英语学习中的六种基本句型结构.doc

英语学习中的六种基本句型结构
句型1： Subject (主语) ＋ Verb (谓语动词)
这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词如： work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：
　　1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。
　　2) The little girl cried even harder. 小女孩哭得更厉害了。
　　3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。

句型2：Subject (主语) ＋ Link. V(系动词) ＋ Predicate(表语)
复合谓语　这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：
　(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, remain, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep, feel等。如：
　　 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。
　　 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。
　(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：
　　 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.
　　 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。
　　 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.
　　 这棵树比以前长得高多了。

三、句型3：Subject(主语) ＋ Verb (谓语动词) ＋ Object (宾语)
　这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：
　　1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。
2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)
当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。
3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）
她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。
　　4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。
※ 只能跟不定式作宾语的动词：want, hope, expect, intend, demand, plan, decide, determine, promise, agree, refuse, prepare, manage, set out等。
初中英语教材里后接动名词和不定式作宾语的动词
一、有些动词只能接不定式做宾语。例如：
help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，learn，plan，manage，agree，
fail，offer，happen，seem等等。
例如： He refused to speak on the radio.

二、有些动词或短语只接动名词做宾语：
mind，finish，enjoy，suggest，consider，miss，keep(on)，avoid避开，躲开，stand(忍受)，
allow ，practicegive up，put off，look forward to期待，期望，feel like想要做某事，
prevent…from，阻止can't help禁不住，不由自主 迫不及待，be/get used to ，be worth doing， be busy doing
例如：
His wife doesn't allow smoking inside the room and often advised him to give up smoking.
I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
She doesn't feel like eating anything，being ill for a few days.
三、有些动词后面既可接不定式，又可接动名词，其意义基本相同，区别不大。如：
like，love，hate，prefer， begin，start.
注意：begin和start本身为进行时，或后面动词为心理变化意义的动词时，须接不定式。
例如：
When we came in, they were beginning to have supper.
After his explanation, I began to understand it / realize that I was wrong.
四、有些词后面既可以接不定式．亦可接动名词，但其意义有很大区别，须特别注意：
A．remember，forget，接动名词，表示完成意义(=having done)，接不定式，表示将来意义：
例如：Please remember to bring me the book I want next time. I remember seeing her (=having seen her) somewhere before.
B．mean：mean to do=want to do打算，想要……；mean doing：意味着，就是
例如：I am sorry, I didn't mean to hurt your feelings， 　Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in class.
C．stop：stop to do停下来，要干另一件事，不定式作目的状语；stop doing停止干……，动名词作宾语。
例如：　After some time, they stopped walking and had a rest.
After walking some time, they stopped to have a rest.
D．try：try to do，努力，试图干……事；try doing：试着干……事。 例如：He searched everywhere and tried to find his key. 　He came to the city from the countryside and tried to find a job.
E．want，need，require接动名词表示被动意义，表示"需要、该……"；接不定式，表示"想，要干……"。
例如：The room wants cleaning.　The matter needs thinking over.(=to be thought over)
F．go on：go on to do继续干和原来不同的另一件事，不定式作目的状语。go on doing继续干原来同一件事，动名词作宾语。例如： After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story. 　After writing his English composition he went on to work out his maths problems.
G．动词advise，allow，permit，forbid后面接单宾语时用动名词，接复合宾语时
用动词不定式。例如：Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one's health.
The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health. She doesn't allow (permit) smoking in her room.=She doesn't allow (permit)anyone to smoke in her room.
大家都知道在动词不定式to do中，“to”是不定式的标志，有了这个to，后面所跟的动词该用原形。但是to也有可以省略的时候，这个时候虽然没有了to，后面所跟的动词依然用原形。今天的每日一课就给大家总结一些省略to的动词不定式。
1、 情态动词 （ 除ought 外） 后的to已省略。
例：You must go to the hospital first. 你必须先去医院。
      I can swim well. 我能游得很好。
2、 使役动词 let, have, make后，感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等词后的to省略。
例：He made the baby crying all night long. 他让那个婴儿哭了一整夜。
      Let it be. 就这样吧。
      when I passed by, I saw the girl picking the flowers. 我经过的时候，看见那个女孩在摘花。
注意：在这些词的用法中，用于被动语态时不能省去to。
例：I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
      =He was seen to dance.
　    The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
      =They were made to work the whole night.
3、 would rather/had better 后的to省略。
例：I would rather go to Japan than the USA.我宁愿去日本也不想去美国。
       You had better take a hat with you.你最好带上一顶帽子。
4、 why…/why not…句型中not后to省略。
例：why not come to my home for a dinner tonight?
      今晚何不来我家吃顿饭。
5、 help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb （to） do sth：
6、 but和except后。but前是实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
          He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药，他什么都信。
7、 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
例：He forgot to go to her home and give her the important letter. 他忘了去她家并把一封重要的信件给她。

