新编大学英语-Book-II-Unit-5-教案.doc

BOOK Ⅱ
Unit Five Dreams
Teaching Aims:
In this unit students are required to :
1) get to know some useful information concerning the topic of the reading passages in this unit and to know more about English culture;
2) do some preparation activities such as discussion, group work, etc. to practice their spoken skill and communicative skills;
3) grasp some new words and try to use these words which help them to enrich their vocabulary;
4)read the in-class reading passage in a limited time and grasp some expressions and grammatical points in the in-class reading passage to improve their reading comprehension;
5) do some post-reading exercises and some after-class reading to practice what they have got to know in class to improve their English comprehensive skills.;
6) translate some typical sentences into Chinese or English by using some expressions learned in the reading passages to acquire some translating skills and better their translating abilities.

Useful Information
“Dreams surely are difficult, confusing, and not everything in them is brought to pass for mankind. For fleeting (飞逝的，短暂的) dreams have two gates; one is fashioned of horn (牛角) and one of ivory (象牙). Those which pass through the one of sawn (saw: 锯；用锯子切割) ivory are deceptive (欺骗性的), bringing tidings (消息，音讯) which come to nought (无，零), but those which issue from the one of polished horn bring true results when a mortal (凡人，人类) sees them.”
——Homer, a Greek writer
While our own understanding of dreams is certainly more complex than that of Homer, there are still many things about dreams which we do not understand. We know when dreams occur, we know they can be either “good dreams” or “bad dreams”, but there is still much disagreement about what, if any, significance dreams have to our life while we are awake.
The interpretation of dreams has been a favorite activity of people for as long as we have had recorded history. Some of these dream interpreters have become famous, and some, like the European psychologist Sigmund Freud, felt that all dreams have meanings which relate to our personal relationships with family members and friends. Freud felt that many dreams have sexual meanings, but other dream experts reject this idea.
Part One Preparation
1. A Dream Poll
Read the following statements below. Put a tick in the space provided if you agree, and a zero if you don’t.
Dreams can
___ 1) predict the future;
___ 2) warn you of health dangers;
___ 3) seem more real than reality;
___ 4) provide an answer to a problem;
___ 5) present a work of art to a creative mind;
___6) stimulate powerful physical response in the body;
___7) point out personality flaws (缺陷);
___ 8) make you feel good;
___ 9) make you feel very tired;
___10) make you live longer.
Sample
1) I don’t think dreams can predict the future. I never take dreams seriously. To me, dreams are just nonsense. Some people claim that what they dreamed came true. If this is the case, it is only by accident.
2) Dreams can make me feel good. After a good night’s sleep and some sweet dreams, I feel happy and full of energy when I wake up in the morning. But of course, I don’t like terrible dreams which make me very tired.
2. Talking About Your Dreams
Directions: Work in pairs and discuss your dreams. Base your discussion about dreams on the following questions.
1) Do you have recurring dreams, that is, dreams that you often have?
2) Have you ever wondered about the meanings of your dreams? Do you have any explanation for your dreams?
3) Why do you think people dream?
Sample
A: How often do you dream?
B: I dream almost every night.
A: What sort of dreams do you have? Are they connected to your daily life?
B: Yes, I always dream about things that are connected to daily life. For example, after I play computer games for a long time, I dream of playing computer games. Sometimes, I can’t find a book, but then I dream that I have found it.
A: Do you have recurring dreams?
B: Yes. I often dream of having to take an exam I haven’t prepared for.
A: Have you ever wondered about the meanings of your dreams? Do you have any satisfactory explanations for your dreams?
B: I am curious about the meanings of my dreams, but I don’t have any explanations for them. Someone told me that if I dream of coffins or water, I will be rich. I did dream of water, but I am still very poor. I ask my parents for money every month.
A: Why do you think people dream?
