牛津译林版英语8Bunit4Agoodread知识归纳与拓展.doc

8B unit4 A good read 知识归纳与拓展【单词拓展】1. read n. 读物 read vt. 阅读reading n. 阅读；读物reader n. 读者2. cooking n. 烹饪，烹调cook n. 厨师cook vt.&vi. 烹调，煮cooker n. 厨具3. Germany n. 德国German adj. 德国(人)的；德国人；德语4. French adj. 法国(人)的； n. 法国人；法语France n. 法国5. unable adj. 不能的able adj. 能够的6. success n. 成功successful adj. 成功的successfully adv. 成功地succeed vi. 成功7. Canadian adj. 加拿大(人)的； n. 加拿大人 Canada n. 加拿大8. hidden adj. 隐藏的hide vt.&vi. 隐藏9. confidence n. 信心confident adj. 有信心的10. experience n. 经历C；经验Uexperienced adj. advice有经验的11. advice n. 建议，忠告Uadvise vt. 建议12. librarian n. 图书管理员library n. 图书馆重点短语归纳1. do with these books处理这此书2. reach the box on the fridge 伸手够冰箱上的盒子3. in ones spare time在某人的业余时间4. crash against the rocks撞到岩石上5. be tired out筋疲力尽6. be tied to the ground被拴在地上7. the same size as my little finger和我的小手指一样大8. shout at them朝他们大喊9. fall over摔倒10. continue doing sth./to do sth.继续做某事11. manage to break the ropes设法成功挣脱绳子12. get away逃跑13. hand in their work上交他们的作业14. a great success一个成功的人；一件成功的事15. be translated into被翻译成16. at a time每次；依次17. return them on time按时归还它们18. look for hidden treasure寻找隐藏的珠宝19. give me a lot of confidence给我许多自信20. open up开创；开启；开辟【句型分析】1. After our ship crashed against the rocks, I swam as far as I could. ( P50)原句意为：当我们的船撞到岩石损坏之后，我奋力往前游。这里的asas one can could是个固定短语，表示“尽某人所能”相当于asas possible。如:Please come as early as you can.=Please come as early as possible.请尽量早点来。Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as she can.= Lingling talks to her classmates in English as much as possible.玲玲尽可能多地用英语与她的同学交谈。2. By the time I finally felt the land under my feet， I was tired out. ( P50) 原句意为：等到我终于感觉到脚下的陆地时，我已筋疲力尽。句中的tired out意为“筋疲力尽的”。如: I was tired out when we got back from the long climb. 我们长途爬山回来时，我感到筋疲力尽。 这里的by the time意为“到时为止”，引导时间状语从句。如: By the time I came in, Tom had written his name on the blackboard. 我进来时，汤姆已经把他的名字写在了黑板上。 By the time I got home, they had already left. 当我到家时，他们已经离开了。3. I woke up as the sun was rising, but I found I could not move. ( P50 )原句意为：当太阳升起时我醒了过来，但我发现我动不了了。句中的as是连词，意为“当的时候”，引导时间状语从句。如:As he looked, a man came near.正当他看的时候，一个男子走上前来。rising是动词rise的现在分词。rise是不及物动词，意为“升起，上升”。过去式和过去分词为rose，risen。如:The water in the river rose after the heavy rain.大雨过后，河里的水位上涨了。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳东升西落。另外，raise是及物动词，意为“提高；筹集；抬起；举起”，过去式和过去分词为raised，raised。如:The teacher asked us to raise our hands if we have questions.老师要我们如果有问题就举手。The workers want the boss to raise their wage.工人们想要老板提高他们的工资。We should try our best to race more money for the poor family.我们应该尽力为这个贫困的家庭再多筹集些钱。4. It moved up over my stomach and neck until it was standing near my face. ( P50 ) 原句意为：它向上爬过我的腹部和脖子，直到站在我的脸附近。until此处用作连词。意为“直到为止，在(某一特定的时间)之前”，其主要用法有: (1)与延续性动词连用时，表示“直到”，动词用肯定形式。指主句的动作一直持续到until后的动作发生为止。如: We walked until it got dark. 我们一直走到天黑才停下来。 Go straight on until you come to the white building. 继续走，直到你来到那座白色的楼前。 (2)not.until.意为“直到才”，主句动词通常为短暂性动词，指主句的动作一直到until后的动作发生时才发生。如: The little girl didnt stop crying until she saw her mother. 那个小女孩直到看到她妈妈才不哭。 (3)until也可作介词，意为“直到”，如: We talked until 10 oclock yesterday evening. 昨晚我们一直谈到10点钟。5. Sandy is wondering where to ask for help. ( P54) 原句意为：桑迪想知道去哪儿寻求帮助。