 一、接不定式（而不接动名词）作宾语的24个常用动词
　　afford to do sth. 担负得起做某事
　　agree to do sth. 赞同做某事
　　arrange to do sth.布置做某事
　　ask to do sth. 要求做某事
　　beg to do sth. 恳求做某事
　　care to do sth. 想要做某事
　　choose to do sth. 决议做某事
　　decide to do sth. 决议做某事
　　demand to do sth. 要求做某事
　　determine to do sth. 决计做某事
　　expect to do sth. 等待做某事
　　fear to do sth. 惧怕做某事
　　help to do sth. 协助做某事
　　hope to do sth. 希望做某事
　　learn to do sth. 学习做某事
　　manage to do sth. 设法做某事
　　offer to do sth. 自动提出做某事
　　plan to do sth. 计划做某事
　　prepare to do sth. 预备做某事
　　pretend to do sth. 伪装做某事
　　promise to do sth. 容许做某事
　　refuse to do sth. 回绝做某事
　　want to do sth. 想要做某事
　　wish to do sth. 希望做某事
　　注：有些不及物动词后习惯上也接不定式，不接动名词：
　　aim to do sth. 计划做某事
　　fail to do sth. 未能做某事
　　long to do sth. 盼望做某事
　　happen to do sth. 碰巧做某事
　　hesitate to do sth. 犹疑做某事
　　struggle to do sth. 努力做某事
※ 只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：suggest, mind, enjoy, practice, finish, prevent, imagine, consider, look forward to, get used to, give up, can’t help等。
接动名词（不接不定式）作宾语的34个常用动词
　　admit doing sth. 供认做某事 advise doing sth. 建议做某事
　　allow doing sth. 允许做某事 appreciate doing sth. 感谢做某事
　　avoid doing sth. 防止做某事 consider doing sth. 思索做某事
　　delay doing sth. 推延做某事 deny doing sth. 否认做某事
　　discuss doing sth. 讨论做某事 dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事
　　enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 escape doing sth. 逃脱做某事
　　excuse doing sth. 原谅做某事 fancy doing sth. 想象做某事
　　finish doing sth. 完成做某事 forbid doing sth. 制止做某事
　　forgive doing sth. 原谅做某事 give up doing sth. 保持做某事
　　imagine doing sth. 想象做某事 　understand doing sth. 了解做某事
　　keep doing sth. 坚持做某事 mention doing sth. 提及做某事
　　mind doing sth. 介意做某事 miss doing sth. 错过做某事
　　pardon doing sth. 原谅做某事 permit doing sth. 允许做某事
　　practice doing sth. 练习做某事 prevent doing sth. 阻止做某事
　　prohibit doing sth. 制止做某事 put off doing sth. 推延做某事
　　report doing sth. 报告做某事 risk doing sth. 冒险做某事
　　stop doing sth. 中止做某事 suggest doing sth. 建议做某事
接不定式或动名词作宾语意思相反的12个动词
　　like to do sth / like doing sth. 喜欢做某事
　　love to do sth / love doing sth. 喜欢做某事
　　hate to do sth / hate doing sth. 憎恶做某事
　　prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth. 宁可做某事
　　begin to do sth / begin doing sth. 开端做某事
　　start to do sth / start doing sth. 开端做某事
　　continue to do sth / continue doing sth. 持续做某事
　　can't bear to do sth / can't bear doing sth. 不能忍耐做某事
　　bother to do sth / bother doing sth. 费事做某事
　　intend to do sth / intend doing sth.想要做某事
　　attempt to do sth / attempt doing sth. 试图做某事
　　cease to do sth / cease doing sth. 中止做某事
七、接不定式或动名词作宾语意思不同的7个动词
　　（1） remember to do sth. 记住要做某事
　　remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事
　　（2） forget to do sth. 遗忘要做某事
　　forget doing sth. 遗忘曾做过某事
　　（3） regret to do sth. 懊悔（遗憾）要做某事
　　regret doing sth. 懊悔（遗憾）曾做过某事
　　（4） try to do sth. 设法要做某事
　　try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果
　　（5） mean to do sth. 计划做某事
　　mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
　　（6） can't help to do sth. 不能协助做某事
　　can't help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
　　（7） go on to do sth. 做完某预先接着做另一事
　　go on doing sth. 持续做不断在做的事
　　注：stop to do sth. 与stop doing sth.也不同，前者指停下来去做某事，后者指中止正在做的事。
　　want sb to do sth 想做
　　make sb do sth 让某人做
　　mind doing sth 考虑做
　　finish to do sth 完成某事（强调过去已完成）
　　finish doing sth 完成某事
　　like to do sth 喜欢某事（强调某时刻想做什么）
　　like doing sth 喜欢某事（强调经常做）
　　listen to sth 听什么
　　hear sb to do sth 听到某人
　　forget to do sth 忘记过去做过什么事
　　forget doing sth 忘记去做什么
　　how to do sth 怎么做
　　used to do sth 过去常常做某事
　　wait sb to do sth 等某人去做
　　hope to do sth 希望做什么
　　sb want to do sth 某人想做什么
　　be busy doing sth 忙于做什么
　　do one's best to do sth 某人最好做什么
　　sb need to do sth 需要某人做某事
　　try to do sth 尝试去做
　　tell sb to do sth 告诉某人做某事
　　tell sb not to do sth 告诉某人不要做某事
　　stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
　　have trouble doing sth 做某事有困难
　　go on doing sth 继续做某事（强调正在做）
　　be interested in doing sth 对做某事有兴趣
　　be afraid to do sth害怕做某事
　　too…to do sth 太，而不能做
　　end up doing sth 结束某事
　　get used to do sth 过去常常做某事
　　What about doing sth 做某事怎么样
　　mind one's doing sth 介意某人做某事
　　ask sb about doing sth 询问某人做某事怎么样
　　love to do sth 喜欢做某事（表示过去常常做）
　　love doing sth （表示现在想做什么）
　　it is time to do sth 是做某事的时间了
　　enjoy doing sth 专注于，喜欢做某事
　　do well in doing sth 某事做得好
　　the best way to do sth 做某事最好的方法
　　you'd better to do sth 你最好做某事
　　watch sb to do sth 看某人做某事
　　decide to do sth 决定做某事
　　give up doing sth 停止做
　　agree to do sth 同意做某事
　　see sb doing sth 看到某人做某事
　　allowed sb to do sth同意某人做某事
　　remember to do sth 记得以前做过某事
　　remember not to do sth 记住不要去做某事
　　remember doing sth 记住要做某事
　　consider doing sth 考虑去做某事
　　pretend to do sth 假装做某事
　　prefer to do sth 宁愿做某事
　　can't stand doing sth 不能忍受做某事

