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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,英语科技论文写作,第1页,致谢（Acknowledg(e)ment(s)）,这一部分也不是每篇论文所必需。但论文中内容包括他人对作者帮助，则必须要提出致谢。惯用句型有：,Id like to thank,The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to,Id like to acknowledge,I acknowledge,Grateful acknowledgement is made to,I would like to express my gratitude to,第2页,句型库_研究目,This problem is concerned(deals,bears)(chiefly,largely,mainly)with.,This is a problem relating to.,Our work is devoted to,The primary goal of the present research is,The work presented in this paper focuses in,The chief aim of this study is,The laboratory study demonstrates(suggests,indicates,reveals,establishes),第3页,句型库,_引言,_,研究背景及历史,This problem was(first)advanced by,The problem under discussion was formulated(raised,posed,brought up,put forward)by,Since then the problem has attracted(fascinated)many scientists(workers in this field).,This problem has been clarified(elucidated,solved),The problem as can be seen(as is known)is(still)poorly(inadequately)understood.,第4页,句型库,_引言,_,问题难易,It seems(exceedingly,enormously)difficult to obtain knowledge of the problem,It proves(quite,totally)impossible(unrealistic)to try,It is rather difficult to solve the problem,The problem is rather involved.,The problem involves(certain,tremendous)difficulties.,It is easy to present(review,analyze,discuss)the problem in all its complexity(in very detail).,It is no easy task to gain an insight into the intricate detail of,第5页,句型库,_正文,_,理论说明,Our theory is based on the assumption that,This theory proceeds from the idea(principle)of,The underlying concept of the theory is as follows.,There is a similar(a tentative,an alternative)theory that,The basic(fundamental,essential)feature of this theory is,The object of this theory is to,第6页,句型库,_正文,_,公式推导,is given by:,as follows：,as in the following：,The following equation is obtained.,This becomes,Therefore,we have,can be expressed as,can be derived:,can be written:,can be described by,can be represented as,第7页,句型库,_正文,_,方法介绍,引用已经有方法,The method of was first developed by,The method of came into use as long ago as,The original proposal of this method was first published in,第8页,句型库,_正文,_,方法介绍,提出新方法,The method we use differs(greatly,essentially)from the conventional one.,The newly-elaborated technique is different from the one previously used.,The method is now greatly improved,第9页,句型库,_正文,_,方法介绍,方法评价,The procedure we followed has certain advantages over the existing method.,This method has many advantages over those available(the exiting ones).,This method is advantageous in many respects(as)compared with those available(the exiting ones).,One of the assets of this technique is its simplicity(reliability,sensitivity).,第10页,句型库,_正文,_,试验描述,实验目,We made(carried out,performed,initiated)this experiment to show(demonstrate,elucidate,evaluate)a correlation between(certain phenomena,the mechanism of the hypothesis of,some features of),Experiment on are made(underway)to,Earlier(previous)experiments with this technique were intended(designed,designated)to,第11页,句型库,_正文,_,试验描述,试验造成结论,The experiments reported here demonstrate a variety of changes in(a correlation between,a much resistance to),Our experiments with furnish some new information(further data,new evidence)about the mechanism(the effluence)of,Our experiment supports our assumption(hypothesis,evidence)that,Further experiments in this area lead us to conclude(believe,suggest)that,From these experiments we can conclude that,第12页,句型库,_正文,_,试验描述,On the basis of these data(From these data)one can conclude that,On the basis of these data(From these data)it can be concluded that,These data lead us to a conclusion that,These data lead us to conclude that,These data enable us to conclude that,This experiment failed to show(demonstrate),this experiment has not shown(demonstrated),第13页,句型库,_正文,_,结果和结论,结果意义,The results presented in this paper are(seem),The findings reported here is(quite)striking(remarkable,fascinating).,These preliminary findings are very reliable(encouraging,promising,convincing,ambiguous).,The results reported here