句中的wonder用作及物动词，意为“想知道”。where to ask for help是“疑问词+to do”的用法。如: She wondered what the child was doing. 她想知道那个孩子正在做什么。 We wonder when to start tomorrow morning. 我们想知道明天早上什么时候出发。 wonder也可用作不及物动词，意为“感到惊讶”。如: What are you wondering about?你对什么感到疑惑? wonder还可用作名词。作为不可数名词时，意为“惊奇，惊异，惊讶”。作为可数名词时，意为“奇观”。如:The children looked up in wonder at the big elephant. 孩子们抬头看着大象，感到很惊奇。 The Great Wall is one of the wonders in the world. 长城是世界奇观之一。 短语ask for意为“请求”，ask sb. for sth.意为“向某人请求某物”。如: If we have any trouble in learning English, well ask Mr. Wang for help. 在英语学习中如果我们有什么困难，我们会请求王老师帮忙。 Sandy often asks her classmates for advice about learning Chinese. 桑迪经常向她的同班同学讨教学习汉语的建议。6. On weekdays, I usually read for about half an hour before going to bed. ( P61)原句意为：在工作日，我通常在睡觉前看大约半小时的书。句中的before going to bed在句中充当时间状语，相当于时间状语从句before I go to bed，意为“在我睡觉前”。After，when等也有类似的用法。如:Youd better put on your overcoat before going out.= Youd better put on your overcoat before you go out在外出前你最好穿上你的大衣。After finishing your homework you can play badminton with Tom.=After you finish your homework, you can play badminton with Tom.你完成作业后可以和汤姆打羽毛球。Be careful when practising yoga=Be careful when you practise yoga.当你练习瑜伽时务必小心。【语法点拨】疑问词+动词不定式“疑问词+动词不定式”结构中的疑问词包括疑问代词what, which, who, whose和疑问副词when，where，how。1.“疑问词+动词不定式”结构可以在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语等成分。如: How to deal with the problem is the most important to us. 如何处理这个问题对我们来说是最重要的。(作主语)The problem is when to leave the place. 问题是何时离开这个地方。(作表语)2. 适用于“疑问词+动词不定式”结构的动词包括：know，see，decide，tell，ask，explain，forget，hear，learn，remember，think，wonder，understand等。如: I do not know what to say next. 我不知道接下来说什么。 I cannot decide which to take. 我不能决定拿哪一个。3. 有些动词，如ask，show，tell，advise，teach等，可以先加宾语，然后再加上适当的“疑问词+动词不定式”结构。如: Please tell me how to get there. 请告诉我怎么去那儿。 Sandy showed Millie how to start the online tour. 桑迪给米莉演示了如何开始这个在线旅游。4. 一些形容词短语后面也可接“疑问词十动词不定式”结构作宾语。如: I am not sure which way to take. 我不确定走哪条路。5. 有些疑问词，如how many，how much等，其后可以先接一个名词，再接动词不定式。如: She wondered how many subjects to choose 她不知道该选几门学科。6.“疑问词+动词不定式”结构还可以改写成由该疑问词引导的从句。如: I do not know what to do. =I do not know what I should do. 我不知道该做什一么。Must/have to的用法一must的用法1. 表示说话人的主观意志，意为“必须，应该”。如:We must get there before 3 oclock. 我们必须在3点之前到达那里。2. 表示对现在的推测，意为“一定，肯定”，语气较肯定，多用于肯定句中。如: That must be Daniels bike. 那一定是丹尼尔的自行车。 注意：表示否定的推测，不能用mustnt，而要用cant，表示“不可能”，因为mustnt表示禁止的语气，意为“不许，不可以”。如: The boy cant be Tom.那个男孩不可能是汤姆。 You mustnt play football on the road. 你不可以在马路上踢足球。3. 以must开头的一般疑问句，其肯定回答：Yes，主语+must；其否定回答：No，主语+neednt / dont have to/ dont need to，而不用“No，主语+ mustnt”。如: 一Must I clean the classroom now? 我必须现在打扫教室吗？一Yes, you must.是的，你必须。 一No, you neednt/dont have to/dont need to. 不，你不必。4. must没有人称、时态和单复数的变化。二、have to的用法1. 表示“必须”时，可与must互换，但have to多表示客观需要或义务，意为“不得不”。如: My mother was ill. I have to stay at home and look after her.我妈妈病了，我不得不留在家里照顾她。2. have to有人称、时态和单复数的变化。如: He has to do much homework every day. 他每天得做许多家庭作业。 They had to finish the work before this Friday. 他们不得不在这周五之前完成这项工作。3. 构成一般疑问句时，要在句子开头加do/does, did或will等助动词。如: Will they have to speak English in Canada？ 在加拿大他们必须讲英语吗?4. have to的否定形式是dont/doesnt/wont /have to，意为“不必”。如: You dont have to answer the question. 你没有必要回答这个问题。