高考非谓语-动词不定式用法小结.doc

动词不定式用法小结与第一单元重点词汇
动词不定式用法小结
    动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to＋动词原形”，其中to不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。
一. 作主语  例如：
    To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。
    To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。
    动词不定式（短语）作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语－－动词不定式（短语）放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为：
    It is hard to be a doctor.
    It is not easy to learn English well.
    如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介词for引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。例：
    It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning.对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。
    It is important for students to use English every day.对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。
    二. 作表语：
    动词不定式（短语）作表语常用于系词be的后面。例：
    His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。
    My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物。
    Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。
    三. 作宾语
    动词不定式（短语）可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin,start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例：
    They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。
    Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow? 明天和我们一起去野餐好吗？
    （1）如果and连接两个动词不定式，第二个动词不定式一般省“to”例：
   He wants to go and have a swim with us. 他想和我们一起去游泳。
   （2）若作宾语的动词不定式（短语）很长，可用it作形式宾语。
    I find it interesting to learn English with you. 我觉得和你一起学英语很有趣。
    He found it hard to catch up with others. 他觉得赶上别人很困难。
    四. 作宾语补足语。
    The teacher asked us to read English for half an hour in the morning 老师让我们早晨读半小时英语。
    The teacher often tells Jim not to spend too much time playing computer games.
Please let me help you.  让我来帮助你。
    动词不定式作宾语补足语，表示宾语所做的动作，可以用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：tell, ask, want, like, invite, encourage, help等。
但在let, make, see, watch, hear, feel, notice, have等感官听觉动词或使役动词后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式一般要省略动词不定式符号“to”，可以归纳为以下三种句式：
  1.不可以省to的不定式作宾语补足语：
    tell /ask / want / would like / wish / like / invite /encourage /teach sb. to do sth.
    例：    I want you to go now.  我想让你现在就走。
    Her parents wish her to be a teacher. 她父母亲希望她当老师。
  2.省“to”的不定式作宾语补足语：
    1）Let / make / have sb. do sth.
    Let the boy go out now. 让那个男孩出去。
    The boy made the baby cry. 男孩弄哭了这个小孩。
    2）see / watch / hear / notice / feel sb. do sth.
    I saw the students play basketball on the playground yesterday. 昨天我看见学生们在操场打篮球。
    I often hear the girl sing in the next room. 我经常听到女孩在隔壁唱歌。
  3） would rather，had better句型后
4） Why… / why not…句型后
5） but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
　　 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。

3.可省可不省的：
    1）help sb. （to）do sth. I often help my mother （to）do housework. 我经常帮妈妈做家务。
    2）由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
3）通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时，可以省去to be。例如：　
He is supposed （to be） nice.　他应该是个好人。
*动词不定式的否定式是直接在to之前加not. 例：
   Tell them not to play football in the street. 告诉他们不要在街道上踢足球。
   省to的动词不定式的否定式是直接在动词前面加not. 例：  Let the boy not go. 让那个男孩别走。
    如果将主动语态变为被动语态时，作宾语补足语的动词不定式变为主语补足语，动词不定式则不省“to”，即原来省的再加上，例：
    The boy made the baby cry.
    The baby was made to cry by the boy. 那个孩子被男孩弄哭了。
    五. 动词不定式作定语
    动词不定式作定语常用来修饰名词或不定代词，放于所修饰的词后，为后置定语。例：
    Who was the first one to arrive?   谁第一个到的？
    She has no paper to write on?  她没有纸写字？
    The best way to learn English is to use it. 学英语最好的方法是使用它。
    When is the best time to plant vegetables?   什么时候是种植蔬菜的最好时间？
    Do you have something to drink?  你这有喝的吗？
    *动词不定式（短语）作定语修饰名词时，与其所修饰的词具有一种动宾关系，如果不定式中的动词为不及物动词时，其后应加上一个含义上所需要的介词。例：
    I have no chair to sit on.我没有椅子坐。
    He has no house to live in. 他没有房子住。
    六. 动词不定式作状语
动词不定式作目的状语常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do,　so as to do,　so（such）… as to…（如此…以便…）
    He went to see his sister yesterday. 他昨天去看妹妹了。
    They got up early to catch the early bus. 他们早起去赶早班车。
   动词不定式作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么
    七. 不定式和疑问词连用，可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语等。例：
    The problem is where to get a computer. （表语）
    No one knows how to do it. 没有人知道如何做这件事。（宾）
    I really don’t know which one to choose. （宾）我真的不知道选哪一个。
    When and where to have the party is not known. （主语）何时何地举行联欢还不知道。
    *不定式和疑问词连用作宾语时有时可以改为宾语从句。例：
    I don’t know what to do next.我不知下一步该做什么？
    I don’t know what I should do next.