prove(confirm,support,bear out)the hypothesis,assumption,obseration)that,第14页,句型库,_正文,_,结果和结论,造成结论,The findings suggest that,These findings lead the author to conclusion that,Our data leave open the question of whether,In the future,we will extend the present studies to,Our work has contributed to the understanding of,The research work has brought about a discovery of,Further progress can be provided by this experiment.,第15页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,1、对A和B比较表明,A comparison of A and B,A comparison of A with B shows that,A comparison between A and B,2、现有,available,the existing,the current,第16页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,3、所产生,The resultant,The resulting,4、该理论认为,The theory holds(maintains,claims,implies)that,5、这个理论起源于,The theory comes(stems,emerges,originates)from,The theory is obtained(provided,furnished)from,第17页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,6、本章叙述了,This chapter deals with(treats,covers,describes,discusses,involves,bears on),This chapter is confined to(devoted to,concerned with),7、与成反比,be inversely proportional to,vary inversely with,depend inversely with,第18页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,8、A随B改变曲线图,the graph(plot)of A as a function of B,the graph(plot)of A versus(against)B,the graph(plot)of the dependence of A on(upon)B,the graph(plot)of the variation of A with B,第19页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,9、保持不变,remain constant,stay unchanged,be kept fixed,be held the same,be maintained unaltered,be left,第20页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,10、取得结果与计算机模拟相一致,agrees with,is in agreement with,The result is in line with the computer simulation.,obtainedis consistent with,fits into,第21页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,11、得到了广泛应用,be widely used,be in wide use,be widely in use,find wide application(use),12、表示了,A is an indication of,A gives an indication of,A indicates,A is indicative of,第22页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,13、把M代入N（我们）得到,Substituting M in(into)N,we obtain(have or get),gives(yields,produces),Substituting M into(in)N,results in,leads to,第23页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,14、该试验未能说明,This experiment failed to show(demonstrate),This experiment has not shown,15、我们做了很多试验来验证这一理论,preformed,A lot of experiments are done to test(verify,made prove,check)conducted the,第24页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,16、前面例子表明,previous,The preceding examples shows that,forgoing,17、这是由引发,is due to,gives rise to,This leads to,results in,arises from,第25页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,18、问题关键是,The key to the problem is,The crux,The heart of the problem is,The main aspect,The essence,第26页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,19、这需要深入研究,bears research,deserves effort,This demands further study,requires work,calls for investigation,第27页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,20、分成两大类,fall into major,are divided into two general groups,are classified into broad classes,are of main categories,There are two major groups of,第28页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,21、该研究主要目标在于,chief aim,main purpose,The primary object of the study is,major objective,principal goal,第29页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,in the hope of(that),with the view to do,The study has been started in order to do,to the end that,so that,The study is intended(designed)to do,Performing the study we hope that,intend to do(expect to do),第30页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,22、方程表明,indicates,implies,shows,suggests,demonstrates,This equation reveals,established,bears out,confirms,supports,favors,provides,第31页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,23、体积小（质量好，重量轻，价格低）,small in size(good in quality,light in weight,low in price),24、毫无疑问,There is no doubt that,There is no question that,Without doubt(question),Beyond doubt(question),No(out of)doubt,第32页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,25、该式适合用于（对是成立）,holds for,holds true for,This equation is true for ,is valid for,applies to,第33页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,26、这与没有（几乎没有，有一点，有很多）共同之处。