Hiroshima英语简介.doc

Hiroshima英语简介

Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture and the largest city in the Chūgoku region, Japan
Hiroshima may also refer to:
Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
Sanfrecce Hiroshima, Hiroshima's professional football (soccer) club
Hiroshima Toyo Carp, Hiroshima's professional baseball club, though it is more often referred to as Toyo
Hiroshima (film), a 1995 Japanese–Canadian film about the decision process behind the dropping of the nuclear bomb on Hiroshima
Hiroshima (band), an American jazz band formed in 1974
Kitahiroshima, Hokkaidō, a city located in Ishikari, Hokkaidō, Japan, formerly named "Hiroshima"
the Hiroshima meteorite of 2003, which fell in Chūgoku, Japan (see meteorite falls)
Hiroshima (book), a 1946 book written by John Hersey
Hiroshima (documentary), a 2005 television documentary
"Hiroshima" (song), a 1990 single by Sandra Cretu
"Hiroshima (B-B-B-Benny Hit His Head)", a 2008 single by Ben Folds
Hiroshima Mon Amour, a 1959 film
Hotel class submarine, Soviet submarine K-19 unofficially gained on fleet its nickname "Hiroshima"
During World War II, the Second Army and Chugoku Regional Army were headquartered in Hiroshima, and the Army Marine Headquarters was located at Ujina port. The city also had large depots of military supplies, and was a key center for shipping.[13]
The bombing of Tokyo and other cities in Japan during World War II caused widespread destruction and hundreds of thousands of deaths, nearly all civilians.[14] For example, Toyama, an urban area of 128,000, was nearly fully destroyed, and incendiary attacks on Tokyo are credited with claiming 90,000 lives. There were no such air raids in Hiroshima. However, the threat was certainly there and to protect against potential firebombings in Hiroshima, students (between 11–14 years) were mobilized to demolish houses and create firebreaks.
On Monday, August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM, the nuclear bomb "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima by an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay,[16] directly killing an estimated 80,000 people. By the end of the year, injury and radiation brought total casualties to 90,000–140,000.[17] Approximately 69% of the city's buildings were completely destroyed, and about 7% severely damaged.
Research about the effects of the attack was restricted during the occupation of Japan, and information censored until the signing of the San Francisco Peace Treaty in 1951, restoring control to the Japanese.[18]
On September 17, 1945, Hiroshima was struck by the Makurazaki Typhoon (Typhoon Ida). Hiroshima prefecture suffered more than 3,000 deaths and injuries, about half the national total.[19] More than half the bridges in the city were destroyed, along with heavy damage to roads and railroads, further devastating the city.[20]
Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war, with the help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949. It provided financial assistance for reconstruction, along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes.[21]
Atomic Bomb Dome and modern HiroshimaIn 1949, a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall, the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation, was designated the Genbaku Dome (原爆ドーム) or "Atomic Dome", a part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park.[22]
Hiroshima was proclaimed a City of Peace by the Japanese parliament in 1949, at the initiative of its mayor, Shinzo Hamai (1905–1968). As a result, the city of Hiroshima received more international attention as a desirable location for holding international conferences on peace as well as social issues. As part of that effort, the Hiroshima Interpreters' and Guide's Association (HIGA) was established in 1992 in order to facilitate interpretation for conferences, and the Hiroshima Peace Institute was established in 1998 within the Hiroshima University. The city government continues to advocate the abolition of all nuclear weapons and the Mayor of Hiroshima is the president of Mayors for Peace, an international mayoral organization mobilizing cities and citizens worldwide to abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by the year 2020 Mayors for Peace 2020 Vision Campaign.