西方文化导论小抄(1)(1).doc

1. European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的） element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element.
2. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.
3. In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.
4. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.
5. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.
6. Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.
7. The Homer's epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey .
8. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.
9. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca.
10. The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.（公民大会）
11. Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.
12. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.
13. Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.
14. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
15. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.
16. Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.
17. Euripides（欧里庇得斯） wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women.
18. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.
19. Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".
20. Herodotus（希罗多德） is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.
21. Thucydides（修西得底斯） described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.
22. Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯） was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.
23. Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.
24. Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.
25. The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
26. In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Skeptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.
27. Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook of geometry.
28. To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”
29. Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric （多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式） style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式） style.
30. The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城） and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.
1. The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.
2. The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.
3. In 27 B. C. Octavius（屋大维）took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus
4. The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana（罗马的和平）.
5. In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul ).
6. In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Goths(哥特人) and marked the end of the West Roman Empire.
7. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.
8. Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.
9. The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..
10. She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.
11. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is said by Julius Caesar.
1. Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.
2. Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.
3. Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews（希伯来人）– wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.
4. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms.
5. The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.
6. The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.
7. The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch（摩西五书）.
8. When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.
9. Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.
10. In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to practise their religion.
11. At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.
12. Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.
13. Jesus of Nazareth lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.
14. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Judas.
15. In 313 the Edict of Milan(米兰敕令) was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.
16. In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions.
17. After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in the Mediterranean regions.
18. By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish（教区） and had a full time leader known as priest.
19. Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.
20. When as Jesus’ mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost
21. Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover（逾越节）, but was betrayed by Judas and caught at the Last Supper.
22. The Hebrews history was recorded in The Old Testament of the Bible.
23. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.
24. The story about God’s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as Noah’s Ark.
25. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew(马太福音).
26. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as The Last Supper.
27. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.
1. In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
2. Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions.
3. The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.
4. Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding – a system of holding land in exchange for military service.
5. In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs(封地, 采邑) as a reward for their service.
6. The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.
7. By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone and designed as fortress.
8. As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.
9. After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
10. The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who lived in North Africa in the fifth century.
11. Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.
12. The Pope not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe.
13. One of the most important sacraments（圣礼） was Holy Communion（圣餐礼）, which was to remind people that Christ had died to redeem man.
14. To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem（耶路撒冷：巴勒斯坦著名古城)）.
15. With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holy wars called the Crusades.
16. Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period.
17. Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.
18. The Summa Theologica（《神学大全》） by St. Thomas Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.
19. Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research and called for careful observation and experimentation.
20. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular(本国的) languages – that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.
21. Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.
22. Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.
23. Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.
24. The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity and monumentality with all overall blocky appearance.
25. The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.
1. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.
2. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
3. In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie（资产阶级）, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities.
4. Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.
5. Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.
6. Decameron(《十日谈》) is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen on their way to escape the Black Death of 1348.
7. Petrarch(彼特拉克) was best known for Canzoniers（诗集）, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect.
8. The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy(解剖学) and perspective(透视画法).
9. The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.
10. Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.
11. Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the old tradition of decoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.
12. Titian’s painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas as the typical medium of the pictorial tradition in western art.
13. In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.
14. Petrarch is looked up as the father of modern poetry.
15. Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.
16. The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.
17. Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.
18. When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s marriage with Anne Boleyn, British Parliament, in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy（确立英皇权力高于教会的法令） which marked the formal break of the British with the Papal authorities.
19. Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits(天主教耶稣会会士), members of the Society of Jesus(耶稣会).
20. John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion（《基督教原理》）, which was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.
21. The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots（法国胡格诺派教徒） whose rivalry with the Catholic Church led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.
22. In 1492 the Moors（摩尔人） that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their last stronghold.
23. In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.
24. The author of Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》） is Cervantes（塞万提斯）.
25. Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings are unsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.
26. Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.
27. Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the best known is Utopia.
28. Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.
29. The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.
30. Columbus was a Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.
31. Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope.
32. Vasco da Gama（达伽马） was a Portu