,This has nothing(little,something,much)in common with,27、最好是,It is(most)desirable to(do),that,It would be best if,第34页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,28、这一点应受到（引发）我们重视（关注）。,arouse,attract,This should gainour attention.,have,receive,第35页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,29、这是与相关问题。,concerned with,concerning,related to,This is a problemrelating to,bearing on,dealing with,第36页,句型库_,其它,惯用句型,30、他们是依据而提出了这一理论。,put forward,advanced,developed,proposedis based on,They suggested this theory,whichrests on ,createdproceeds from,constructed,formulated,elabrated,第37页,科技论文写作中词汇,科技论文中大量使用各学科专门术语，还经常使用一些日常语言中不怎么使用书面词汇，主要是突出科技英语正式、庄重语体特征，同时应防止使用浮华、带有感情色彩词语，当然并不是说科技论文中不使用普通词汇。另外，一些动词短语往往由正式动词替换，以求简练。,第38页,科技论文写作中词汇,普通英语词汇,科技英语中非技术词,about approximately,ask inquire,begin commence,change transform,finish complete,get obtain,have possess,method technique,quick rapid,similar identical,use employ,utilize,enough sufficient,by which whereby,in which wherein,in the end eventually,第39页,科技论文写作中词汇,动词短语 正式动词,turn on complete,take in absorb,put up erect,put in add,wear away erode,take away remove,use up consume,exhaust,look over examine,keep up maintain,bring out introduce,第40页,科技论文写作中词汇,注意词汇正确搭配，希望在阅读文件时注意摘录。e.g.,Three-phase slurry reactor has several advantages,over,fixed-bed reactor.,应防止口语中使用词语，使句子比较稳重。,lots of(a lot of)many,quite a few several,普通在科技论文中不使用生活或新闻报道中使用缩略词语。,lab laboratory,auto automobile,ad advertisement,第41页,科技论文写作中词汇,趋于用名词来表示动作。,Mass-transfer is compared with heat-transfer.,A,comparison,of mass-transfer with heat-transfer is made.,The performance of this flow meter is analyzed.,An,analysis,of the performance of this flow meter is made.,E,gives an indication of,(indicates)activation energy.,Fig.2-6,provides an illustration of,(illustrates)the effect of reaction temperature on the yield.,第42页,句子特征,句子长，结构严谨。可采取三种伎俩处理句子。,（1）with短语、形容词短语、分词短语等,（2）with结构、分词独立结构等,（3）各类从句，尤其是定语从句,第43页,句子特征,With,(1)“with+一些抽象名词”等效于这些名词所对应副词，但语气更强。,These experiments should be done,with care,.,This parameter can be measured,with accuracy,.,(2)with 与vary,change,increase,decrease等动词连用时可表示“伴随”之意。,The conductivity of a semiconductor varies,with temperature,第44页,句子特征,(3)将with用在句首可表示“对于，有了”等意思。,With the alternating current,things are different.,对于交流电来说，情况就不一样了。,With radar,we can see distant objects.,有了雷达，我们能够看到远处物体,(4),可组成一个“with结构”,，其应用尤其广泛。,第45页,句子特征,“with结构”,指以下形式：,分词,介词短语,形容词（短语）,with+名词（或代词）副词,不定式短语,名词（短语）,第46页,句子特征,作状语,写作重点：处于句首表示条件、时间和原因，,处于句尾表示附加说明、方式、条件。,With friction present,a part of power has been lost as heat.,因为存在摩擦，所以一部分功率作为热损耗掉了。,Both practical design techniques and theoretical problems are covered,with emphasis on general concepts.,（本书）既讲了实际设计方法，同时也讲述了理论问题，而侧重点则放在普通概念上。,第47页,句子特征,Each planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit,with the sun at one focus of the ellipse,.,每颗行星在椭圆轨道上绕太阳运行，而太阳处于椭圆一个焦点上。,All present states are stable,with no inputs present,.,在没有输入情况下，当前全部状态均是稳定。,The second term is evaluated similarly,with Z a function of,y,alone.,第二项能够一样计算出来，只要把,Z,仅作为,y,函数就行。,第48页,句子特征,An initial analysis of the device parameters has been made,with satisfactory results.,A brief introduction to the principles of a CSTR is given,with emphasis on reactor model,.,作定语,This is an inequality,with zero on the right,.,这是一个右边为零不等式。,第49页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,（1）主语系动词表语（名词）,这种句型所表示语气比用形容词作表语句型更强烈。,This is,too small a signal,.,This is,so sensitive an instrument,that it can measure the slight change in pressure,.,（2）采取“主谓宾”句型代替汉语中“主系表”句型。,撰写论文时受汉语影响，很不习惯使用这种结构。,第50页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,“Have”句型,即句中谓语动词为have。凡在汉语句中似乎找不到动词普通可使用这一句型，它主要用于表示尺寸、大小、比较、优缺点等概念。,A.表示尺寸、大小、长度、高度,“Something+have+a(an)+表示大小名词+of+数量”,The wall of the reactor has a thickness of 1 centimeter.,This pipe has an approximate length of 50 meters.,第51页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,B.表示比较,“something A+have+比较级（或as+形容词原级）+要比较名词+than+something B”,This substance has a more complicated chemical structure than that one.,Alcohol does not have as high a boiling point as water(does).,第52页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,C.