concentrations from non-isothermal pilot plants compared up to 115 days on stream.Agreement was acceptable with inlet butane concentrations up to 2.7 mol%.For example,runaway was predicted at a temperature 3 K higher than observed.Effectiveness factors around the hot spot were estimated at o.6 with catalyst surface temperature 2-3 K higher than average gas temperature.,第51页,报道指示性摘要,对文件中基本内容作较为详尽报道性介绍，对其它部分则作指示性表述。,以最短篇幅传递最大信息量。,第52页,Sample 4,Baffle effects on the performance of a catalytic fluidized bed reactor were examined experimentally.The circulating fluidized bed reactor or riser was 102 mm in diameter and 6.32 m in height.Reaction was the catalytic decomposition of ozone using FCC particles with a mean diameter of 89 um,impregnated with ferric oxide as catalyst.Four ring-type baffles,mounted horizontally around the riser wall,were used in this study.Ozone concentrations were measured in both,第53页,axial and radial directions under various operating conditions in a riser with baffles,the ozone concentration in the radial direction was more uniform and the ozone conversion was higher than that in a riser without baffles except at the lowest gas velocity used.A mathematical model developed accounted for the gas-phase ozone conversion under various operating conditions.The gas-solid contact efficiency in the riser was discussed in light of the model.,第54页,本课程要求摘要写作内容,The Abstract should,(1)state the principal,objective and scope,of the investigation,(2)describe the,methods,employed,(3)summarize the,results,，,(4)state the principal,conclusions,.,The abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper.,第55页,研究目标和范围,研究方法,研究结果,作者对研究主要结论,第56页,（研究目和范围）A new method for preparation of biodiesel directly from rapeseed oil was studied.（实验方法）The powdered rapeseed was extracted simultaneously by two immiscible solvents.In this experiment methanol-additive-water and ligarine(petroleum ether)were used.The ligarine extract(rapeseed oil containing phase)was reacted with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst to form biodiesel.,SAMPLE,第57页,（试验结果）,It was found that the yield of glycerol,which can be considered as equivalent to the yield of triglyceride,was up to 98.2%under the temperature of 60 for 120min when the proportion of sodium hydroxide was 1.1%,and the molar ratio of methanol to oil 9:1.,（结论）,This method is simple and may lead to the reduction of energy consumption and process cost.,第58页,