B: It is hard to say. However, as a Chinese saying goes, we think of something too often and we dream of it during the night. I think when the body is at rest, the minor part of the brain continues to work. That may be the reason why we dream. 
Part Three In-Class Reading
Are You a Dreamer?
General Reading
1. Background Information
A. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
An Austrian doctor who developed a new system for understanding the way that people’s minds work, and a new way of treating mental illness called psychoanalysis (心理分析). He believed that the bad experiences that people behave as children can affect their mental health as adults, and that by talking to mentally ill people about their past life and feelings, the hidden causes of their illness can be found. He wrote The Interpretation of Dreams and The Ego and the Id. His ideas, especially about the importance of sex, had a very great influence on the way that people thought in the 20th century.
B. Carl Jung (1875-1961)
A Swiss psychiatrist (精神病医师，精神病学家) who studied the importance of dreams and religion in problems of the mind, and divided people into two groups, introverts (格性内向的人) and extroverts (性格外向的人). Jung developed the idea of the collective unconscious (集体无意识：在荣格心理学里指一个社会、一个民族或整个人类共有的头脑中部分无意识状态，是精神遗传的产物，包含诸如科学观、宗教观、伦理观等), the belief that people’s feelings and reactions are often based on deep memories of human experience in the past. He worked with Sigmund Freud until they had a serious disagreement.
2. Organization Analysis
Part
Para
Main Idea
Part I
Para.1
Introduction: Questions concerning dreams have puzzled human beings.
Part II
Para.
2-3
Scientific facts about dreams and sleep.
Part III
Para.
4-6
Possible causes of dreams.
Part IV
Para.
7-9
Dream interpretation.
Part II Para.2-3 Scientific facts about dreams and sleep.
Para.2 Dreaming occurs when we are in REM sleep.(When does dreaming occur?)
Para.3 The main purposes of sleeping: to give us rest and to allow us to dream.(What are the main purposes of sleeping?)
Part III Para.4-6 Possible causes of dream.
Para.4 Some dreams may have a physiological cause.
Para.5 That explanation is not enough and there are disputes.
Para.6 Another cause is people’s reflection of inner fears.
Part IV Para.7-9 Dream interpretation.
Para.7 The earliest dream dictionary included symbols such as drinking wine to indicate short life and drinking water to indicate a long life.
Para.8 Artemidorus’ dictionary includes symbols such as right hand (father), left hand (mother) and dolphin (a good omen).
Para.9 There are countless interpretations, while people should read with care.

Detailed Reading
Word study:
1. analysis:
1）a careful examination of sth. in order to understand it better 分析
The close analysis of sales figure shows clear regional variations.
对销售额的仔细分析显示出明显的地区差别。
2） (idm.) in the last / final analysis 总之，归根结底
In the final analysis, I think our sympathy lies with the heroine of the play.
总之，我们都同情剧中的女主人公。
【记忆】相关词形：
analyse/analyze v. 分析 analyst n. 分析家，化验员
analytic /analytical adj. 分析的 analytically adv. 分析地
2. conscious
1) able to understand what is happening; awake 有知觉的；神志清醒的
He is badly hurt but still conscious.
2) knowing; understanding; seeing with the mind（下意识地）意识到的；察觉到的
We suddenly became conscious of a sharp increase in temperature.
3) (用于复合词) thinking about or very concerned with the stated thing 有……意识的， 注重……的 money-conscious 金钱观念很强的
media-conscious politicians 对新闻媒介很敏感的政治家
a family-conscious husband 家庭观念强的丈夫
health-conscious mothers 注重健康的母亲
self-conscious不自然的,忸怩的，过分注意自己的
synonyms: conscious, aware, sensible
这些形容词均含“意识到的”之意。多与of一起用。
aware: 强调通过耳闻目睹或感觉而得到的信息，也指敏锐的观察和推断。侧重“感官所意识到的外界事物”。 He said the government had acutely been aware of the problem.