四、句型4： Subject(主语)＋Verb(谓语动词)＋ Indirect object(间接宾语)＋Direct object (直接宾语)

　这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：
1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.
她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。
　　2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.
　　 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。
　　上述句子还可以表达为：
　　 1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
　　 2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.
1.后面常跟双宾语结构的及物动词
Accord, bring, buy, deny, grant, promise, pass, pay, hand, leave, teach, tell, throw, wish, write, owe, send, show, return, offer, lend, refuse, take, …
He wrote his mother a check  他给母亲开了一张支票。
The general granted us permission to visit the military base 将军准许我们参观那个军事基地
I have promised Susan the book by Monday 我己经答应周一前给苏珊那本书。
His friends accorded Tom their sincere thanks 他的朋友们对汤姆表示了诚挚的谢意。
注：1、双宾语结构经常可以引入介词to或for把间宾引出保留直宾而变成单宾语结构。用to表示动作对谁而做，间宾是实际承受者；用for表示动作为谁而做，间宾是预定承受者。
用to的动词：allow, bring, cause, give, sell, hand, lend, show, offer, owe, pass, promise, pay,  read, refuse, return, teach, throw, tell, throw, send, take等
  用for的动词：book, build, buy, call, choose, cook（bake, boil, fry）, fetch, find, keep, make, find, order, save, spare等

五、句型5： Subject(主语)＋Verb (谓语动词)＋Object (宾语)＋Complement(补语)