表示优缺点,“主语+have+优缺点名词”,The reactor has the advantages of simple structure and high efficiency.,The three-phase slurry reactor has the disadvantage of its height.,第53页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,（3）采取BE句型。这一句型我们也不是十分熟悉。,A.表示大小、数量,Something+be+数量+表示大小形容词（或in+表示大小名词）,The distillation column is 20 meters high.（或in height）,These perforated plates are 2 centimeters thick.,当然依据语法条文，也可写成以下句型，中国人尤其习惯这一句型,。,The height of the distillation column is 20 meters.,第54页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,B.表示比较,物A+be+比较级（或as+原级）+in+要比较对象+than(as)+物B,This substance is more complicated in chemical structure than that one.,Alcohol is not as high in boiling point as water(is).,中国人习惯,The chemical structure of this substance is more complicated than that of that substance,第55页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,(4)不少情况下使用静态结构来表示状态、特征、情况以取代采取行为或过程句法结构。,使用“系动词+表语”结构。表语普通是形容词，有时也可是名词或介词短语。,The flask,is breakable,(can be broken).,This method,is applicable,(can be applied)to process simulation.,The resistance of mass-transfer,is ignorable,(can be ignored).,第56页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,A hyperbola,is indicative,(indicate)of an inverse proportion.,Eq.1,is an illustration,(illustrates)of global kinetics model.,The problem,is under consideration,(is being considered).,This product,is in great demand,(is needed by a great many companies).,第57页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,(5)不少情况下用短语代替从句，尤其是代替状语从句和定语从句，使句子更为紧凑，防止结构涣散。,A.用介词短语代替状语从句。,After the experiments have been completed,After(At or ON)the completion of the experiments,If the temperature is greater than 60,At a temperature greater than 60,第58页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,If the temperature is decreased by 10,For a decrease in temperature of 10,If the pressure remains constant,At constant pressure,B.用作主语名词短语代替表示条件、原因、目标状语从句。,If the results are analyzed,it can be shown that ,=An analysis of the results shows that,第59页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,Since there is no atmosphere in space,scientists could make pure drugs there.,=The absence of atmosphere in space would enable scientists to make pure drugs there.,If experimental data are compared with the calculated ones,it can be shown that,=A comparison of experimental data ,第60页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,(6)限定性短语或从句,按照传统语法，当你希望从一组事物中，把其中一个(一部分)尤其区分出釆，以“限定说明”其与其它部分不一样之处时，要采取“that”(而不是”which”)，也就是说，that引出是实质性信息。这个短语或从句就成了主句或句子必需成份，它们是,限定性短语或从句,。没有这个短语或从句，主句或句子就失去了基本含义。,第61页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,Comparison will be restricted to acetylene compounds,that,(不用,which,)have the same functional end groups.,Reaction leading,to the desired products,are shown in Scheme 1.,(7)非限定性短语或从句,当一个短语或从句即使能传达信息，但并不是主要而只是附加信息，那么它们称为非限定性短语或从句。也就是，当它们被删除时，主句没有失去其根本含义。非限定性从句引入采取“which”，非限定性短语和从句与句子其它部分用逗号隔开。,第62页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,All the chemicals,that,lost labels must be labeled as waste,which,will be shipped out and destroyed by the Waste Task Unit.,Melvin Calvin,who won the Nobel Prize in 1961,elucidated the biochemical pathways in photosynthesis。,第63页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,注意：,1、应模仿国外科技文件中一些固定、地道说法及特殊句型。,The device is small in size.,Emphasis is put on what is described in this chapter.,This device is characterized by small size,light weight,high efficiency and low cost.,These rectors are(of different sizes)different in size.,第64页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,2、在表示“方法是”时，往往不采取“The method for is”句型，而是采取“is found(determined,increased,achieved,solved,calculated,reduced,obtained,satisfied,separated,constructed,analyzed,adjusted,minimized etc.)by”这一结构。,The side reaction is minimized by proper reactor design.,The operation conditions are determined by catalyst used.,第65页,经常使用一些句子表示方式,3、并列复合句中语法形式应一致,所谓语法形式要一致，就是说并列复合句中各分句普通来说应使用同一时态，同一语态，有时甚至使用同一句型。尤其是不要前一分句使用主动态，而后一分句用被动态,4、科技论文中不使用口语体缩略形式。,It
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