conscious: 指内心的感觉，强调深刻的心理活动。
I was not conscious of having made a mistake.我没有意识到犯了错误。
sensible: 侧重通过直觉或理性感觉意识到某物的存在。
He is sensible of his own shortcomings. 他了解自己的缺点。
【记忆】派生词：
consciousness n. 意识，觉悟；感觉，知觉
consciously adv. 有意识地，自觉地
unconscious adj. 失去知觉的，无意识的 n. 潜意识
unconsciously adv. 无意识地，不自觉地
unconsciousness n. 意识，觉悟；感觉，知觉
subconscious adj. 下意识的，潜意识的 n. 潜意识
3. enthusiast n. someone who is very interested in a particular activity or subject
热心人，热情者 (~ for/about sth.)
Famous crosstalker Niu Qun is also an enthusiast for photography.
著名相声演员牛群也是一个摄影迷。
他的叔叔是一个热心于环境保护的人 。
His uncle is an enthusiast about environment protection.
【记忆】相关词形：
enthusiasm n. 热爱，热心，热情 (~ for/about sth）
enthusiastic adj. 热情的，热心的(~ about/over sth )
enthusiastically adv.
4. frustrating adj. annoying, discouraging 令人泄气的，令人沮丧的
I find it frustrating that I can’t speak other languages.
我不会说别的语言，感到惘然若失。
【对比】
frustrated（adj.） : discouraged, not satisfied 感到沮丧的，感到不满的
e.g. As a nurse she got very frustrated, but being an administrator seems to suit her.
她做护士很不顺心，但当管理人员似乎倒很适合。
【记忆】相关词形：
frustrate v. 使沮丧，使受挫 frustration n. 沮丧，挫折

Understanding Sentences
1. We have four or five REM stages of sleep during the night, the first occurring about 90 minutes after we fall asleep. (line 15-18)
Translation：我们每晚有四、五个REM睡眠阶段，第一次出现在入睡90分钟左右。
Comments：
the first occurring…这部分是分词独立主格结构，对主句起补充说明的作用。( an absolute construction that functions as the complementary part.)
独立主格的构成：
逻辑主语+形容词 逻辑主语+副词 逻辑主语+名词 逻辑主语+介词短语 逻辑主语+现在分词
逻辑主语+过去分词 逻辑主语+不定式
例如：
1) The two boys gathered their gear and headed for home, stomachs crying for food, backs burning from too much sun, and legs stiff from sitting. (补充说明)
2) There being no taxis, we had to walk home. (原因状语)
3) Weather permitting, we could do the work much better. (条件状语)
4) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. (方式、伴随状语)
例：1) She just kept silent, her eyes full of tears. 她只是保持着沉默，两眼噙满泪水。
2) He sat by the window, pipe in mouth. 他坐在窗前，嘴里衔着烟斗。
3) They decided to buy a car, Mike to pay half the money.
他们决定买一部车，迈克付一半的钱。
Exercise: 请用独立主格结构改写下面的句子。
1) Because all the airplanes had been cancelled, we had to go there by train.
All the airplanes having been cancelled, we had to go there by train.
2) He was lying on the sands leisurely and putting his arms under his head.
He was lying on the sands leisurely, his arms under his head.
2. After that, our dreaming periods recur every 90 minutes and last between 15 to 45 minutes, getting longer as the night progresses. (line 18-20)
Translation: 此后梦期每90分钟复现一次，每次持续15到45分钟，持续时间随着夜晚的深入逐渐延长。
Comments:
“Getting longer…” is the adverbial clause of the sentence. Its logic subject is “dreaming periods”.