　这种句型中的“宾语 ＋ 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：
　　 1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。 （形容词）
　　 2) We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。
　　 3) His father told him not to play in the street. (不定式) 他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
　 ● 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。
　 ● 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：
　　 1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。
2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night. 昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。
一、接不定式作宾补的36个常用动词
　　advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
　　allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
　　ask sb. to do sth.请（叫）某人做某事
　　bear sb. to do sth.忍耐某人做某事
　　beg sb. to do sth. 恳求某人做某事
　　cause sb. to do sth. 招致某人做某事
　　command sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
　　drive sb. to do sth .驱使某人做某事
　　elect sb. to do sth. 选举某人做某事
　　encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓舞某人做某事
　　expect sb. to do sth. 希冀某人做某事
　　forbid sb. to do sth. 制止某人做某事
　　force sb. to do sth. 强迫某人做某事
　　get sb. to do sth. 使（要）某人做某事
　　hate sb. to do sth. 厌恶某人做某事
　　help sb. to do sth. 协助某人做某事
　　intend sb. to do sth. 计划要某人做某事
　　invite sb. to do sth. 约请某人做某事
　　leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事
　　like sb. to do sth. 喜欢某人做某事
　　mean sb. to do sth. 计划要某人做某事
　　need sb. to do sth. 需求某人做某事
　　oblige sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事
　　order sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
　　permit sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
　　persuade sb. to do sth. 压服某人做某事
　　prefer sb. to do sth. 宁愿某人做某事
request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事
remind sb. to do sth. 提示某人做某事
　 teach sb. to do sth .教某人做某事
tell sb. to do sth. 通知某人做某事
train sb. to do sth. 训练某人做某事
　　trouble sb. to do sth. 费事某人做某事
　　want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事
warn sb. to do sth. 正告某人做某事 　
wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事
　二、　注：不要受汉语意思的影响：
　　汉语的“原谅某人做某事”，英语可说成excuse [forgive] sb. for doing sth.。
　　汉语的“希望某人做某事”，英语可说成wish sb. to do sth.。
　　汉语的“建议某人做某事”，英语可说成advise sb. to do sth.。
　　汉语的“布置某人做某事”，英语可说成arrange for sb. to do sth.。
　　汉语的“要求某人做某事”，英语可说成demand of sb. to do sth.。
　　汉语的“感激某人做某事”，英语可说成thank sb. for doing sth.。
　　汉语的“恭喜某人做某事”，英语可说成congratulate sb. on doing sth.。
　　汉语的“阻止某人做某事”，英语可说成prevent sb. from doing sth.。
三、接动词原形作宾补的11个常用动词
　　feel sb. do sth. 觉得某人做某事
have sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事
　　let sb. do sth.让某人做某事
　　listen to sb. do sth. 听着某人做某事
look at sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事
make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事
　　notice sb. do sth. 留意某人做某事
observe sb. do sth. 察看某人做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事
　　watch sb. do sth. 察看某人做某事
四、接现在分词作宾补的20个常用动词
　　bring sb. doing sth.惹起某人做某事 catch sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事
　　discover sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事 feel sb. doing sth. 觉得某人做某事
　　find sb. doing sth. 碰上（撞上）某人做某事 get sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事
　　have sb. doing sth. 使某人做某事 hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人做某事
　　keep sb. doing sth. 使某人不停地做某事 listen to sb. doing sth. 听某人做某事
　　look at sb. doing sth. 看着某人做某事 notice sb. doing sth. 留意到某人做某事
　　observe sb. doing sth. 察看某人做某事 prevent sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事
　　see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事 send sb. doing sth.使某人（忽然）做某事
　　set sb. doing sth. 使（惹起）某人做某事 start sb. doing sth. 使某人开端做某事
stop sb. doing sth. 阻止某人做某事 watch sb. doing sth. 察看某人做某事
五、1）宾语+名词构成的宾补结构
Appoint, call, choose, designate, elect, count, name, crown, find, leave, keep, consider, nominate等等
They crowned him king   他们立他为国王。
We appointed him president of the club   我们任命他为俱乐部主席。
I considered him a genius 我认为他是个天才。
We elected John chairman 我们选约翰做主席。
We found her a very suitable person for the job  我们发现她很适合做这项工作。
You must keep it a secret.   你必须对这点保密。
We nominated him a member of the council   我们提名他为委员会的委员。
2）宾语+形容词构成的宾补结构
Believe, consider, drive, dye, fancy, find, get, imagine, leave, get, paint, colour, think, like, prove, turn, suppose, wish, pronounce, see, want等
I believe him honest  我相信他是诚实的。
Why don’t you dye it deep blue？为什么不把它染成深蓝色？
They fancy themselves clever   他