注意：It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
这样的句子中，由于表语形容词性质的不同，导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：
　　 It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如：
　　 It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法：
　　用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如：
　　 You are nice.　（通顺，所以应用of）。
　　 He is hard.　 （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）
用作介词的to
to 可以用作介词，也可用作不定式的标示。下面的to 都用作介词：
admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to开始
look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to

    一. 选择填空：
    1. He asked me ________ here earlier.  A. come         B. to come             C. coming             D. came
2. Please tell him _______ on the wall. A. don’t draw        B. to not draw        C. not to draw              D. not draw
3. He wanted ________ a cup of tea. A. to have              B. having        C. have          D. had
4. I’d like ________ a word with you. A. had            B. having        C. to have              D. have
5. I came here _______ my uncle. A. saw           B. to see         C. seeing        D. to be seen
 6. The man refused （拒绝）________ back his words.  A. to take              B. taking         C. took           D. takes
  7. I can let you ________ one ticket.  A. to have              B. have           C. having        D. had
  8. We often heard him _________ in his room.    A. to sing              B. sings          C. sang          D. sing
  9. He was made ________ day and night.    A. work         B. working            C. to work             D. worked
  10. He stopped ______ a look, but saw nothing.    A. having        B. to have              C. have          D. had
  11. My father was too angry _________ a word.    A. to say        B. not to say          C. to saying           D. didn’t say
  12. My brother was old enough ________ to school.  A. went          B. goes           C. going         D. to go
  13. It is time _____ him _____ supper.    A. of, to have         B. for, to have        C. of, having          D. for, to has
  14. It’s very kind _______ you ______ me.    A. of, to help         B. for, to help         C. of, help             D. of, helping
  15. It’s important ____ our classroom clean every day.    A. kept           B. to keep              C. to give              D. keep
  16. Before liberation （解放）they had no chance ___ to school.    A. went       B. go        C. to go        D. to be gone
  17. He said he had an important meeting ________. A. attend        B. would attend          C. attending        D. to attend
  18. Please give me a piece of paper ________. A. to write             B. to write on         C. writing              D. to write it
    19. I don’t know _______.  A. what do            B. what will do              C. what to do         D. do what
    20. Your radio needs ________. A. to be repaired     B. to repair            C. repaired             D. to repairing
  21. My wish is ________ a teacher.  A. becoming          B. to become         C. become             D. became
  22. I want ________ him a letter now.  A. to write             B. not write           C. write          D. wrote
  23. It took us three days _________ the trees.    A. plant          B. planted              C. to plant             D. plants
  24. Why not ______ here ____ me?    A. to come, to see      B. come, to see       C. came, seeing       D. come, see
  25. He wishes me__my best__ hard at English.  A. to do, to work   B. doing, working    C. to do, working   D. do, work
  26. Please tell me ________ her. I have something _______ her.
     A. where to find, telling         B. where to find, to tell C. where can find, to tell        D. where finding, telling
  27. How happy they are ______ each other again!
    A. to see         B. see             C. saw           D. being seen
  28. They decided （决心）_______ a letter ______ their thanks.
    A. to write, expressing（表达）  B. writing, express    C. write, expressed    D. to write, to express
  29. The officer ordered （命令）him _______ down _________ a rest.
    A. lying, have    B. to lie, to have     C. to lie, having     D. lie, had
  30. The headmaster called on （号召）us ______ hard for our country.
    A. to work             B. worked             C. work         D. to working

4. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ______.
　　A. not to 　　B. not to do 　　C. not do it 　　D. do not to
5. Mrs Smith warned her daughter ________ after drinking.
　　A. never to drive　　　　B. to never drive 　　C. never driving　　　　 D. never drive
6. The patient was warned _______ oily food after the operation.
　　A. to eat not　　 B. eating not 　　C. not to eat　　 D. not eating
7. The workers want us ________ together with them.
　　A. work　　 B. working 　　C. to work　　 D. worked
8. They would not allow him ________ across the enemy line.
　　A. to risk going 　 B. risking to go C. for risk to go　　 D. risk going
9. I saw him _______ out of the room.
　　A. go 　　B. had gone 　　C. has gone 　　D. goes
10. They knew her very well. They had seen her _______ up from childhood.
　　A. grow　　 B. grew 　　C. was growing 　　D. to grow
11. I’ve heard him _______ about you often.
　　A. spoke　　 B. speaks 　　C. speak
12. Though he had often made his little sister _____, today he was made _____by his little sister.
　　A. cry；to cry　　B. crying；crying C. cry；cry　　　D. to cry；cry
13. He was made _________.
　　A. go 　　B. gone 　　C. going 　　D. to go
14. John was made _______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
　　A. to wash　　 B. washing 　　C. wash　　 D. to be washing
15. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______. He always works hard.
　　A. learn　　 B. to learn 　　C. learned　　 D. learning
16. There’re so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind _____ to buy.
　　A. what 　　B. which 　　C. how 　　D. where
17. There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know _________.
　　A. where to choose　 B. which to choose 　　C. to choose what 　 D. to choose which
18. “ Have you decided when ________?” “ Yes, tomorrow morning.”
　　A. to leave　　　　B. to be leaving C. will you leave　 D. are you leaving
19. Last summer I took a course on ________.
　A. how to make dresses　B. how dresses be made C. how to be made dresses　 D. how dresses to be made
20. He doesn’t know ______ to stay or not.
　　A. whether 　　B. if 　　C. either　　 D. if he will
21. She pretended _______ me when I passed by.
　　A. not to see　　B. not seeing C. to not see　　　　 D. having not seen
22. --- The light in the office is still on. --- Oh, I forgot _______.
　　A. turning it off　　　　 B. turn it off 　C. to turn it off 　　　　D. having turned it off
23. We agreed _________ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
　　A. having met 　　B. meeting 　　C. to meet　　 D. to have met
24. Little Jim should love _______ to the theatre this evening.
　　A. to be taken　　 B. to take 　　C. being taken　　 D. taking
25. I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
　　A. to go 　　B. to have gone 　　C. going 　　D. having gone
26. Frank is the kind of person who people like to ________.
　　A. make friend with 　　　　B. make friends of 　C. make friends　 D. make friends with
27. Go on ________ the other exercise after you have finished this one.
　　A. to do 　　B. doing 　　C. with 　　D. to be doing
28. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _______ on a big rock by the side of the path.
　　A. to have rested　　 B. resting 　　C. to rest 　　D. rest
29. Tom kept quiet about the accident ________ lose his job.
　　A. so not as to 　　　　 B. so as not to 　C. so as to not 　　　　D. not so as to
30. I need a day or two ________.
　　A. to think it over　　 B. to think over 　　C. of thinking
31. He was too excited _________.
　　A. speak 　　B. to speak 　　C. not to speak　　 D. speaking
32. Charles Babbage is generally considered ________ the first computer.
　　A. to invent　　　 B. inventing 　C. to have invented　　　 D. having invented
33. He said he would rather not _______ it right now.
　　A. doing 　　B. to do 　　C. do 　　D. to be doing
34. Rather than _______ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _______ a bicycle.
　　A. ride； ride 　 B. riding； ride C. ride； to ride　　D. to ride； riding
35. It’s freezing outside. You _______ put on your overcoat.
　　A. had better to 　　　　B. had better 　　C. would better　　　D. would better to
36. The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _______.
　　A. sit 　　B. sit on 　　C. be sit 　　D. be sat on
37. I’m hungry. Get me something _________.
　　A. eat 　　B. to eat 　　C. eating 　　D. for eating
38. --- I usually go there by train.
　　　　--- Why not _______ by boat for a change?
　　A. to try going 　　　　 B. trying to go C. to try and go 　　　　D. try going
39. She did nothing _______ at the photo.
　　A. except look　　　B. but to look 　　C. except to look　　　　 D. but looking
40. I asked him to _______ me a few minutes so that we could go over all the problems.
　　A. spend 　　B. spare 　　C. save 　　D. share
41. They won’t let their teacher _______ in that way.
　　A. to be treated　　　 B. being treated C. treated　　　　　D. be treated
42. John, you must get your room ________ after breakfast.
　　A. to be cleaned　　　　 B. to clean 　　C. cleaning　　　　　　　D. cleaned
43. The problem _______ at tomorrow’s meeting is a very difficult one.
　　A. being discussed　　B. discussed C. to be discussed　　　D. to discuss
44. He reached the station _____ only _____ that the train had just left.
　　A. tired； learned　B. tiring； learning 　C. to tire； to learn　　 D. tired； to learn
45. --- Did that book give the information you needed?
　　　　--- Yes, but ______, we had to read it almost entirely.
　　A. for finding it　　　　 B. to find it C. finding it 　　D. by finding it
46. I’m sorry I forgot ______your dictionary. Let’s borrow one from Li Ming.
　　A. to take 　　B. taking 　　C. to bring 　　D. bringing
47. She couldn’t decide which restaurant _______.
　　A. to have lunch　　　　 B. to eat 　　C. to eat at 　　　　　　D. eating at
48. This problem is said _____ three times.
　　A. to have been talked　 B. to have discussed C. having been discussed D. to have been talked about
49. Everybody believed the man ______ away the diamond ring.
　　A. be taken　　 B. taking 　　C.