分词短语getting longer…在句中作状语，起补充说明作用。其逻辑主语即本句的主语dreaming periods。 现在分词（V-ing）和过去分词（V-ed）都可以在句中引导状语,表示方式、伴随情况或补充说明。例如：
He came back, utterly exhausted. (补充说明)
The children ran out of the classroom, laughing and talking merrily. (伴随情况)
3.Dreaming of walking on hot coals, for example, may well be caused by sleeping with your feet too close to a heater. (Line 25)
Translation: 梦到在灼热的煤块上行走很可能是因为睡眠时脚太靠近取暖器。
Comments:
The expression “may well” means “be very likely to” (很可能). It can also be written as “might well” which means a slighter probability (较小的可能性).例如：
1) Wages may well fall to very low levels over the next few decades.
2) Her life might well have been prolonged if she had been taken to hospital sooner.
4. Some people believe that dreams are total nonsense, merely the result of the misfiring of electrical impulses in the brain, while on the other hand, some read great importance into even the simplest of dreams. (Line 32)
Translation: 有些人认为梦纯粹是无稽之谈，仅仅是人脑中电脉冲无的放矢的结果。而另一方面，有些人甚至能从最简单的梦中推断出极为重要的寓意。
Comments: 这是一个并列句。连词while 在句中表示对比关系。前一分句讲一些人认为梦什么都不是，只是脑电波的释放。其中merely the result of the misfiring of electrical impulses in the brain 与nonsense 并列作 believe后面宾语从句的表语。后一分句讲另一部分人则相反，能从梦中推断出很重要的寓意。
read… into… “从······推断出······”
My partner is problematic. He always reads nonexistent meaning into other’s words.
我的搭档是个爱惹麻烦的人。他总是对别人的话无中生有。
5. According to these dictionaries, a dream about drinking wine meant a short life, whereas a dream about drinking water predicted a long life. (Line 41)
Translation: 根据这些词典，梦到喝酒意味着短命，梦到喝水则预示着长寿。
Comments: 此句中whereas 表示转折和对比。与其意和用法相近的词还有：while, however, but, although, yet, still, in fact, on the other hand, on the contrary。另外，法律文件常有whereas 开头的段落，意为“鉴于”。
例如：Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
6. Psychoanalyst and author Kenneth Saunders explains, “Dreams are closely tied up with an individual’s mind and analysis is so open to mistakes or errors. (Line 50)
Translation:心理分析家兼作家肯尼斯·桑德斯解释说：“梦与每个人的思维密切相关，分析往往会出错。
Comments: be open to : 容易受到（诱惑、批评、错误等）
1) What you said is open to misunderstanding. 你说的话容易让人产生误解。
2) As a student, making noises in the process of lecture is definitely open to criticism.
作为学生，上课时不安静肯定会受到批评。
Exercise:
1)贪婪的人容易受骗。 A greedy man _is open to being cheated .
2)草率的决定往往会招致错误。 Hasty decision is open to mistakes.
Summary
In the past few decades, scientific advances still didn’t offer any final answers to the many questions about dreams that continue to puzzle us.
Recordings of human brain waves show that we all go into dream mode when we fall asleep. The main purpose of sleeping may be to allow us to dream—to review our lives, our worries and hopes in a totally different way
The causes of dreams vary. Some dreams may have a simple physiological cause. And some dreams reflect inner fears that are instantly recognizable. People have sought answers to the meanings of dreams. There are countless books offering dream interpretations. But psychoanalyst and author Kenneth Saunders explains, “Dreams are closely tied up with an individual’s mind.”
Post-Reading
4. Translation
1) 你会看到我现在说的会成为现实。(come true)
You will see that what I am saying now will come true.
2) 这个讲座那么无趣，以致有一半的学生都睡着了。(fall asleep)
The lecture was so boring that half (of) the students fell asleep.
3) 失业问题与新技术的发展密切相关。(tie up with) (unemployment)
The problem of unemployment is tied up with the development of new technology.
4) 他的外貌变化那么大，你很可能认不出他了。(may well)
His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him.
5) 这个城堡的历史可追溯到14世纪。(date back to)
The castle dates back to the 14th century.
6) 她从来没有给他们做过任何事，而他们为她做了所有能做的事情。(whereas)
She has never